Samos: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Eupalinian aqueduct.JPG|thumb|Inside the [[Eupalinian aqueduct]].]] |
[[File:Eupalinian aqueduct.JPG|thumb|Inside the [[Eupalinian aqueduct]].]] |
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In the 6th century BC Samos was ruled by the famous [[tyrant]] [[Polycrates]]. During his reign, two working groups under the lead of the engineer [[Eupalinos]] dug a tunnel through Mount Kastro to build an [[aqueduct (watercourse)|aqueduct]] to supply the ancient capital of Samos with fresh water, as this was of the utmost defensive importance (since being underground, it was not easily detected by an enemy who could otherwise cut off the supply). Eupalinos' tunnel is particularly notable because it is the second earliest tunnel in history to be dug from both ends in a methodical manner.<ref>[http://eands.caltech.edu/articles/LXVII1/samos.html The [[Siloam Tunnel]] was first]</ref> With a length of over {{convert|1|km|1|abbr=on}}, Eupalinos' subterranean aqueduct is today regarded as one of the masterpieces of ancient engineering. The aqueduct is now part of the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]], the [[Pythagoreion]]. |
In the 6th century BC Samos was ruled by the famous [[tyrant]] [[Polycrates]]. During his reign, two working groups under the lead of the engineer [[Eupalinos]] dug a tunnel through Mount Kastro to build an [[aqueduct (watercourse)|aqueduct]] to supply the ancient capital of Samos with fresh water, as this was of the utmost defensive importance (since being underground, it was not easily detected by an enemy who could otherwise cut off the supply). Eupalinos' tunnel is particularly notable because it is the second earliest tunnel in history to be dug from both ends in a methodical manner.<ref>[http://eands.caltech.edu/articles/LXVII1/samos.html The [[Siloam Tunnel]] was first] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322023637/http://eands.caltech.edu/articles/LXVII1/samos.html |date=2011-03-22 }}</ref> With a length of over {{convert|1|km|1|abbr=on}}, Eupalinos' subterranean aqueduct is today regarded as one of the masterpieces of ancient engineering. The aqueduct is now part of the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]], the [[Pythagoreion]]. |
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====Persian Wars and Persian rule==== |
====Persian Wars and Persian rule==== |
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[[File:Samos - Camocio Giovanni Francesco - 1574.jpg|thumb|left|160px|Samos map, 1574]] |
[[File:Samos - Camocio Giovanni Francesco - 1574.jpg|thumb|left|160px|Samos map, 1574]] |
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Samos came under Ottoman rule in 1475<ref name="Provinzen">{{cite book | title = Die Provinzen des Osmanischen Reiches | series = Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients | volume = 13 | last = Birken | first = Andreas | language = German | publisher = Reichert | year = 1976 | isbn = 9783920153568 | page = 107}}</ref> or c. 1479/80,<ref name="Aegean2.3">{{cite web | title=Samos: 2.3. Ottoman rule | author=Landros Christos |author2=Kamara Afroditi |author3=Dawson Maria-Dimitra |author4=Spiropoulou Vaso | work = Cultural Portal of the Aegean Archipelago | publisher = Foundation of the Hellenic World | url = http://www2.egeonet.gr/aigaio/FORMS/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaid=10453&boithimata_State=true&kefalaia_State=true#chapter_6 | date = 10 July 2005 | accessdate = 2 April 2013 }}</ref> at which time the island was practically abandoned due to the effects of piracy and the plague. The island remained desolate for almost a full century before the Ottoman authorities, by now in secure control of the Aegean, undertook a serious effort to repopulate the island.<ref name="Aegean2.3"/> |
Samos came under Ottoman rule in 1475<ref name="Provinzen">{{cite book | title = Die Provinzen des Osmanischen Reiches | series = Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients | volume = 13 | last = Birken | first = Andreas | language = German | publisher = Reichert | year = 1976 | isbn = 9783920153568 | page = 107}}</ref> or c. 1479/80,<ref name="Aegean2.3">{{cite web | title = Samos: 2.3. Ottoman rule | author = Landros Christos | author2 = Kamara Afroditi | author3 = Dawson Maria-Dimitra | author4 = Spiropoulou Vaso | work = Cultural Portal of the Aegean Archipelago | publisher = Foundation of the Hellenic World | url = http://www2.egeonet.gr/aigaio/FORMS/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaid=10453&boithimata_State=true&kefalaia_State=true#chapter_6 | date = 10 July 2005 | accessdate = 2 April 2013 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130522172343/http://www2.egeonet.gr/aigaio/FORMS/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaid=10453&boithimata_State=true&kefalaia_State=true#chapter_6 | archivedate = 22 May 2013 | df = }}</ref> at which time the island was practically abandoned due to the effects of piracy and the plague. The island remained desolate for almost a full century before the Ottoman authorities, by now in secure control of the Aegean, undertook a serious effort to repopulate the island.<ref name="Aegean2.3"/> |
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In 1572/3, the island was granted as a personal domain (''hass'') to [[Uluç Ali Reis|Kilic Ali Pasha]], the ''[[Kapudan Pasha]]'' (the [[Ottoman Navy]]'s chief admiral). Settlers, including Greeks and [[Arvanites]] from the [[Peloponnese]] and the [[Ionian Islands]], as well as the descendants of the original inhabitants who had fled to [[Chios]], were attracted through the concession of certain privileges such as a seven-year tax exemption, a permanent exemption from the [[tithe]] in exchange for a lump annual payment of 45,000 [[Kuruş|piastres]], and a considerable autonomy in local affairs.<ref name="Aegean2.3"/> The island recovered gradually, reaching a population of some 10,000 in the 17th century, which was still concentrated mostly in the interior. It was not until the mid-18th century that the coast began to be densely settled as well.<ref name="Aegean2.3"/> |
In 1572/3, the island was granted as a personal domain (''hass'') to [[Uluç Ali Reis|Kilic Ali Pasha]], the ''[[Kapudan Pasha]]'' (the [[Ottoman Navy]]'s chief admiral). Settlers, including Greeks and [[Arvanites]] from the [[Peloponnese]] and the [[Ionian Islands]], as well as the descendants of the original inhabitants who had fled to [[Chios]], were attracted through the concession of certain privileges such as a seven-year tax exemption, a permanent exemption from the [[tithe]] in exchange for a lump annual payment of 45,000 [[Kuruş|piastres]], and a considerable autonomy in local affairs.<ref name="Aegean2.3"/> The island recovered gradually, reaching a population of some 10,000 in the 17th century, which was still concentrated mostly in the interior. It was not until the mid-18th century that the coast began to be densely settled as well.<ref name="Aegean2.3"/> |
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[[File:Logothetis Lykourgos Greek Fighter.JPG|thumb|180px|[[Lykourgos Logothetis]], leader of the Revolution in Samos.]] |
[[File:Logothetis Lykourgos Greek Fighter.JPG|thumb|180px|[[Lykourgos Logothetis]], leader of the Revolution in Samos.]] |
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In March 1821, the [[Greek War of Independence]] broke out, and on 18 April, under the leadership of Logothetis and the ''Karmanioloi'', Samos too joined the uprising. In May, a revolutionary government with its [[Military-political System of Samos|own constitution]] was set up to administer the island, mostly inspired by Logothetis.<ref name="Aegean2.4">{{cite web | title=Samos: 2.4. The Greek War of Independence, 1821. | author = Landros Christos, Kamara Afroditi |author2= Dawson Maria-Dimitra |author3=Spiropoulou Vaso | work = Cultural Portal of the Aegean Archipelago | publisher = Foundation of the Hellenic World | url = http://www2.egeonet.gr/aigaio/FORMS/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaid=10453&boithimata_State=true&kefalaia_State=true#chapter_8 | date = 10 July 2005 | accessdate = 2 April 2013 }}</ref> |
In March 1821, the [[Greek War of Independence]] broke out, and on 18 April, under the leadership of Logothetis and the ''Karmanioloi'', Samos too joined the uprising. In May, a revolutionary government with its [[Military-political System of Samos|own constitution]] was set up to administer the island, mostly inspired by Logothetis.<ref name="Aegean2.4">{{cite web | title = Samos: 2.4. The Greek War of Independence, 1821. | author = Landros Christos, Kamara Afroditi | author2 = Dawson Maria-Dimitra | author3 = Spiropoulou Vaso | work = Cultural Portal of the Aegean Archipelago | publisher = Foundation of the Hellenic World | url = http://www2.egeonet.gr/aigaio/FORMS/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaid=10453&boithimata_State=true&kefalaia_State=true#chapter_8 | date = 10 July 2005 | accessdate = 2 April 2013 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130522172343/http://www2.egeonet.gr/aigaio/FORMS/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaid=10453&boithimata_State=true&kefalaia_State=true#chapter_8 | archivedate = 22 May 2013 | df = }}</ref> |
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The Samians successfully repulsed three Ottoman attempts to recapture the island: in summer 1821, in July 1824, when Greek naval victories off [[Battle of Samos (1824)|Samos]] and at [[Battle of Gerontas|Gerontas]] averted the threat of an invasion, and again in summer 1826. In 1828, the island became formally incorporated into the [[First Hellenic Republic|Hellenic State]] under Governor [[Ioannis Kapodistrias]], as part of the province of the [[Eastern Sporades]], but the [[London Protocol of 1830]] excluded Samos from the borders of the independent Greek state.<ref name="Aegean2.4"/> |
The Samians successfully repulsed three Ottoman attempts to recapture the island: in summer 1821, in July 1824, when Greek naval victories off [[Battle of Samos (1824)|Samos]] and at [[Battle of Gerontas|Gerontas]] averted the threat of an invasion, and again in summer 1826. In 1828, the island became formally incorporated into the [[First Hellenic Republic|Hellenic State]] under Governor [[Ioannis Kapodistrias]], as part of the province of the [[Eastern Sporades]], but the [[London Protocol of 1830]] excluded Samos from the borders of the independent Greek state.<ref name="Aegean2.4"/> |
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*{{wikivoyage-inline|Samos}} |
*{{wikivoyage-inline|Samos}} |
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*[http://www.samos.gr/index.php?option=com_frontpage&Itemid=530 Prefecture of Samos] |
*[http://www.samos.gr/index.php?option=com_frontpage&Itemid=530 Prefecture of Samos] |
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*[http://www.vathi.gr Municipality of Vathy - The capital of Samos] |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20021124043526/http://www.vathi.gr/ Municipality of Vathy - The capital of Samos] |
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*[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Greece.html#Samos World Statesmen - Greece] |
*[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Greece.html#Samos World Statesmen - Greece] |
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Revision as of 15:14, 5 December 2017
Samos
Περιφερειακή ενότητα Σάμου Δήμος Σάμου | |
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EEST) | |
Postal codes | 931 xx |
Area codes | 2273 |
Car plates | MO |
Website | www |
Samos (
In
The island was governed by the semi-autonomous Principality of Samos under Ottoman suzerainty from 1835 until it joined Greece in 1912.[1]
Geography
The area of the island is 477.395 km2 (184.3 sq mi),[2] and it is 43 km (27 mi) long and 13 km (8 mi) wide. It is separated from Anatolia by the approximately 1-mile-wide (1.6 km) Mycale Strait. While largely mountainous, Samos has several relatively large and fertile plains.
A great portion of the island is covered with
Samos' relief is dominated by two large mountains, Ampelos and Kerkis (anc. Kerketeus). The Ampelos massif (colloquially referred to as "Karvounis") is the larger of the two and occupies the center of the island, rising to 1,095 metres (3,593 ft). Mt. Kerkis, though smaller in area is the taller of the two and its summit is the island's highest point, at 1,434 metres (4,705 ft). The mountains are a continuation of the Mycale range on the Anatolian mainland.[1]
According to Strabo, the name Samos is from Phoenician meaning "rise by the shore".
Image gallery
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NASA satellite 3D view of Samos.
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Psalida Beach. At the distant background Mount Kerketeas.
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View of Poseidonio.
Fauna
Samos is home to many surprising species including the
Climate
Samos is one of the sunniest places in Europe with almost 3300 hours of sunshine annually or 74% of the day time. Its climate is mild and wet in winter and dry in summer.
Climate data for Samos Airport, Greece | |||||||||||||
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Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 20.4 (68.7) |
21.4 (70.5) |
24.0 (75.2) |
28.0 (82.4) |
34.4 (93.9) |
39.4 (102.9) |
43.0 (109.4) |
40.6 (105.1) |
37.2 (99.0) |
31.6 (88.9) |
26.0 (78.8) |
23.0 (73.4) |
43.0 (109.4) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 13.4 (56.1) |
13.7 (56.7) |
16.3 (61.3) |
19.8 (67.6) |
25.1 (77.2) |
30.5 (86.9) |
33.7 (92.7) |
33.6 (92.5) |
28.6 (83.5) |
23.6 (74.5) |
18.8 (65.8) |
14.9 (58.8) |
22.7 (72.8) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 10.6 (51.1) |
10.7 (51.3) |
12.8 (55.0) |
15.9 (60.6) |
20.5 (68.9) |
25.8 (78.4) |
28.8 (83.8) |
28.8 (83.8) |
24.4 (75.9) |
20.0 (68.0) |
15.4 (59.7) |
12.2 (54.0) |
18.8 (65.9) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 7.7 (45.9) |
7.7 (45.9) |
9.3 (48.7) |
12.1 (53.8) |
15.9 (60.6) |
21.0 (69.8) |
24.0 (75.2) |
24.1 (75.4) |
20.2 (68.4) |
16.5 (61.7) |
12.1 (53.8) |
9.5 (49.1) |
15.0 (59.0) |
Record low °C (°F) | −2.4 (27.7) |
−3.4 (25.9) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
5.0 (41.0) |
7.4 (45.3) |
8.8 (47.8) |
14.8 (58.6) |
16.4 (61.5) |
12.2 (54.0) |
7.0 (44.6) |
1.0 (33.8) |
−1.4 (29.5) |
−3.4 (25.9) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 148.5 (5.85) |
102.8 (4.05) |
85.9 (3.38) |
31.8 (1.25) |
15.5 (0.61) |
2.7 (0.11) |
0.7 (0.03) |
1.1 (0.04) |
22.7 (0.89) |
28.9 (1.14) |
110.4 (4.35) |
163.7 (6.44) |
714.7 (28.14) |
Average precipitation days | 12.4 | 10.4 | 8.6 | 7.4 | 4.0 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1.4 | 4.6 | 9.3 | 13.7 | 73.2 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
70.2 | 68.1 | 67.5 | 64.4 | 59.1 | 50.5 | 43.7 | 46.0 | 51.6 | 62.2 | 68.6 | 72.6 | 61.3 |
Source 1: Hellenic National Meteorological Service (temperature and precipitation days)[4] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: NOAA (precipitation, and extremes)[5] |
History
This article should include a brief summary of History of Samos. for information on how to properly incorporate it into this article's main text. (August 2016) |
Early and Classical Antiquity
In classical antiquity the island was a center of
Concerning the earliest history of Samos, literary tradition is singularly defective. At the time of the great migrations it received an Ionian population which traced its origin to Epidaurus in Argolis: Samos became one of the twelve members of the Ionian League. By the 7th century BC it had become one of the leading commercial centers of Greece. This early prosperity of the Samians seems largely due to the island's position near trade-routes, which facilitated the importation of textiles from inner Asia Minor, but the Samians also developed an extensive oversea commerce. They helped to open up trade with the population that lived around the Black Sea as well as with Egypt, Cyrene (Libya), Corinth, and Chalcis. This caused them to become bitter rivals with Miletus. Samos was able to become so prominent despite the growing power of the Persian empire because of the alliance they had with the Egyptians and their powerful fleet. The Samians are also credited with having been the first Greeks to reach the Straits of Gibraltar.[6]
The feud between Miletus and Samos broke out into open strife during the Lelantine War (7th century BC), with which we may connect a Samian innovation in Greek naval warfare, the use of the trireme. The result of this conflict was to confirm the supremacy of the Milesians in eastern waters for the time being; but in the 6th century the insular position of Samos preserved it from those aggressions at the hands of Asiatic kings to which Miletus was henceforth exposed. About 535 BC, when the existing oligarchy was overturned by the tyrant Polycrates, Samos reached the height of its prosperity. Its navy not only protected it from invasion, but ruled supreme in Aegean waters. The city was beautified with public works, and its school, of sculptors, metal-workers and engineers achieved high repute.[1]
Eupalinian aqueduct
In the 6th century BC Samos was ruled by the famous
Persian Wars and Persian rule
After Polycrates' death Samos suffered a severe blow when the Persian Achaemenid Empire conquered and partly depopulated the island. It had regained much of its power when in 499 BC it joined the general revolt of the Ionian city-states against Persia; but owing to its long-standing jealousy of Miletus it rendered indifferent service, and at the decisive battle of Lade (494 BC) part of its contingent of sixty ships was guilty of outright treachery. In 479 BC the Samians led the revolt against Persia, during the Battle of Mycale,[1] which was part of the offensive by the Delian League (led by Cimon).
Peloponnesian War
During the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC), Samos took the side of Athens against Sparta, providing their port to the Athenian fleet. In the Delian League they held a position of special privilege and remained actively loyal to Athens until 440 when a dispute with Miletus, which the Athenians had decided against them, induced them to secede. With a fleet of sixty ships they held their own for some time against a large Athenian fleet led by Pericles himself, but after a protracted siege were forced to capitulate.[1] It was punished, but Thucydides tells us not as harshly as other states which rebelled against Athens. Most in the past had been forced to pay tribute but Samos was only told to repay the damages that the rebellion cost the Athenians: 1,300 talents, to pay back in installments of 50 talents per annum.
At the end of the Peloponnesian War, Samos appears as one of the most loyal dependencies of Athens, serving as a base for the naval war against the Peloponnesians and as a temporary home of the Athenian democracy during the
In 394 the withdrawal of the Spartan navy induced the island to declare its independence and reestablish a democracy, but by the peace of Antalcidas (387) it fell again under Persian dominion. It was recovered by the Athenians in 366 after a siege of eleven months, and received a strong body of military settlers, the
Famous Samians of Antiquity
Perhaps the most famous persons ever connected with classical Samos were the philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras and the fabulist Aesop. In 1955 the town of Tigani was renamed Pythagoreio in honor of the philosopher.
Other notable personalities include the philosopher
resided in Samos for a while.There was a school of sculptors and architects that included
The vases of Samos were among the most characteristic products of Ionian pottery in the 6th century.
Hellenistic and Roman Eras
For some time (about 275–270 BC) Samos served as a base for the Egyptian fleet of the
Enrolled from 133 in the Roman province of Asia Minor, Samos sided with
Byzantine and Genoese Eras
As part of the Byzantine Empire, Samos became part of the namesake theme. After the 13th century it passed through much the same changes of government as Chios, and, like the latter island, became the property of the Genoese firm of Giustiniani (1346–1566; 1475 interrupted by an Ottoman period). It was also ruled by Tzachas between 1081–1091.[1]
Ottoman rule
Samos came under Ottoman rule in 1475[8] or c. 1479/80,[9] at which time the island was practically abandoned due to the effects of piracy and the plague. The island remained desolate for almost a full century before the Ottoman authorities, by now in secure control of the Aegean, undertook a serious effort to repopulate the island.[9]
In 1572/3, the island was granted as a personal domain (hass) to
Under Ottoman rule, Samos (
The
Greek Revolution
In March 1821, the
The Samians successfully repulsed three Ottoman attempts to recapture the island: in summer 1821, in July 1824, when Greek naval victories off
The Samians refused to accept their re-subordination to the Sultan, and Logothetis declared Samos to be an independent state, governed as before under the provisions of the 1821 constitution. Finally, due to the pressure of the
The autonomous Principality
In 1834, the island of Samos became the territory of the Principality of Samos, a semi-independent state tributary to Ottoman Turkey, paying the annual sum of £2,700. It was governed by a Christian of Greek descent though nominated by the Porte, who bore the title of "Prince." The prince was assisted in his function as chief executive by a 4-member senate. These were chosen by him out of eight candidates nominated by the four districts of the island: Vathy, Chora, Marathokampos, and Karlovasi. The actual legislative power belonged to a chamber of 36 deputies, presided over by the Greek Orthodox Metropolitan. The seat of the government was the port of Vathý.[1]
The modern capital of the island was, until the early 20th century, at Chora, about 2 miles (3.2 km) from the sea and from the site of the ancient city.[1]
After reconsidering political conditions, the capital was moved to Vathy, at the head of a deep bay on the North coast. This became the residence of the prince and the seat of government.[1]
Since then a new town has grown, with a harbour.[citation needed]
Modern Era
The island was finally united with the
During
On August 3, 1989, a Short 330 aircraft of the Olympic Airways (now Olympic Airlines) crashed near Samos Airport; thirty-one passengers died.
Government
Samos is a separate
Samos has a sister town called Samo, which is located in Calabria, Italy.
Province
The province of Samos (Greek: Επαρχία Σάμου) was one of the provinces of the Samos Prefecture. It had the same territory as the present regional unit.[14] It was abolished in 2006.
Economy
The Samian economy depends mainly on agriculture[
Cuisine
Local specialities:
- Bourekia (Börek)
- Katimeria
- Katades (dessert)
- Moustalevria (dessert)
- Muscat of Samos (wine)
UNESCO
The island is the location of the joint UNESCO World Heritage Sites of the Heraion of Samos and the Pythagoreion which were inscribed in UNESCO's World Heritage list in 1992.[16]
Notable people
Ancient
- Aegles, athlete
- Aeschrion of Samos, poet
- Aesop, storyteller
- Aethlius (writer)
- Agatharchus, painter
- Agathocles (writer)
- Aristarchus of Samos (3rd century BC), astronomer and mathematician, the first known individual to propose that the Earth revolves around the sun
- Asclepiades of Samos, epigrammist and poet
- Asius of Samos, poet
- Conon of Samos, astronomer and mathematician
- Creophylus of Samos, legendary singer
- Duris of Samos (4th-3rd century BC), historian
- Epicurus (4th century BC), philosopher, founder of the Epicurean school of philosophy
- Melissus of Samos, philosopher
- Nicaenetus of Samos, poet
- Philaenis (4th-3rd century BC), courtesan and writer
- Polycrates (6th century BC), tyrant of Samos
- Pythagoras (6th century BC), philosopher, mathematician, and religious leader, after whom the Pythagorean theorem is named ('the square on the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle is equal to the sum of the squares on the other two sides')
- Pythagoras (sculptor)
- Rhoecus (6th century BC), sculptor
- Telesarchus of Samos (6th century BC), aristocrat
- Theodorus (6th century BC), sculptor and architect
- Theon of Samos, painter
Modern
- Lykourgos Logothetis (1772–1850), leader of the Samians during the revolution of 1821
- Themistoklis Sofoulis (1860–1949), politician and PM of Greece
- Ion Ghica (1816–1897), Romanian revolutionary, mathematician, diplomat, prime minister of Romania, first president of the Romanian Academy, prince of Samos
- Nikos Stavridis (1910–1987), actor
- Nerses Ounanian (1924-1957), Armenian-Uruguayan sculptor
Gallery
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The town hall and the archaeological museum in Vathy
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St Spyridon, Samos town
-
Kokkari beach
See also
- 1904 Samos earthquake
- Pauly-Wissowa
- Xenophon
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Bunbury, Caspari & Gardner 1911, p. 116.
- ^ "Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)" (PDF) (in Greek). National Statistical Service of Greece. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-21.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Conservation Action Plan for the golden jackal (Canis aureus) in Greece" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-07-10. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Samos Climate". Hellenic National Meteorological Service. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
- ^ "Climate Data for Samos". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
- ^ "Samos (island, Greece) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
- Siloam Tunnel was first Archived 2011-03-22 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ ISBN 9783920153568.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Landros Christos; Kamara Afroditi; Dawson Maria-Dimitra; Spiropoulou Vaso (10 July 2005). "Samos: 2.3. Ottoman rule". Cultural Portal of the Aegean Archipelago. Foundation of the Hellenic World. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 2 April 2013.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b c Landros Christos, Kamara Afroditi; Dawson Maria-Dimitra; Spiropoulou Vaso (10 July 2005). "Samos: 2.4. The Greek War of Independence, 1821". Cultural Portal of the Aegean Archipelago. Foundation of the Hellenic World. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 2 April 2013.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ISBN 0-415-22946-4.
- ISBN 0-275-97888-5.
- ^ "Kallikratis reform law text" (PDF).
- ^ "Detailed census results 1991" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) (39 MB) Template:El icon Template:Fr icon - ^ Ioannis Spilanis, H. Vayanni et K. Glyptou (2012). Evaluating the tourism activity in a destination: the case of Samos Island, Revue Etudes Caribéennes, http://etudescaribeennes.revues.org/6257
- ^ "Pythagoreion and Heraion of Samos - UNESCO World Heritage Centre". Whc.unesco.org. 2009-09-18. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
References
- Attribution
public domain: Bunbury, Edward Herbert; Caspari, Maximilian Otto Bismarck; Gardner, Ernest Arthur (1911). "Samos". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 116–117.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in theFurther reading
- Ancient sources
- Herodotus, especially book iii.
- Strabo xiv. pp. 636–639
- Thucydides, especially books i. and viii.
- Xenophon, Hellenica, books i. ii.
- Modern texts
- A. Agelarakis, "Anthropologic Results: The Geometric Period Necropolis at Pythagoreion". Archival Report. Samos Island Antiquities Authority, Greece, (2003).
- J. P. Barron, The Silver Coins of Samos (London, 1966).
- J. Boehlau, Aus ionischen and italischen Nekropolen (Leipzig, 1898). (E. H. B.; M. 0. B. C.; E. Ga.).
- C. Curtius, Urkunden zur Geschichte von Samos (Wesel, 1873).
- P. Gardner, Samos and Samian Coins (London, 1882).
- V. Guérin, Description de l'île de Patmos et de l'île de Samos (Paris, 1856).
- K. Hallof and A. P. Matthaiou (eds), Inscriptiones Chii et Sami cum Corassiis Icariaque (Inscriptiones Graecae, xii. 6. 1–2). 2 vols. (Berolini–Novi Eboraci: de Gruyter, 2000; 2004).
- B. V. Head, Historia Numorum (Oxford, 1887), pp. 515–518.
- L. E. Hicks and G. F. Hill, Greek Historical Inscriptions (Oxford, 1901), No. 81.
- H. Kyrieleis, Führer durch das Heraion von Samos (Athen, 1981).
- T. Panofka, Res Samiorum (Berlin, 1822).
- Pauly-Wissowa (in German, on Antiquity)
- T. J. Quinn, Athens and Samos, Chios and Lesbos (Manchester, 1981).
- G. Shipley, A History of Samos 800–188 BC (Oxford, 1987).
- R. Tölle-Kastenbein, Herodot und Samos (Bochum, 1976).
- H. F. Tozer, Islands of the Aegean (London, 1890).
- K. Tsakos, Samos: A Guide to the History and Archaeology (Athens, 2003).
- H. Walter, Das Heraion von Samos (München, 1976).
- Westermann, Großer Atlas zur Weltgeschichte (in German)
- Volumes of the Samos series of archaeological reports published by the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut.
- 1. V. Milojčić, Die prähistorische Siedlung unter dem Heraion (Bonn, 1961).
- 2. R. C. S. Felsch, Das Kastro Tigani (Bonn, 1988).
- 3. A. E. Furtwängler, Der Nordbau im Heraion von Samos (Bonn, 1989).
- 4. H. P. Isler, Das archaische Nordtor und seine Umgebung im Heraion von Samos (Bonn, 1978).
- 5. H. Walter, Frühe samische Gefäße (Bonn, 1968).
- 6.1. E. Walter-Karydi, Samische Gefäße des 6. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. (Bonn, 1973).
- 7. G. Schmidt, Kyprische Bildwerke aus dem Heraion von Samos (Bonn, 1968).
- 8. U. Jantzen, Ägyptische und orientalische Bronzen aus dem Heraion von Samos (Bonn, 1972).
- 9. U. Gehrikg, with G. Schneider, Die Greifenprotomen aus dem Heraion von Samos (Bonn, 2004).
- 10. H. Kyrieleis, Der große Kuros von Samos (Bonn, 1996).
- 11. B. Freyer-Schauenburg, Bildwerke der archaischen Zeit und des strengen Stils (Bonn, 1974).
- 12. R. Horn, Hellenistische Bildwerke auf Samos (Bonn, 1972).
- 14. R. Tölle-Kastenbein, Das Kastro Tigani (Bonn, 1974).
- 15. H. J. Kienast, Die Stadtmauer von Samos (Bonn, 1978).
- 16. W. Martini, Das Gymnasium von Samos (Bonn, 1984).
- 17. W. Martini and C. Streckner, Das Gymnasium von Samos: das frühbyzantinische Klostergut (Bonn, 1993).
- 18. V. Jarosch, Samische Tonfiguren aus dem Heraion von Samos (Bonn, 1994).
- 19. H. J. Kienast, Die Wasserleitung des Eupalinos auf Samos (Bonn, 1995).
- 20. U. Jantzen with W. Hautumm, W.-R. Megow, M. Weber, and H. J. Kienast, Die Wasserleitung des Eupalinos: die Funde (Bonn, 2004).
- 22. B. Kreuzer, Die attisch schwarzfigurige Keramik aus dem Heraion von Samos (Bonn, 1998).
- 24.1. T. Schulz with H. J. Kienast, Die römischen Tempel im Heraion von Samos: die Prostyloi (Bonn, 2002).
- 25. C. Hendrich, Die Säulenordnung des ersten Dipteros von Samos (Bonn, 2007).
External links
- Samos travel guide from Wikivoyage
- Prefecture of Samos
- Municipality of Vathy - The capital of Samos
- World Statesmen - Greece