Spanish Renovation

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Spanish Renovation
Renovación Española
LeaderAntonio Goicoechea
José Calvo Sotelo
FoundedDe facto: 16 January 1933[1]
De jure: February 1933[2]
Dissolved8 March 1937[3]
Split fromPopular Action
Merged intoFET y de las JONS
HeadquartersMadrid, Spain
IdeologyMonarchism (Alfonsism)
Authoritarian conservatism[4]
Traditionalism[4]
Totalitarianism[4]
Integrism
Political positionFar-right
Party flag

Spanish Renovation (

Alfonso XIII of Spain, as opposed to Carlism. Associated with the Acción Española think-tank, the party was led by Antonio Goicoechea and José Calvo Sotelo. In 1937, during the course of the Spanish Civil War, it formally disappeared after Francisco Franco
's merger of the variety of far-right organizations in the rebel zone into a single party.

History

Calvo Sotelo delivering a speech in 1935

The group was formed in January 1933 after Goicoechea and some followers split from Acción Popular and were given Alfonso's approval to form a new party, although from the outset RE maintained good relations with the Carlists and sought to bring them into various anti-Republican conspiracies.[5] Even before the Civil War RE was linked to the Falange, paying it a 10,000 peseta monthly subsidy.[6] RE espoused a kind of authoritarian statist corporatism, particularly marked after Calvo Sotelo took control of the party.[7]

The group was one of the first amongst those involved in conspiracy against the

Unión Militar Española which played an important role in bringing about civil war.[9] During the opening stages of the civil war RE was close to General Emilio Mola, who consulted regularly with the group's leadership.[10]

The

far right groups RE disappeared in April 1937 with the formation of the Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista.[12] Recognising that his power base was flimsy at best Goicoechea immediately accepted the decree and dissolved RE.[13]

References

  1. ^ Goicoechea Cosculluela, Antonio (6 January 1933). "Hacia un frente contrarrevolucionario español" [Towards a Spanish Counterrevolutionary Front]. Acción Española (in Spanish). Vol. 4, no. 20. Spain. pp. 285–293. Retrieved 24 October 2019.
  2. ^ "La entidad Renovación Española se constituye" [Spanish Renewal is Constituted]. ABC (in Spanish). Madrid. 24 February 1933. Retrieved 24 October 2019.
  3. OCLC 371552
    .
  4. ^ .
  5. ^ Martin Blinkhorn, Carlism and crisis in Spain, 1931-1939, CUP Archive, 1975, p. 108
  6. ^ Antony Beevor, The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936-39, London: Phoenix, 2007, p. 45
  7. .
  8. ^ Paul Preston, Franco, London: Fontana, 1995, p. 125
  9. ^ Preston, Franco, p. 136
  10. ^ Preston, Franco, p. 155; p. 157
  11. ^ Preston, Franco, pp. 249-50
  12. ^ Beevor, The Battle for Spain, p. 285
  13. ^ Preston, Franco, p. 271
Political parties and organizations in the Spanish Civil War
The Popular Front (Republican) Supporters of the Popular Front (Republican) Nationalists (Francoist)

The Popular Front was an electoral alliance formed between various left-wing and centrist parties for elections to the Cortes in 1936, in which the alliance won a majority of seats.

  • UR (Unión Republicana - Republican Union): Led by Diego Martínez Barrio, formed in 1934 by members of the PRR, who had resigned in objection to Alejandro Lerroux's coalition with the CEDA. It drew its main support from skilled workers and progressive businessmen.
  • IR (Izquierda Republicana - Republican Left): Led by former Prime Minister Manuel Azaña after his Republican Action party merged with Santiago Casares Quiroga's Galician independence party and the Radical Socialist Republican Party (PRRS). It drew its support from skilled workers, small businessmen, and civil servants. Azaña led the Popular Front and became president of Spain. The IR formed the bulk of the first government after the Popular Front victory with members of the UR and the ERC.
  • ERC (Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya -
    president of the Generalitat of Catalonia
    .
  • PSOE (Partido Socialista Obrero Español - Spanish Socialist Workers' Party): Formed in 1879, its alliance with Acción Republicana in municipal elections in 1931 saw a landslide victory that led to the King's abdication and the creation of the Second Republic. The two parties won the subsequent general election, but the PSOE left the coalition in 1933. At the time of the Civil War, the PSOE was split between a right wing under Indalecio Prieto and Juan Negrín, and a left wing under Largo Caballero. Following the Popular Front victory, it was the second largest party in the Cortes, after the CEDA. It supported the ministries of Azaña and Quiroga, but did not actively participate until the Civil War began. It had majority support amongst urban manual workers.
    • UGT (Unión General de Trabajadores - General Union of Workers): The socialist trade union. The UGT was formally linked to the PSOE, and the bulk of the union followed Caballero.
    • Federacion de Juventudes Socialistas (Federation of Socialist Youth)
  • PSUC (Partit Socialista Unificat de Catalunya - Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia): An alliance of various socialist parties in Catalonia, formed in the summer of 1936, controlled by the PCE.
  • JSU (Juventudes Socialistas Unificadas - Unified Socialist Youth): Militant youth group formed by the merger of the Socialist and the Communist youth groups. Its leader, Santiago Carrillo, came from the Socialist Youth, but had secretly joined the Communist Youth prior to merger, and the group was soon dominated by the PCE.
  • PCE (Partido Comunista de España -
    Communist Party of Spain): Led by José Díaz
    in the Civil War, it had been a minor party during the early years of the Republic, but grew in importance during the war.
  • Trotskyists
    formed in 1935 by Andreu Nin.
  • PS (Partido Sindicalista - Syndicalist Party): a moderate splinter group of CNT.
  • Unión Militar Republicana Antifascista
    (Republican Anti-fascist Military Union):
    Formed by military officers in opposition to the Unión Militar Española.
  • Anarchist groups. The anarchists boycotted the 1936 Cortes election and initially opposed the Popular Front government, but joined during the Civil War when Largo Caballero became Prime Minister.
    • CNT (
      anarcho-syndicalist
      trade unions.
    • FAI (Federación Anarquista Ibérica - Iberian Anarchist Federation): The federation of anarchist groups, very active in the Republican militias.
    • Mujeres Libres (Free Women): The anarchist feminist organisation.
    • FIJL (Federación Ibérica de Juventudes Libertarias - Iberian Federation of Libertarian Youth)
  • Catalan nationalists.
    • Estat Català (Catalan State): Catalan separatist party created back in 1922. Founding part of ERC in 1931, it sided with the Republican faction during the war.
  • Basque nationalists.
    • PNV (Partido Nacionalista Vasco - Basque Nationalist Party): A Catholic Christian Democrat party under José Antonio Aguirre, which campaigned for greater autonomy or independence for the Basque region. Held seats in the Cortes and supported the Popular Front government before and during the Civil War. Put its religious disagreement with the Popular Front aside for a promised Basque autonomy.
    • ANV (Acción Nacionalista Vasca - Basque Nationalist Action): A leftist Socialist party, which at the same time campaigned for independence of the Basque region.
    • STV (Solidaridad de Trabajadores Vascos - Basque Workers' Solidarity): A trade union in the Basque region, with a Catholic clerical tradition combined with moderate socialist tendencies.
  • SRI (Socorro Rojo Internacional -
    Comintern
    that provided considerable aid to Republican civilians and soldiers.
  • International Brigades: pro-Republican military units made up of anti-fascist Socialist, Communist and anarchist volunteers from different countries.

Virtually all Nationalist groups had very strong Roman Catholic convictions and supported the native Spanish clergy.