Garden of the gods (Sumerian paradise)

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The concept of a garden of the gods or a divine paradise may have originated in Sumer.[1] The concept of this home of the immortals was later handed down to the Babylonians, who conquered Sumer.[1]

Location

Persian Gulf

A Sumerian paradise is usually associated with the

Kur (mountain) and this is particularly problematic as Bahrain is very flat, having a highest prominence of only 134 metres (440 ft) elevation.[2] Also, in the early epic Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta, the construction of the ziggurats in Uruk and Eridu are described as taking place in a world "before Dilmun had yet been settled". In 1987, Theresa Howard-Carter realized that the locations in this area possess no archaeological evidence of a settlement dating 3300-2300 BC. She proposed that Dilmun could have existed in different eras and the one of this era might be a still unidentified tell.[4][5]

Lebanon and Mount Hermon

Mount Hermon

In tablet nine of the standard version of the Epic of Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh travels to the garden of the gods through the Cedar Forest and the depths of Mashu, a comparable location in Sumerian version is the "Mountain of cedar-felling".[6][7][8] Little description remains of the "jewelled garden" of Gilgamesh because twenty four lines of the myth were damaged and could not be translated at that point in the text.[9]

Cedars of Lebanon, sometimes connected with the Sumerian "garden of the gods"

The name of the mountain is Mashu. As he arrives at the mountain of Mashu, Which every day keeps watch over the rising and setting of the sun, Whose peaks reach as high as the "banks of heaven," and whose breast reaches down to the netherworld, The scorpion-people keep watch at its gate.[7]

Archaeologist

Cedars of Lebanon
and the garden of the gods. The location of garden of the gods is close to the forest, which is described in the line:

Saria (Sirion/Mount Hermon) and Lebanon tremble at the felling of the cedars.[12][13]

Eridu

Tell mound at Eridu with temple dedicated to the gods

Ariel in the West Bank and signified both the mountain of the gods and a place of desolation.[18] As with the word Ekur, this has suggested that ideas associated with the netherworld came from a mountainous country outside of Babylonia.[19]

Nippur

The myth of

uru-sag, "City-top" or "head") of Sumer.[20] This conception of Nippur is echoed by Joan Goodnick Westenholz, describing the setting as "civitas dei", existing before the "axis mundi".[21]

There was a city, there was a city—the one we live in. Nibru (Nippur) was the

quay. Kar-asar is its quay where boats make fast. Pu-lal is its freshwater well. Id-nunbir-tum is its branching canal, and if one measures from there, its cultivated land is 50 sar each way. Enlil was one of its young men, and Ninlil was one its young women.[22]

George also noted that a

Hanging gardens of Babylon.[23]

Mythology

Kesh temple hymn

In the Kesh temple hymn, the first recorded description (c. 2600 BC) of a domain of the gods is described as being the color of a garden: "The four corners of heaven became green for Enlil like a garden."[22] In an earlier translation of this myth by George Aaron Barton in Miscellaneous Babylonian Inscriptions he considered it to read "In hursag the garden of the gods was green."[24]

Debate between sheep and grain

Another Sumerian creation myth, the Debate between sheep and grain opens with a location "the hill of heaven and earth", and describes various agricultural developments in a pastoral setting. This is discussed by Edward Chiera as "not a poetical name for the earth, but the dwelling place of the gods, situated at the point where the heavens rest upon the earth. It is there that mankind had their first habitat and there the Babylonian Garden of Eden is to be placed."[25] The Sumerian word Edin, means "steppe" or "plain",[26] so modern scholarship has abandoned the use of the phrase "Babylonian Garden of Eden" as it has become clear the "Garden of Eden" was a later concept.

Epic of Gilgamesh

The Epic of Gilgamesh describes Gilgamesh travelling to a wondrous garden of the gods that is the source of a river, next to a mountain covered in cedars, and references a "plant of life". In the myth, paradise is identified as the place where the deified Sumerian hero of the flood, Utnapishtim (Ziusudra), was taken by the gods to live forever. Once in the garden of the gods, Gilgamesh finds all sorts of precious stones, similar to Genesis 2:12:

There was a garden of the gods: all round him stood bushes bearing gems ... fruit of carnelian with the vine hanging from it, beautiful to look at; lapis lazuli leaves hung thick with fruit, sweet to see ... rare stones, agate and pearls from out the sea.[27]

Enki and Ninhursag

The myth of

irrigate.[23]

Song of the hoe

The song of the hoe features Enlil creating mankind with a hoe and the Anunnaki spreading outward from the original garden of the gods. It also mentions the Abzu being built in Eridu.[22]

Hymn to Enlil

A Hymn to Enlil praises the leader of the Sumerian pantheon in the following terms:

You founded it in the

Dur-an-ki, in the middle of the four quarters of the earth. Its soil is the life of the Land, and the life of all the foreign countries. Its brickwork is red gold, its foundation is lapis lazuli. You made it glisten on high.[28]

Later usage

The word for

Qur'an is Jannah which literally means "concealed place". Two watercourses are supposed to flow underneath the jannah where large trees are described, mountains made of musk, between which rivers flow in valleys of pearl and ruby.[30] Features of this garden of paradise are told in a parable in the Quran 47:15–15.[31] Islamic gardens can further divide the watercourses into four, meeting at a spring and including a sanctuary for shade and rest.[32][33]

In myths of the Greater Iranian culture and tradition, Jamshid is described as saving the world by building a magical garden on top of a mountain. This garden also features a tree of life and is the source of a river that brings fertility to the land. Jamshid is warned by Ahura Mazda about a freezing winter approaching and so creates this enclosure to protect the seeds of life when a climatic catastrophe strikes.[34]

References

  1. ^
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  2. ^
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  3. ^ Delitzsch, Friedrich (1881). Wo lag das Paradies?: eine biblisch-assyriologische Studie: mit zahlreichen assyriologischen Beiträgen zur biblischen Länder- und Völkerkunde und einer Karte Babyloniens [Where was Paradise?: A Scriptural-Assyrian Study of the Several Assyrian Contributions to Biblical Countries and Ethnography with a Map of Babylon]. J.C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung. Retrieved 16 June 2011.
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  6. ^ Gilgameš and Ḫuwawa (Version A) - Translation, Lines 9A & 12, kur-jicerin-kud
  7. ^
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  10. ^ Lipinski, Edward. "El’s Abode. Mythological Traditions Related to Mount Hermon and to the Mountains of Armenia", Orientalia Lovaniensia periodica 2, 1971.
  11. ISBN 978-90-04-15348-6
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  12. ISBN 978-90-04-12715-9
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  13. ^ Oxford Old Testament Seminar; John Day (2005). Temple and Worship in Biblical Israel. T & T Clark. pp. 9–10. Retrieved 18 June 2011.
  14. ISBN 978-1-4179-7413-9
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  15. ISBN 978-0-7618-3806-7
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  16. ^ Safar, Fuʼād (1950). Eridu, Sumer 6, 28, 1950. Retrieved 19 June 2011.
  17. ^ Albright, W. F., The Mouth of the Rivers, The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, Vol. 35, No. 4 (Jul., 1919), pp. 161-195
  18. ^ Jeremias, Alfred (1887). Die babylonisch-assyriscen Vorstellungen vom Leben nach dem Tode: nach den Quellen mit Berücksichtigung der altestamentlichen Parallelen dargestellt [The Babylonian-Assyrian Ideas About Life After Death: Presented According to the Sources with Consideration to Old Testament Parallels]. Hinrichs'sche Buchandlung. pp. 121–123. Retrieved 18 June 2011.
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  22. ^ a b c Enlil and Ninlil., Black, J.A., Cunningham, G., Robson, E., and Zólyomi, G., The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature, Oxford 1998.
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  24. ^ Barton, George Aaron (1918). Miscellaneous Babylonian Inscriptions. Yale University Press. p. 52. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
  25. ^ Chiera, Edward; Constantinople Musée Impérial Ottoman (1924). Sumerian Religious Texts. University. p. 26. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
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  30. ^ "Jannah", Encyclopaedia of Islam Online
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  33. ISBN 978-1-4443-3021-2
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  34. ISBN 978-0-7614-4218-9
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