Strandzha Nature Park
Strandzha Nature Park | |
---|---|
IUCN category V (protected landscape/seascape) | |
Location | Strandzha Mountain, Burgas Province, Bulgaria |
Nearest city | Malko Tarnovo, Ahtopol |
Coordinates | 42°0′45″N 27°36′31″E / 42.01250°N 27.60861°E |
Area | 1,161 square kilometres (448 sq mi) |
Established | 1995 |
Governing body | Ministry of Environment and Water |
Strandzha Nature Park (Bulgarian: Природен парк Странджа Priroden park Strandzha, also transliterated as Stranja Nature Park) is the largest protected area in Bulgaria spanning a territory of 1,161 square kilometres (448 sq mi) in the Strandzha Mountain in the extreme south-eastern corner of the country on the border with Turkey. It was established on 25 January 1995 to protect ecosystems and biodiversity of European importance, as well as the traditional cultural, historical and folklore heritage of the region. The altitude varies from 710 metres (780 yd) on Gradishte Peak to 0 metres (0 yd) at the Black Sea coast with average length of 50 kilometres (31 mi) from west to east and 20 kilometres (12 mi) from north to south.
The nature park is situated in
Strandzha Nature Park falls within two terrestrial
The oldest traces of human habitation found in the territory of the park date from the
Park administration
Strandzha Nature Park was established on 25 January 1995 to protect ecosystems and biodiversity, as well as the traditional cultural, historical and folklore heritage of the region. Before 1995 the protection of the region had been fragmented, consisting of isolated nature reserves and protected areas. The park is administered by a directorate based in Malko Tarnovo and subordinated to the Executive Forest Agency of the Ministry of Environment and Water of Bulgaria.[5] The directorate implements the state policy for the management and control of the protected area, aiming at the long-term conservation of the unique nature and ensuring the sustainable social and economic development of the region.[6] It monitors the management and conservation of the forests, game, and fish resources while encouraging tourism and environmental protection.[5]
The park falls within the International Union for Conservation of Nature management category V (protected landscape/seascape).[6] The whole territory of the park and the adjacent Black Sea waters are included in the European Union network of nature protection areas Natura 2000 under the code Strandzha BG0001007.[7] Strandzha Nature Park is listed as an important bird and biodiversity area by BirdLife International.[8] There are two information centres for visitors: in Malko Tarnovo and in Gramatikovo.[9][10]
Geography
Overview
Strandzha Nature Park is situated entirely in Burgas Province within the territory of two municipalities, Malko Tarnovo and Tsarevo, in the extreme south-eastern corner of Bulgaria. This area includes the 7,000 inhabitants of 19 villages, and the towns of Malko Tarnovo and Ahtopol.[11][12] Strandzha is the least populated region in Bulgaria with a population density of 10 people per km2.[13] It is accessible through the I-9 first class road to the west and the III-9901 third class road to the east which serves the park coastline. The two roads are linked by the II-99 second class road. With an area of 1,161 square kilometres (448 sq mi), or approximately 1% of the national territory, the park is the largest protected territory in Bulgaria.[14] Due to the geographic location of Strandzha in the immediate vicinity of Asia, the park contains biodiversity of European importance as well as a unique historical heritage.[11][14]
The vegetation of
Relief, geology and soils
The relief of Strandzha is hilly, characterised by mild rolling ridges covered with dense woods. To the west the mountain is steeper and more rugged. Strandzha Nature Park has two clearly defined ridges — Rezovo ridge with its highest summit at Golyamo Gradishte peak at 710 metres (780 yd) and Bosna ridge with Papia at 502 metres (549 yd)) forming the highest elevation.[16] Approximately 38% of the park's territory has an altitude from 0–20 metres (0–66 ft), 60% from 20–60 metres (66–197 ft), and only 2% lies above 60 metres (66 yd).
The territory of Strandzha Nature Park falls within the Mediterranean soil area of Europe, characterised by wetter soils in comparison to the rest of
Climate
The climate of Strandzha is influenced by the proximity of the Black, Marmara and Aegean seas which clearly distinguishes the local climate from that of the rest of Bulgaria.
Climate data for Malko Tarnovo | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 5.1 (41.2) |
6.7 (44.1) |
8.1 (46.6) |
15.6 (60.1) |
20.8 (69.4) |
24.6 (76.3) |
27.1 (80.8) |
27.9 (82.2) |
23.5 (74.3) |
17.9 (64.2) |
12.9 (55.2) |
7.9 (46.2) |
16.6 (61.9) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 1.4 (34.5) |
2.8 (37.0) |
4.5 (40.1) |
10.0 (50.0) |
14.9 (58.8) |
18.6 (65.5) |
20.6 (69.1) |
20.7 (69.3) |
16.6 (61.9) |
12.2 (54.0) |
8.5 (47.3) |
4.5 (40.1) |
11.3 (52.3) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −2.1 (28.2) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
0.7 (33.3) |
5.2 (41.4) |
9.6 (49.3) |
12.5 (54.5) |
13.6 (56.5) |
14.2 (57.6) |
11.0 (51.8) |
7.9 (46.2) |
5.1 (41.2) |
1.1 (34.0) |
6.5 (43.7) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 120 (4.7) |
91 (3.6) |
74 (2.9) |
65 (2.6) |
64 (2.5) |
64 (2.5) |
40 (1.6) |
34 (1.3) |
62 (2.4) |
102 (4.0) |
121 (4.8) |
131 (5.2) |
968 (38.1) |
Source: Climate guide of Bulgaria (temperature 1931–1970; precipitation 1931–1985)[20] |
The winds are predominantly northern. Along the coastline the winds flow from the north in November – March, from the east in April – August and from the north-east in September – October. The sea breeze causes the high frequency of eastern winds in summer. In the interior the predominant wind direction is more varied with northern winds being the most frequent in January – March and in October.[15]
The annual precipitation is high, reaching in some areas above 1,000 millimetres (39 in). Along the coast rainfall is under the influence of the Mediterranean and is characterised with a winter maximum while the higher regions of Strandzha also have a second maximum in May – June as a result of the continental climate.[15] In the interior rainfall is higher and influenced by the cold northern and north-eastern winds. There is no natural protection to the north which often results in abrupt temperature falls.[15]
Strandzha has a significant potential for climate therapy. Due to the healthy climate along the coastline combined with sandy beaches, Ahtopol was designated a climatic sea resort of national importance and Sinemorets a climatic sea resort of local importance.[15]
Rivers
Strandzha is criss-crossed by a dense network of deep ravines, streams and rivers. The rivers have a discharge maximum in winter, in November – December.[21] With a total length of 147 kilometres (91 mi), the Veleka river is the longest and largest in Strandzha. Its upper course has a rocky bottom and many rapids. As the river flows through the karstic region of the mountain, its banks are steep with cliffs and precipices. After the village of Zvezdets, the river valley grows wider, the inclination decreases, the water flow slows and the river creates many meanders. In the lower course the river banks are flooded seasonally forming a wetland forest of alluvial longose groves. The Veleka is navigable in the first 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) up from the river mouth.[22]
The second longest river is the
Protected areas
Strandzha Nature Park includes five
Biology
Flora
In terms of biogeography the park falls within both the
The vegetation of the park includes many communities of a Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean type: warm oak forests with undergrowth of evergreen
Deciduous forests cover 80% of the park's area and belong to 28 forest and 18 bush habitats.[28] This variety is due to the lower river valleys, the sea coast and the karstic terrain. These include forests of oriental beech (Fagus orientalis), sessile oak (Quercus petraea), Strandzhan oak (Quercus hartwissiana), Hungarian oak (Quercus frainetto), common hornbeam (Carpinus betulus), oriental hornbeam (Carpinus orientalis) and small-leaved lime (Tilia cordata) with undergrowth of pontic rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum), Caucasian whortleberry (Vaccinium arctostaphylos), cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus), Black Sea holly (Ilex colchica), Himalayan meadow primrose (Primula rosea) and common heather (Calluna).[28]
There are 64
Fauna
Strandzha Nature Park has the richest vertebrate fauna among all protected areas in Bulgaria — 410 species, not counting 70 species of marine fishes.
Strandzha is situated on Via Pontica, the second-largest bird migratory route in Europe. The bays and estuaries along the Black Sea coast are a wintering destination for some birds. There are 269 avian species in the park, including populations of global importance of
There are 24 species of
The ichthyofauna of the park is among the richest in Europe with 41 freshwater and
The invertebrate fauna is poorly studied. There are 80 Bulgarian and 4 local endemics, as well as 34 relict species.[4]
Cultural heritage
History
The documented history of Strandzha dates back several millennia. The oldest traces of human habitation are stone axes and ceramic fragments found in the Ahtopol peninsula and are dated from the Neolithic period (c. 6000—3000 BC).[32] Since the mid-1st millennium BC the mountain was inhabited by the Thracian tribes Thyni and Asti and was part of the Odrysian kingdom. The Thracians of Strandzha were infamous for their pirate raids.[32] By the 2nd century BC, the power of the Odrysian kingdom declined and it became a client state of the Roman Republic. However, it kept its independence until 46 BC, when it was annexed by the Roman Empire, forming the province of Thracia.[33] The region remained part of the Roman Empire and its successor the Byzantine Empire. In Roman times, Strandzha was a centre of copper and iron ore mining and metallurgy.[34] In the late 6th and early 7th centuries the Slavs settled in most of the Balkans, including Strandzha.[35] The whole territory of the modern park was included in the Bulgarian Empire for the first time in the aftermath of the Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 894–896.[36] Strandzha remained a contested region between Bulgaria and Byzantium throughout the Middle Ages. In the 14th century, Bulgarian emperor Ivan Alexander (r. 1331–1371) gave refuge to the Hesychastic monk Gregory of Sinai and provided funds for the construction of a monastery near Paroria, in the homonymous protected area in the modern park, which attracted clerics from Bulgaria, Byzantium and Serbia.[37]
The interior of the region fell to the
Archaeological and architectural heritage
The rich history of Strandzha has left important vestiges across the territory of the park. The Thracians worshipped a Sun god as early as the Bronze Age and many of their rock sanctuaries and dolmens have been preserved in Strandzha. One of the main characteristics is the presence of megalith structures.[32] Among the most important monuments of that epoch is the Thracian cult complex in Mishkova Niva, one the south-eastern slopes of Golyamo Gradishte peak 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) from Malko Tarnovo. The complex, constructed in honour of a local chief and high priest, included a domed mound, a fortified edifice for the priests, a mould necropolis, a mine and a fortress. The domed mound has a diameter of 25 metres (27 yd), built by three rows and white marble blocks, and has been preserved up to a height of 1.8 metres (2.0 yd). The fortress is situated on Golyamo Gradishte peak, the highest point of the park; its diameter is 100 metres (0 yd) and the walls are 2.5 metres (2.7 yd) thick.[40] In the 5th–3rd century BC it was a dolmen and it was reconstructed as a monumental sanctuary in the 3rd–2nd century BC. The complex had a prominent place in the religious life of the Thracian tribes from all over the mountain.[32][34]
The Thracian necropolis of Propada, 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) to the north-west of Malko Tarnovo, contains 40 burial mounds on a hill made of marble blocks. Coins discovered during the excavations prove the practice of
There were around 60 Thracian fortresses in Strandzha, many of which were used in the Middle Ages when churches were constructed in their inner yards. The fortresses were built of large stones without the use of mortar. Vestiges of those stronghold can be found near the villages of Mladezhko, Balgari, Brodilovo, Malko Tarnovo, etc. The ruins of a fortress with church foundations are situated 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) to the south-east of Zvezdets.[43] There are ruins of several small early Byzantine castles along the coast between the rivers Veleka and Rezovska. These were part of the defensive system built by emperor Justinian I (r. 527–565) against Avar and Slavic incursions.[32][43] On a small cape to the south of Ahtopol are the ruins of the Church of St Yani which used to be part of a larger monastic complex. The only preserved section of the edifice is the apse.[32]
During the Ottoman rule the area was isolated, which influenced the formation of a local style of rural architecture. The Strandzhan wooden houses evolved in the 17th and 18th centuries.[44] They have a stone foundation and first floor and a wooden second storey. The walls, floors and ceilings are constructed from oak timber. The houses often follow an elongated plan — all rooms are arranged one after another. An important architectural element is the fireplace, built in stone, up to 2 metres (2.2 yd) wide in its foundations and 1 metre (1.1 yd) deep. It narrows in height and takes the shape of a truncated pyramid.[44] Examples of Strandzhan houses have been preserved in Malko Tarnovo, Brashlyan and Kosti.[44]
Ethnography and folklore
Historically the region has been a centre of Bulgarian culture.
The customs and rituals in Strandzha are related to specific days of the year, which in most cases coincide with the church holidays of the Christian calendar. They are traditionally divided into a summer (beginning on
The most characteristic tradition in Strandzha is
Threats and conservation issues
The main threat to the park comes from the uncontrolled tourist development which has plagued the Bulgarian Black Sea coast since the early 1990s. So far, the coast of the Strandzha Nature Park has remained almost intact.[45] The most notable example is the case of the Golden Pearl hotel complex near the village of Varvara, whose construction commenced in 2006 on the territory of the part, supported by Tsarevo Municipality without ecological evaluation.[49] After protests the construction was declared illegal later that year but the mayor of Tsarevo and the investor appealed to the Supreme Administrative Court of Bulgaria. In June 2007 the Court revoked the protected status of Strandzha Nature Park with order No. 6794/29.06.2007.[49][50] After mass protests the National Assembly adopted legislation prohibiting the right to appeal to court orders of the government establishing protected areas.[49] In 2008 the Court declared the Golden Pearl hotel complex illegal and in 2012 the construction site was demolished.[51]
The issues regarding the development of the park's coastline remain open. The Master Plan of Tsarevo Municipality adopted in 2008 and approved by the Ministry of Environment and Water envisages the construction of vacation complexes with 75,000 beds on the territory of the park and Natura 2000 network.[49] As a result, the European Commission launched an infringement procedure against Bulgaria that forced the Ministry to withdraw the positive environmental assessment of the Master Plan in 2010 but the decision was rejected by the Supreme Administrative Court.[49] The Strandzha Nature Park Management Plan drafted in 2003 has not yet meet with approval[52] by the Ministry of Environment and Water.[49][53]
See also
- Geography of Bulgaria
- List of protected areas of Bulgaria
- List of mountains in Bulgaria
- Bulgarian Black Sea Coast
- Strandzha
Citations
- ^ a b "Ouzounboudjak Biosphere Reserve". Official Site of UNESCO. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
- ^ a b "Ecoregions of Bulgaria". Retrieved 14 February 2015.
- ^ "Strandzha Nature Park: Introduction". Official Site of Strandzha Nature Park. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Strandzha Nature Park: Fauna". Official Site of Strandzha Nature Park. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
- ^ a b "Strandzha Nature Park: Organization Structure and Administration". Official Site of Strandzha Nature Park. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
- ^ a b IUCN 2005, p. 11
- ^ "Strandzha". Information System on the Protected Areas under Natura 2000. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
- ^ "Strandzha". BirdLife International. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
- ^ "Strandzha Nature Park: Information Centre". Official Site of Strandzha Nature Park. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
- ^ a b "Strandzha Nature Park". Official Tourism Portal of Bulgaria. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
- ^ a b "20 Years Strandzha Nature Park". Bulgarian Foundation Biodiversity. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Strandzha Nature Park: Ethnographic Aspect and Population". Official Site of Strandzha Nature Park. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
- ^ Donchev & Karakashev 2004, p. 173
- ^ a b c d "Strandzha Nature Park: Protected Areas". Official Site of Strandzha Nature Park. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Strandzha Nature Park: Geographic Location and Climate". Official Site of Strandzha Nature Park. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
- ^ a b c "Strandzha Nature Park: Relieve". Official Site of Strandzha Nature Park. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
- ^ Donchev & Karakashev 2004, pp. 121–122
- ^ a b c Donchev & Karakashev 2004, p. 122
- ^ a b c "Strandzha Nature Park: Soils". Official Site of Strandzha Nature Park. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
- ^ Climate data for Malko Tarnovo
- temperature: Kichukova, M (1983). Climate Guide of Bulgaria. Sofia, Bulgaria: National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.
- precipitation: "Climate data for Malko Tarnovo". Stringmeteo. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
- ^ Donchev & Karakashev 2004, pp. 122–123
- ^ a b c d "Strandzha Nature Park: Rivers". Official Site of Strandzha Nature Park. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
- ^ "Strandzha Nature Park: Nature Landmarks". Official Site of Strandzha Nature Park. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
- ^ included in the nature park: protected areas,[14] natural landmarks [10][23]
- ^ a b c d e "Strandzha Nature Park: Reserves". Official Site of Strandzha Nature Park. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
- ^ "Strandzha Nature Park: Habitats". Official Site of Strandzha Nature Park. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
- ^ a b c d "Strandzha". Bulgarian Greenbelt. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Strandzha Nature Park: Flora and Vegetation". Official Site of Strandzha Nature Park. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
- ^ "Rhododendron ponticum". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
- ^ "Alburnus schischkovi". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
- ^ "Phoxinus strandjae". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Strandzha Nature Park: History". Official Site of Strandzha Nature Park. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
- ^ Soustal 1991, pp. 59–60
- ^ a b "Mishkova Niva". The Roch-cut Sacred Places of the Thracians and Other Paleo-Balkan and Anatolian Peoples. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
- ^ Kazhdan 1991, pp. 1916–1917
- ^ Zlatarski 1972, p. 320
- ^ Bozhilov & Gyuzelev 1999, p. 619
- ^ Bozhilov & Gyuzelev 1999, pp. 602–603
- ^ Khadziev, Georgi (1992), Down with the Sultan, Long live the Balkan Federation!, retrieved 28 February 2015 An excerpt from the book "National Liberation and Libertarian Federalism", translated by Will Firth.
- ^ "Thracian Tomb in Mishkova Niva". Official Site of Malko Tarnovo Municipality. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
- ^ "Propada Domed Tomb". Official Site of Malko Tarnovo Municipality. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
- ^ "Kamaka Thracian Sanctuary". Official Site of Malko Tarnovo Municipality. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
- ^ a b "Roman Roads, Fortresses and Mines". Official Site of Malko Tarnovo Municipality. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
- ^ a b c "Strandzhan Architecture". Official Site of Malko Tarnovo Municipality. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
- ^ a b IUCN 2005, p. 12
- ^ a b "Customs and Rites in Strandzha". Official Site of Malko Tarnovo Municipality. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
- ^ a b c d "Nestinarstvo". UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
- ^ "Nestinarstvo". Official Site of Malko Tarnovo Municipality. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f "The Strandzha Precedent". WWF Bulgaria. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
- ^ "A three-member panel of the Supreme Administrative Court proclaims null and void Order № 30/24.01.1995 of the Minister of Environment declaring Strandzha Nature Park". Retrieved 4 July 2015.
- ^ "Golden Pearl - End or New Beginning?". Capital. 19 April 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
- ^ as of 2015
- ^ "Strandzha Nature Park: Documents". Official Site of Strandzha Nature Park. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
Sources
References
- ISBN 978-2-8317-0286-5.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - Bozhilov, Ivan; ISBN 954-426-204-0.
- Donchev, Doncho; Karakashev, Hristo (2004). Теми по физическа и социално-икономическа география на България [Topics on Physical and Social-Economic Geography of Bulgaria] (in Bulgarian). София (ISBN 954-649-717-7.
- ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
- Soustal, Peter (1991). Tabula Imperii Byzantini, Band 6: Thrakien (Thrakē, Rodopē und Haimimontos) (in German). Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. ISBN 3-7001-1898-8.
- OCLC 67080314.
External links
- "Official Site of the Ministry of Environment and Water of Bulgaria". Retrieved 14 February 2015.
- "Strandzha Nature Park". Official Site of Strandzha Nature Park. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
- "Strandzha Nature Park" (in Bulgarian). Official Tourism Portal of Bulgaria. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
- "Strandzha Nature Park". Executive Environment Agency. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
- "Strandzha" (in Bulgarian). Electronic History of Bulgaria hosted on the Bulgarian Knowledge Portal. Archived from the original on 19 March 2015. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
- "Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas: Strandzha" (in Bulgarian). BirdLife International. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
- "Malko Tarnovo and Strandzha" (in Bulgarian). Official Site of Malko Tarnovo Municipality. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
- "Nestinarstvo". UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. Retrieved 1 March 2015.