Song of the hoe
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The Song of the hoe or the Creation of the pickax is a Sumerian creation myth, written on clay tablets from the last century of the 3rd millennium BCE.[1]
Disputations
Seven debate topics are known from the Sumerian literature, falling in the category of disputations; some examples are: The Debate between sheep and grain; The Debate between bird and fish; the Debate between Winter and Summer; and The Dispute between Silver and Copper, etc.[2] These topics came some centuries after writing was established in Sumerian Mesopotamia. The debates are philosophical and address humanity's place in the world. Some of the debates may be from 2100 BC.[3] The song of the hoe stands alone in its own sub-category as a one-sided debate poem.[4]
Compilation
Three tablets of the myth are held by the
Story
The poem is composed of the frequent use of the word "al", which means
"Not only did the lord make the world appear in its correct form, the lord who never changes the destinies which he determines – Enlil – who will make the human seed of the Land come forth from the earth – and not only did he hasten to separate heaven from earth, and hasten to separate earth from heaven, but, in order to make it possible for humans to grow in "where flesh came forth" [the name of a cosmic location], he first raised the axis of the world at
Dur-an-ki."[16]
The myth continues with a description of Enlil creating daylight with his hoe; he goes on to praise its construction and creation. Enlil's mighty hoe is said to be made of
"dead people are also brought up from the ground by the hoe. With the hoe, the hero honoured by
watercourses."[16]
Ninmena is suggested to create both the priestess and king.[17] The hymn ends with extensive praisings of the hoe, Enlil, and Nisaba:
"The hoe makes everything prosper; the hoe makes everything flourish. The hoe is good
cities. It builds the right kind of house; it cultivates the right kind of fields. It is you, hoe, that extend the good agricultural land!"[16]
Discussion
Modern society may have trouble comprehending the virtue of extolling a tool such as the lowly hoe, for the Sumerians the implement had brought
The cosmological position of the hoe does not fit into Charles Long's categorization of cosmogenic myths. Creation has been suggested to have been the responsibility of different gods via different processes. Creation via a cosmological agricultural implement seems to occupy a unique place in the creation myth genre. The song was meant to be sung aloud with the repetition of the word hoe or "al" a total of forty five times in the text with common use of the two syllables together "al"/"ar". A cosmological link is suggested between the hoe's being and its doing; making everything prosper and flourish within a community. Gary Martin discusses the sociological benefits of singing songs to a hoe, to remind people that they wield the implement of Enlil and of creation. That they can participate in creativity and work well to preserve and improve society. He suggests that "perhaps by praising the simple tool of an extremely important group of laborers, and imbuing it with cosmological significance, those wielders of the hoe are themselves brought into a grand cosmological drama."[21]
See also
References
- ^ ISBN 978-0-520-03703-8. Retrieved 10 June 2011.
- ISBN 978-0-226-45238-8. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
- ^ Sumerian literature
- ISBN 978-0-19-929633-0. Retrieved 10 June 2011.
- ^ British Museum. Dept. of Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities. Cuneiform texts from Babylonian tablets in the British museum, 44, 10. The Trustees.
- ^ British Museum. Dept. of Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities. Cuneiform texts from Babylonian tablets in the British museum, 58, 52. The Trustees.
- ^ Musée du Louvre. Département des antiquités orientales et de la céramique antique; Musée du Louvre. Département des antiquités orientales. Textes cunéiformes, 16, 72 & 92. Librairie orientaliste, Paul Geuthner.
- ^ Königliche Museen zu Berlin. Vorderasiatische Abteilung; Heinrich Zimmern; Otto Schroeder; H. H. Figulla; et al. (1966). Vorderasiatische Schriftdenkmäler 24, 68. Louis D. Levine. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
- ^ Edward Chiera (1964). Sumerian epics and myths, 33, 34, 37 and 39. The University of Chicago Press. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
- ISBN 978-1-60506-049-1. Retrieved 10 June 2011.
- ^ Samuel Noah Kramer (1944). Sumerian literary texts from Nippur: in the Museum of the Ancient Orient at Istanbul. American Schools of Oriental Research. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
- ^ Muazzez Cig; Hatice Kizilyay (1969). Sumerian literary tablets and fragments in the archeological museum of Istanbul-I. Tarih Kurumu Basimevi. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
- ^ British museum and Pennsylvania University. University museum. Joint expedition to Mesopotamia; Pennsylvania University. University museum (1928). Ur excavations texts... 6/3 152, 6/3 168, 6/3 206. British museum. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
- ^ The song of the hoe - Bibliography - The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature, Oxford 1998-. Archived 2009-04-03 at the Wayback Machine
- ISBN 978-90-04-10618-5. Retrieved 10 June 2011.
- ^ a b c d ETCSL Translation Archived 2009-04-02 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ religious of the past. Brill Archive. pp. 140–. GGKEY:SDQ069KTBZ0. Retrieved 10 June 2011.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8276-0798-9. Retrieved 10 June 2011.
- ISBN 978-0-931464-99-7. Retrieved 10 June 2011.
- ISBN 978-88-7653-346-4. Retrieved 10 June 2011.
- ^ Martin, Gary (2005). "The Cosmological Hoe" (PDF). University of Washington. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 9, 2009.
Further reading
- Civil, Miguel., "Review of CT 44", Journal of Near Eastern Studies 28, 70-72: 70, 1969.
- Civil, Miguel., The Farmer's Instructions. A Sumerian Agricultural Manual. (Aula Orientalis Supplementa, 5) Editorial Ausa: Sabadell, 1994.
- Edzard, Dietz Otto., "U 7804 // UET VI/1 26: "Gedicht von der Hacke"", in George, A. R. (ed.), and Finkel, I. L., Wisdom, Gods and Literature: Studies in Assyriology in Honour of W. G. Lambert, Eisenbrauns: Winona Lake, 131-135, 2000.
- Farber, Gertrud., ""Das Lied von der Hacke", ein literarischer Spass?", in Klengel, Horst and, Renger, Johannes (eds.), Landwirtschaft im Alten Orient: ausgewählte Vorträge der XLI. Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale Berlin., 4.-8.7.1994 (Berliner Beiträge zum Vorderen Orient, 18), Dietrich Reimer Verlag: Berlin, 369-373, 1999.
- Farber, Gertrud., "Sumerian Canonical Compositions. A. Divine Focus. 1. Myths: The Song of the Hoe (1.157)", in Hallo, William W. (ed.), The Context of Scripture, I: Canonical Compositions from the Biblical World. Brill: Leiden/New York/Köln, 511-513, 1997.
- Jacobsen, Thorkild., "Sumerian Mythology, a Review Article", Journal of Near Eastern Studies 5, 128-152: 134, 1946.
- Kramer, Samuel Noah., Sumerian Mythology. The American Philosophical Society: Philadelphia, 51-53, 1944.
- Pettinato, Giovanni., Das altorientalische Menschenbild und die sumerischen und akkadischen Schöpfungsmythen. Winter: Heidelberg, 82-85, 1971.
- Wilcke, Claus., "Hacke - B. Philologisch", in Reallexikon der Assyriologie 4, 33-38: 36-38, 1972.
External links
- Cheira, Edward., Sumerian Epics and Myths, University of Chicago, Oriental Institute Publications, 1934. Online Version
- Song of the hoe., Black, J.A., Cunningham, G., Robson, E., and Zólyomi, G., The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature, Oxford 1998-.
- Composite text - The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature, Oxford 1998-.
- Bibliography - The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature, Oxford 1998-.