Synthetic media
This article needs to be updated.(December 2023) |
Synthetic media (also known as AI-generated media,
History
Pre-1950s
Synthetic media as a process of automated art dates back to the
Despite the technical capabilities of these machines, however, none were capable of generating original content and were entirely dependent upon their mechanical designs.
Rise of artificial intelligence
The field of AI research was born at
In 1960, Russian researcher R.Kh.Zaripov published the first world-wide paper on algorithmic music composing using the "Ural-1" computer.[22]
In 1965, inventor Ray Kurzweil premiered a piano piece created by a computer that was capable of pattern recognition in various compositions. The computer was then able to analyze and use these patterns to create novel melodies. The computer was debuted on Steve Allen's I've Got a Secret program, and stumped the hosts until film star Harry Morgan guessed Ray's secret.[23]
Before 1989,
In 2014,
In 2017,
Branches of synthetic media
Deepfakes
Deepfakes (a
The term deepfakes originated around the end of 2017 from a Reddit user named "deepfakes".[39] He, as well as others in the Reddit community r/deepfakes, shared deepfakes they created; many videos involved celebrities' faces swapped onto the bodies of actresses in pornographic videos,[39] while non-pornographic content included many videos with actor Nicolas Cage's face swapped into various movies.[47] In December 2017, Samantha Cole published an article about r/deepfakes in Vice that drew the first mainstream attention to deepfakes being shared in online communities.[48] Six weeks later, Cole wrote in a follow-up article about the large increase in AI-assisted fake pornography.[39] In February 2018, r/deepfakes was banned by Reddit for sharing involuntary pornography.[49] Other websites have also banned the use of deepfakes for involuntary pornography, including the social media platform Twitter and the pornography site Pornhub.[50] However, some websites have not yet banned Deepfake content, including 4chan and 8chan.[51]
Non-pornographic deepfake content continues to grow in popularity with videos from YouTube creators such as Ctrl Shift Face and Shamook.[52][53] A mobile application, Impressions, was launched for iOS in March 2020. The app provides a platform for users to deepfake celebrity faces into videos in a matter of minutes.[54]
Image synthesis
Audio synthesis
Beyond deepfakes and image synthesis, audio is another area where AI is used to create synthetic media.[59] Synthesized audio will be capable of generating any conceivable sound that can be achieved through audio waveform manipulation, which might conceivably be used to generate stock audio of sound effects or simulate audio of currently imaginary things.[60]
AI art
In the early 21st century, the increased availability of AI art tools to the general public provides broad use in concept art or game development. AI art has been posted on many social media platforms and has been widely criticized for its "unethical" usage on other artists' works, its impact on traditional artists, and for its potential defamation issues. Some AI art has a hard-coded, pre-programmed "signature" as a way to try to prevent these issues. Throughout its history, artificial intelligence art has also raised many philosophical concerns, including those related to copyright, deception, and what is considered "art" in a human–AI context and collaboration.
Some AI art models are prompt-based AI with an inpainting feature to partially regenerate AI art and a generate "variant" feature; collages and manual hand fixes have been used too. AI art has won some contests where such AI usage is prohibited and has fooled some people into thinking it is human art or a photograph.AI programs can automatically generate new images of artwork similar to those learned from the sample. AI mechanisms and human art creation mechanisms allow AI to produce works.[62] Many mechanisms for creating AI art have been developed, including procedural "rule-based" generation of images using mathematical patterns, algorithms that simulate brush strokes and other painted effects, and deep learning algorithms such as generative adversarial networks (GANs) and transformers. Several companies have released apps and websites that can transform photos into art-like images in the style of well-known sets of paintings.[63][64]
There are many AI art-generation programs, including simple consumer-facing mobile apps andMusic generation
The capacity to generate music through autonomous, non-programmable means has long been sought after since the days of Antiquity, and with developments in artificial intelligence, two particular domains have arisen:
- The robotic creation of music, whether through machines playing instruments or sorting of virtual instrument notes (such as through MIDI files)[68][69]
- Directly generating waveforms that perfectly recreate instrumentation and human voice without the need for instruments, MIDI, or organizing premade notes.[70]
Speech synthesis
Speech synthesis has been identified as a popular branch of synthetic media[71] and is defined as the artificial production of human speech. A computer system used for this purpose is called a speech computer or speech synthesizer, and can be implemented in software or hardware products. A text-to-speech (TTS) system converts normal language text into speech; other systems render symbolic linguistic representations like phonetic transcriptions into speech.[72]
Synthesized speech can be created by concatenating pieces of recorded speech that are stored in a database. Systems differ in the size of the stored speech units; a system that stores phones or diphones provides the largest output range, but may lack clarity. For specific usage domains, the storage of entire words or sentences allows for high-quality output. Alternatively, a synthesizer can incorporate a model of the vocal tract and other human voice characteristics to create a completely "synthetic" voice output.[73]
Virtual assistants such as Siri and Alexa have the ability to turn text into audio and synthesize speech.[74]
In 2016,
Natural-language generation
Interactive media synthesis
AI-generated media can be used to develop a hybrid graphics system that could be used in video games, movies, and virtual reality,[82] as well as text-based games such as AI Dungeon 2, which uses either GPT-2 or GPT-3 to allow for near-infinite possibilities that are otherwise impossible to create through traditional game development methods.[83][84][85] Computer hardware company Nvidia has also worked on developed AI-generated video game demos, such as a model that can generate an interactive game based on non-interactive videos.[86] Through procedural generation, synthetic media techniques may eventually be used to "help designers and developers create art assets, design levels, and even build entire games from the ground up."[86]
Concerns and controversies
Deepfakes have been used to misrepresent well-known politicians in videos. In separate videos, the face of the Argentine President Mauricio Macri has been replaced by the face of Adolf Hitler, and Angela Merkel's face has been replaced with Donald Trump's.[87][88]
In June 2019, a downloadable
The US Congress held a senate meeting discussing the widespread impacts of synthetic media, including deepfakes, describing it as having the "potential to be used to undermine national security, erode public trust in our democracy and other nefarious reasons."[92]
In 2019, voice cloning technology was used to successfully impersonate a chief executive's voice and demand a fraudulent transfer of €220,000.[93] The case raised concerns about the lack of encryption methods over telephones as well as the unconditional trust often given to voice and to media in general.[94] AI-powered voice synthesis techniques allow for the creation of realistic synthetic voices, which can be used for dubbing, voiceovers, and personalized virtual assistants.
Starting in November 2019, multiple social media networks began banning synthetic media used for purposes of manipulation in the lead-up to the 2020 United States presidential election.[95]
Potential uses and impacts
Synthetic media techniques involve generating, manipulating, and altering
Advanced text-generating bots could potentially be used to manipulate social media platforms through tactics such as astroturfing.[102][103]
Deep reinforcement learning-based natural-language generators could potentially be used to create advanced chatbots that could imitate natural human speech.[104]
One use case for natural-language generation is to generate or assist with writing novels and short stories,[105] while other potential developments are that of stylistic editors to emulate professional writers.[106]
Image synthesis tools may be able to streamline or even completely automate the creation of certain aspects of visual illustrations, such as
A combination of speech synthesis and deepfakes has been used to automatically redub an actor's speech into multiple languages without the need for reshoots or language classes.[108] It can also be used by companies for employee onboarding, eLearning, explainer and how-to videos.[110]
An increase in cyberattacks has also been feared due to methods of phishing, catfishing, and social hacking being more easily automated by new technological methods.[94]
Natural-language generation bots mixed with image synthesis networks may theoretically be used to clog search results, filling
There has been speculation about deepfakes being used for creating digital actors for future films. Digitally constructed/altered humans have already been used in films before, and deepfakes could contribute new developments in the near future.[112] Amateur deepfake technology has already been used to insert faces into existing films, such as the insertion of Harrison Ford's young face onto Han Solo's face in Solo: A Star Wars Story,[113] and techniques similar to those used by deepfakes were used for the acting of Princess Leia in Rogue One.[114]
GANs can be used to create photos of imaginary fashion models, with no need to hire a model, photographer, makeup artist, or pay for a studio and transportation.[115] GANs can be used to create fashion advertising campaigns including more diverse groups of models, which may increase intent to buy among people resembling the models[116] or family members.[117] GANs can also be used to create portraits, landscapes and album covers. The ability for GANs to generate photorealistic human bodies presents a challenge to industries such as fashion modeling, which may be at heightened risk of being automated.[118][119]
In 2019, Dadabots unveiled an AI-generated stream of death metal which remains ongoing with no pauses.[120]
Despite the risks, synthetic media also presents innovative opportunities for artistic expression, storytelling, and entertainment.
Musical artists and their respective brands may also conceivably be generated from scratch, including AI-generated music, videos, interviews, and promotional material. Conversely, existing music can be completely altered at will, such as changing lyrics, singers, instrumentation, and composition.[121] In 2018, using a process by WaveNet for timbre musical transfer, researchers were able to shift entire genres from one to another.[122] Through the use of artificial intelligence, old bands and artists may be "revived" to release new material without pause, which may even include "live" concerts and promotional images.
Neural network-powered
See also
- 15.ai
- Algorithmic art
- Artificial imagination
- Artificial intelligence art
- Automated journalism
- Computational creativity
- Computer music
- Cybernetic art
- DALL-E
- Deepfakes
- Generative adversarial network
- Generative art
- Generative artificial intelligence
- GPT-3
- Human image synthesis
- Transformer (machine learning model)
- WaveNet
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