Syrians in Lebanon

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Syrians in Lebanon
السوريون في لبنان
Total population
1,011,366 registered (December 2016)[1]

929,624 registered (July 2019)[2][1]

1.5 million (March 2024)[3]
Regions with significant populations
Beirut (Greater Beirut), Tripoli, Sidon, Baalbek
Languages
Arabic, Kurdish, Turkish
Religion
Islam and Christianity

Syrians in Lebanon (

Syrian Civil War, refugees began entering Lebanon in 2011.[6]

From the years of 2011–2016, there was an influx of over 1.5 million refugees from Syria to the neighboring country of Lebanon. Attempting to aid this number of people on top of Palestinian and Iraqi refugees from the past, created further economic and politic destruction for the country. Economically, Lebanon was overspending on the 1.5 million people who arrived since 2011. Politically, the Lebanese felt the need to choose a side in the Syrian war. In hopes to eliminate these issues, in 2016 the Lebanese government who has never had border laws created a border law banning people from entering the country without proper documentation (Gonzalez).

Lebanon's response towards the influx of refugees has been criticized as negative, with the Lebanese government leaving them undocumented and limited[7] and attacks on Syrian refugees by Lebanese citizens which go unaddressed by authorities.[8] Despite the strained relationship between the Syrians and Lebanese,[5] taking into consideration only Syrian refugees, Lebanon has the highest number of refugees per capita in the world, with one refugee per four nationals.[9] The power dynamic and position of Syria and Lebanon changed drastically in such a short amount of time, it is inevitable that sentiments and prejudices prevailed despite progressions and changes in circumstance.[10] In 2024, Lebanese leaders discussed Syrian migrant issues, considering repatriation and limiting numbers due to the escalating crisis.[11]

Background

While both Lebanon and Syria were under

French Mandate from 1923, following a period of uncertainty in the region.[13]

Demonstrations in Lebanon (2005) after the assassination of the former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri on February pressuring Syria to leave Lebanon.

After both Lebanon and Syria gained independence from the French in the 1940s, they maintained their own autonomy (although Syria did not officially recognize Lebanon's independence until 2008[14]) until 1976 when Syria occupied Lebanon as part of the Arab Deterrent Force under the premise of resolving the dispute of the Lebanese civil war.[4] Although Taif Accord was signed in 1989, putting an official end to the civil war, Syrian forces remained in Lebanon. Syria's role in Lebanon changed over the years of the civil war from an intervention to an occupation.[5] After the Taif Accord was signed, Syrian forces remained in Lebanon under the justification of Israel's failure to withdraw, as per the accord.[15] AN estimated 35,000 (by the year 2000) Syrian troops remained in Lebanon.[16] The Syrian occupation of Lebanon lasted until 2005.[17] During the Syrian occupation, the government under Hafez al-Assad, extending to Bashar al-Assad after 2000, the Syrian government carried out infringements of human rights, including the detention of Lebanese citizens in Syrian-occupied Lebanon without trial and torturing them without rights for legal council.[18][19] In light of those who went missing during, what the Human Rights Watch described as, a "terror campaign" of censorship and fear inflicted on the Lebanese citizens,[20] a negative sentiment to develop within the Lebanese population against Syria.[21]

Following the end of the Syrian occupation, many Syrians have immigrated to Lebanon in search of work and better living standards. Movement between the two countries was relatively easy as an ID card was enough to cross the border.[22]

As a result of the

civil war in Syria commencing in 2011 between the government of President Bashar al‑Assad and rebel groups, refugees began entering Lebanon in large numbers, and quickly.[23] This sudden influx of refugees has resulted in the overpopulation of existing camps and cities as well a drain on resources.[24] This sudden and urgent circumstance led to tension between Lebanese citizens and Syrian refugees.[21] The Lebanese government did not make an attempt to account for these refugees; it instead blocked aid to them in a passive dissent to their immigration.[24] Border crossing restrictions were issued for Syrians crossing into Lebanon, which only led to the movement of asylum seekers shifting to illegal smuggling.[22]

Statistics

Distribution of Syrian refugees in Lebanon as of April 30, 2014

According to the UNHCR, there were over one million Syrian refugees who had been registered in Lebanon in 2016.[1] Nevertheless, this figure is likely largely underestimated since the UNHCR has stopped registering new Syrian refugees since May 2015, and it doesn't include individuals awaiting registration.[1] Hence, precise figures of the number of Syrian people in Lebanon don't exist currently. Recent estimates were as high as 1,500,000 people.[23]

As of 30 November 2018, the official distribution of registered refugees is as follows:[9]

UNHCR Official Population Distribution
Location Population % of total Population
Bekaa 340,592 35.8%
North Lebanon 247,802 26.1%
Beirut 247,713 26.1%
South Lebanon 114,227 12.0%

Of the registered refugees, 55.6% are under the age of 18.[9]

Along with Syrians, the influx of refugees due to the conflict includes 35,000 Lebanese returnees and 31,502 Palestinian refugees from Syria.[25]

Given the estimated population of Lebanon at 5.9 million, the 1.5 million Syrian refugees make Lebanon the country with the highest number of refugees per capita – with one refugee for every four nationals.[26] Syrian refugee statistics documented by the UNHCR were ordered to cease in 2015 by the Lebanese government, the reason behind this is uncertain.[27]

Most Syrian refugees rent apartments, partly due to the absence of formal refugee camps. More than 80% of them rent accommodation in 1700 locations countrywide at an average price of $200 a month. The rest of them – whose percentage keeps increasing due to the deepening vulnerability – had to settle in unfinished buildings, garages, abandoned sheds, work sites and tents in informal settlements.[28]

Chronology of the registration of Syrian refugees post 2011

The exact number of refugees is difficult to pin down, but national politicians have used the refugee question for electoral purposes, in particular in the context of the campaign for the general elections scheduled in 2018.

  • January 2014 – Prime Minister Najib Mikati declare that 900,000 “conflict refugees” came to Lebanon, “approaching a quarter of the population.”[29]
  • April 2014 – UNHCR states that Syrian refugees in Lebanon have passed the 1-million mark.[30]
  • May 2015 – UNHCR stops the registration of new refugees and asylum seekers. The peak number of 1.2 million then decreased to 1 million by 2017, as a share of officially registered refugees were resettled, departed or died.[31]
  • September 2015 – ⁣Gebran Bassil, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Lebanon, referred to refugees as a burden, arguing that the one-million figure doesn’t account for all concerned: "it's 1.5 [million Syrians] plus 500,000 Palestinians so 45–50% of the population."[32]
  • October 2017: Esther Pinzari, UNHCR protection officer, explained Syrian refugees total 1 million in Lebanon. The Lebanese government, in the meantime, puts the number over 1.5 million, claiming that even that number is an understatement.[33]
  • November 2017: Major General Abbas Ibrahim, the head of General Security, states that the total number of refugees exceeds 2.5 million, including all nationalities.[34]

Naturalization and Syrians

Excessive restrictions were placed on

Syrian Sunnis and Christians) descent.[37] The purpose of these naturalization was to sway the elections to a pro-Syrian government.[38] This allegation is based on how these new citizens were bused in to vote and displayed higher voting rates than the nationals did.[37]

On June 1, 2018, the notoriously anti-naturalization

Syrian president, Bashar al-Assad.[38]

Ethnic groups

Although the majority of Syrians in Lebanon are Arabs (including

Syrian Kurds.[40]

Palestinians

See also: Palestinians in Syria

This group consists of descendants of Palestinian refugees who were displaced from Palestine during the

1947–1949 Palestine war to Syria, and then from Syria to Lebanon because of the Syrian civil war that started in 2011. These Palestinians have been met with favor from existing Palestinian refugees in Lebanon.[41] In January 2015, more Palestinians refugees were recorded to be in Syria than in Lebanon, including the already existing refugees preceding 2011,[42] although in light of the European Migrant Crisis, the numbers have allegedly dropped with many fleeing to Europe and a few to Lebanon.[43]

Turkmen

See also: Syrian Turkmen

In October 2015, the Syrian independent newspaper Zaman Al Wasl reported that 125,000 to 150,000

Turkish minority of Lebanon.[44][45] Many of them settled in the small village of Kaweishra known for its Turkish identity.[46] The Turkish government has previously sent out food aid specifically for Turkmen refugees in Lebanon.[47]

In 2018 the number of Syrian Turkmen in Lebanon had increased to approximately 200,000.[48]

Kurds

See also:
Syrian civil war, a large number of Kurds sought asylum in Lebanon where there was already a significant and well-integrated Kurdish population, despite being underrepresented.[51] Estimates vary on the exact number of Kurdish asylum seekers due to the fact that they are legally registered no differently than Arab Syrians, though some sources estimate the number to be as high as 500,000, almost half of all documented Syrian refugees.[52]

Armenians

See also: Armenians in Syria

Due to the strong support of Armenian institutions and communities in Lebanon, Syrian Armenians have had a relatively smooth integration in Lebanese society.[53] This includes the fact that almost all Syrian-Armenian children are able to study for free in Armenian schools in Lebanon and have an integrated and parliament-represented foundation to rely on.[54] Most sources estimate the number of the displaced population at around 10,000 people.[55]

Difficulties

Immigration policies

The Lebanese government has historically maintained an open-door policy towards Syrian refugees despite the absence of formal obligation.[6] The UNHCR states that the Lebanese government has never signed the 1951 Refugee Convention which secures a refugee who belongs "to the frontiers of territories where his life or freedom would be threatened on account of his race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion."[56] Therefore, there exists no international laws which Lebanon must abide by in dealing with the refugees. Adhering to the convention would mean that Lebanon was obligated to provide asylum to refugees and grant refugees the right to access courts, elementary education, and travel documents. Moreover, the refugees are entitles to receive the same public services and treatment in the labor market that Lebanese citizens do.[24] Therefore, when faced with a large quantity of Syrian refugees entering Lebanon, the government had the ability to carry out its goals, which were to return those refugees back to Syria and discourage permanent residence.[7]

Although Syrian refugees began entering Lebanon in 2011, it was not until 2014 that the government began introducing policies regarding Syrian refugee immigration.[7] During the three year open-border policy, an estimated 1.5 million Syrians fled to Lebanon without defined policy or legal framework, leaving many of them with limited options .[57] It is arguable that the establishment of policies regarding Syrians immigrating to Lebanon in 2014 was directly aimed at reducing the number of Syrians migrating to Lebanon, and driving them to return to Syria due to the difficult circumstances.[7] In 2018 Syrian President Bashar al-Assad and Lebanese President Michel Aoun united with the intention "to accelerate [Syrian Refugees] return home".[58]

Hostility and prejudice

The 29-year Syrian occupation of Lebanon created negative sentiment in the Lebanese people towards Syrians.[5] According to the Human Rights Watch (HRW), the Syrian armed forces detained, without trial, thousands of Lebanese citizens, many of whom not only remained arrested, but were transported to Syrian prisons in violation of international law.[20] Coupled with the kidnapping and assassination of critics to the Syrian regime, what HRW described as a terror campaign, resulted in the Lebanese press censoring any sentiments against Syrian policies in Lebanon.[59] In July 1991 forty supporters of Michel Aoun were arrested in Kesrouan for handing out leaflets that criticized President Hrawi, another fifty-eight were arrested after holding demonstrations in Ashqout to name a few instances. The families of the detained reported that as well as denying legal council and family visitation rights, Syrian forces tortured those imprisoned.[20] This mistreatment of citizens by the Syrian forces only ended as recently as 2005, allowing almost 6 years only before a forced integration of Syrians equivalent to one fourth of the population.[16] The resentment towards Syria is disputed amongst political parties, often debating whether diplomatic and commercial relations between Lebanon and Syria should even be considered.[58]

Negative sentiment from the Lebanese public is not limited to the negative history. In June 2016 a series of deadly suicide bombings occurred in al-Qaa saw causing 5 deaths.

ISIS). This was a factor leading up to the implementation of curfews in refugee camps.[61] The response to these attacks was negativity to Syrian refugees despite the fact that public deceleration that those charged with the bombing were not refugees.[60] In July of the same year, at least 200 people gathered in Beirut to march against racism towards Syrian refugees. From the ministry of foreign affairs to the interior ministry under the banner "all against racism" demonstrators were met by negative comments by Lebanese citizens due to them supporting Syrian refugees.[60]
The willingness to believe that the Syrian refugees bring

There is also a fear of a

burning tires against the governments willingness to appease Damascus.[62]

The precedent of refugees in Lebanon are the Palestinians. The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was a significant presence in Lebanon and operated in Palestinian refugee camps.[63] From 1968 onward, they carried out military operations against Israel, who would retaliate by conducting raids against Lebanese villages, bringing chaos and destruction to Lebanon. In 1970, following their expulsion from Jordan, the PLO's presence in Lebanon increased and the control they had over parts of the country became more significant. Clashes with the Lebanese army and Christian militias occurred,[citation needed] leading to the involvement of other Lebanese parties and foreign powers that supported the Palestinians, ultimately escalating into the civil war that Syria used to occupy Lebanon.[64] In light of the events, it is not unreasonable for citizens and politicians to be weary of what refugees bring with them, providing a camp could lead to an outcome such as that of Palestinian camps, which are still not under Lebanese jurisdiction to this day.[65]

Despite the reasoning and rationality for any prejudice, the outcome has been alleged and documented mistreatment of Syrian refugees by authorities, through unwarranted arrest, and civilians.[66]

Refugees in Lebanon

Syrian children in Lebanon

Refugees in Lebanon

A child in the refugee camp of Bourj el-Barajneh.

Fleeing to Lebanon in 1948 following the

European migrant crisis.[42] Palestinian refugees fleeing from Lebanon to European countries has been argued to be a consequence of the migration of Syrian refugees in such large bulk reducing the standard of life and overshadowing them in funding.[69] Palestinian refugees were not welcomed easily, the 1951 Refugee convention was not signed, at least in part, to avoid responsibility of Palestinian refugees in Lebanon, and for Lebanon to maintain the autonomy to decide the actions the government wishes to take regarding displaced persons.[24]

Armenian and Assyrian refugees came to Lebanon in 1915 from present-day southeastern Turkey, following the Armenian and Assyrian genocide.[35] At the time, Mount Lebanon was a Mutasarrifate within the Ottoman Empire that held a unique self-governing status. The Armenian and Assyrian refugees found it as a safe haven given its semi-autonomous state and because of the religious beliefs that they shared with the majority. When Lebanon was formed after Ottoman rule subsided, these Armenians and Assyrians were given citizenship to Lebanon, they are represented in the parliament and have integrated into society in Lebanon.[36]

Syrian refugee children in a Lebanese school classroom

Syrian refugees in Lebanon

Further information:
Refugees of the Syrian Civil War in Lebanon

As the numbers of Syrians in Lebanon have grown, so have tensions; the attitude towards reception of Syrians in Lebanon quickly became opposed to. The influx of Syrians into Lebanon has resulted in economic, political, social and religious tensions in Lebanon.

Battle of Arsal
.

Knitting a brighter future for Syrian refugees in Lebanon

In the 2017 Lebanon Crisis Response Plan (LCRP) Lebanon makes clear the rights it maintains in light of the influx of Syrian 'refugees',[71]

The UN characterizes the flight of civilians from Syria as a refugee movement, and considers that these Syrians are seeking international protection and are likely to meet the refugee definition. The Government of Lebanon considers that it is being subject to a situation of mass influx. It refers to individuals who fled from Syria into its territory after March 2011 as temporarily displaced individuals, and reserves its sovereign right to determine their status according to Lebanese laws and regulations.

— Government of Lebanon, UN Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator for Lebanon, Lebanon Crisis Response Plan 2017–2020 [EN/AR]

Lebanon maintains its position as not being a state for refugees[70] despite the Palestinian and Armenians residing in the country as displaced individuals. Syrians seeking shelter have been met with a "no camp" policy from the government which lead them to rent cheap land and even rooms in previously existing Palestinian refugee camps.[41]

Resolution

Syrian children outside their temporary home, in Lebanons Bekaa Valley

Returning to Syria

With Bashar al-Assad regaining support and control, refugees have begun returning to Syria, both individually and with the aid of Damascus.[72] Lebanon urges refugees to return to Syria, claiming that they are unable to accommodate 25% of its population in refugees. The UNHCR advises against the return of Syrian refugees under the circumstances in Syria,[27] this was responded to by a freeze on residency applications for UNHCR staff[73] This approach has led to the argument that Lebanon is beginning to 'force' refugees back to Syria despite the potential danger of doing so.[27]

In 2024, Lebanese Prime Minister Najib Mikati stated that "most" Syrians should be repatriated to safe zones within Syria. The Interior Minister, Bassam Mawlawi, urged for a cap on the number of Syrians in the country, Foreign Minister Abdallah Bou Habib stated that the "crisis of Syrian migrants has spiralled out of control".[11]

Aid

Two Syrian women wait to collect a prescription at a health clinic in Lebanons Bekaa Valley

The Lebanese government and NGO's provide assistance to the displaced refugees. Medair, a Swiss NGO, provides aid to Syrian refugees in Lebanon through various means. Housing is supported through distribution of shelter kits and improvements of living conditions for the refugees who have found a place to stay; healthcare, mapping, and hygiene also fall under the contributions of Medair to refugees in Lebanon.[74] Caritas Lebanon is another NGO that aids refugees under the Catholic Church.[75] Providing resources in the form of settlements to over 100 families of Syrian refugees in Lebanon; Caritas navigated the Lebanese governments not permitting formal refugee camps by providing materials that could be added to existing structures to create shelter for the refugees.[76]

Amidst the economic crisis in Lebanon, the European Union faced a surge of refugees entering from Lebanon mainly towards Cyprus. In response, the EU provide €1 billion to the Lebanese government in 2024 for over three years to help prevent a surge of refugees leaving Lebanon into Europe. This sparked outrage among Lebanese as it prompts Syrians to permanently settle in Lebanon. The head of the Lebanese Forces party, Samir Geagea, his party will “continue exerting all efforts until the last illegal migrant leaves Lebanon”.[77]

Notable People

See also

References

  1. ^
    UNHCR
    . 30 Jun 2019. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
  2. ^ "Middle East :: Lebanon". The World Factbook (CIA.gov). 2019-08-21. Retrieved 2019-08-27.
  3. ^ "Lebanon - Complex Emergency Fact Sheet #1, Fiscal Year (FY) 2024 (April 3, 2024) - Lebanon | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. 2024-04-03. Retrieved 2024-04-03.
  4. ^ a b "MIDDLE EAST: Syria and Lebanon". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  5. ^ a b c d eliefares (2011-11-15). "Lebanon's Syrian Occupation – A Persistent Matter That Should Never Be Forgotten". A Separate State of Mind | A Blog by Elie Fares. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  6. ^ a b admin (2014-01-10). "Official response to the Syrian refugee crisis in Lebanon, the disastrous policy of no-policy". Civil Society Knowledge Centre. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  7. ^ a b c d "The fate of Syrian refugees in Lebanon". Executive Magazine. 2018-09-14. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  8. ^ "Lebanon: Rising Violence Targets Syrian Refugees". Human Rights Watch. 2014-09-30. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  9. ^ a b c "Situation Syria Regional Refugee Response". data2.unhcr.org. Retrieved 2018-12-17.
  10. ^ "Lebanese Victims of Torture: Remembering Palmyra – Qantara.de". Qantara.de – Dialogue with the Islamic World. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  11. ^
    ISSN 0261-3077
    . Retrieved 2024-05-09.
  12. ^ "History of Lebanon, Ottomans- French- Independence 1516–1943". www.lgic.org. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  13. ^
    OCLC 191926614.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  14. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2018-12-17. {{cite news}}: |last2= has generic name (help
    )
  15. ^ "AUB: The Lebanese Civil War and the Taif Agreement". ddc.aub.edu.lb. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  16. ^ a b "Lebanon Calls for End of Syrian Occupation". ABC News. 2006-01-06. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  17. OCLC 38910100
    .
  18. ^ "SYRIA Caught in a regional conflict: Lebanese, Palestinian and Jordanian political detainees in Syria" (PDF). www.amnesty.org. 27 January 1999. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  19. ^ "SYRIA Torture by the security forces" (PDF). www.amnesty.org. October 1987. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  20. ^ a b c "MEW2". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  21. ^
    doi:10.28943/cskc.002.10001
    .
  22. ^ a b "Visa requirements for Syrians: Lebanon continues to destabilize". Heinrich Böll Stiftung Middle East. Retrieved 2018-12-17.
  23. ^ a b Marco Funk and Roderick Parkes (2016). "Syrian refugee flows – and ebbs" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
  24. ^ a b c d e Hägerdal, Nils. "Lebanon's Hostility to Syrian Refugees" (PDF). www.brandeis.edu. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  25. ^ "Document – Lebanon Crisis Response Plan (LCRP) 2017–2020 – full version". data2.unhcr.org. Retrieved 2018-12-17.
  26. ^ "Refugee population by country or territory of asylum". World Bank.
  27. ^ a b c Elbadawi, Hanan (6 July 2018). "Syrian Refugees in Lebanon: Potential Forced Return?". Atlantic Council. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  28. ^ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Humanity, hope and thoughts of home: Syrian refugees in southern Lebanon". UNHCR. Retrieved 2018-12-17.
  29. ^ Mikati, Najib (21 January 2014). "Lebanon PM: My country cannot cope with the Syrian refugee crisis". www.telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2021-11-23.
  30. ^ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for (3 April 2014). "Syrian refugees in Lebanon surpass one million". UNHCR. Retrieved 2021-11-23.
  31. ^ "Lebanon is revising its policies towards the Syrian refugee crisis, but are the new measures in its real interest?". Middle East Centre. 2015-05-19. Retrieved 2021-11-23.
  32. ^ "Lebanese foreign minister: We cannot be the only ones receiving refugees - Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East". www.al-monitor.com. Retrieved 2021-11-23.
  33. ^ "Don't blame Syrian refugees for your problems, Lebanon told". Arab News. Retrieved 2021-11-23.
  34. ^ "Ibrahim says more than 2.5 million refugees in Lebanon". The Daily Star Newspaper - Lebanon. 2017-11-02. Retrieved 2021-11-23.
  35. ^ a b "How the Armenians came to live among Arabs | Human Rights | Al Jazeera". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  36. ^ a b "100 years of waiting: Lebanon, a century after the Armenian Genocide – International news – Jerusalem Post". www.jpost.com. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  37. ^
    SSRN 2211536. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help
    )
  38. ^ a b "Is Syria Meddling in Lebanon Again?". The Century Foundation. 2018-06-28. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  39. ^ "Naturalization decree an insult to the Lebanese people". Arab News. 2018-06-05. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  40. ^ Wahby, Sarah; Ahmadzadeh, Hashem; Çorabatır, Metin; Hashem, Leen; Al Husseini, Jalal (2014), Ensuring quality education for you refugees from Syria (12-25 year): a mapping exercise, Refugee Studies Centre, University of Oxford
  41. ^ a b Suber, Roshan De Stone and David (7 November 2018). "Syrian displacement: A Palestinian perspective". alaraby. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  42. ^ a b "Palestinian refugees number 175,000. Census reveals 45 percent live in camps". BusinessNews.com.lb. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  43. ^ "100,000 Palestinians have fled Syria to Europe, official says – Middle East – Jerusalem Post". www.jpost.com. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  44. ^ Ahmed, Yusra (2015), Syrian Turkmen refugees face double suffering in Lebanon, Zaman Al Wasl, retrieved 11 October 2016
  45. ^ Syrian Observer (2015). "Syria's Turkmen Refugees Face Cruel Reality in Lebanon". Retrieved 10 October 2016.
  46. ^ "Syrian Turkmen flee to Lebanon's Turkish village". www.worldbulletin.net (in Turkish). Retrieved 2018-12-17.
  47. ^ "Turkey extends aid to Turkmen refugees in Lebanon". DailySabah. 15 January 2015. Retrieved 2018-12-17.
  48. ^ "Suriye Türkmenlerinin sorunlarına ilişkin gündem dışı konuşması". Grand National Assembly of Turkey. 2018. Retrieved 17 December 2020. Yaklaşık olarak 200 bin Türkmen'in Lübnan'da yaşadığı tahmin edilmektedir.
  49. ^ McDowall, David (1998). The Kurds of Syria. Kurdish Human Rights Project.
  50. ^ Meho, Ibrahim Lokman; W. Kawtharani, Farah. "The Kurdish community in Lebanon". The International Journal of Kurdish Studies.
  51. ^ "ما هو العائق الذي يعترض الأكراد في لبنان؟". An-Nahar. 2016-03-21. Retrieved 2018-12-17.
  52. ^ "Syrian Kurds Feel Unwelcome in Lebanon". Rudaw. Retrieved 2018-12-17.
  53. ^ "Between Anticipation and Misery: The Syrian-Armenian Refugees of Lebanon". The Armenite. 2015-01-13. Retrieved 2018-12-17.
  54. ^ "Syrian-Armenians in Lebanon tend to return to Syria". armenpress.am. Retrieved 2018-12-17.
  55. ^ "Around 10,000 Syrian Armenians moved to Armenia and 8,000 to Lebanon – Shahan Ka". news.am. Retrieved 2018-12-17.
  56. ^ Saliba, Issam (March 2016). "Refugee Law and Policy: Lebanon". www.loc.gov. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  57. ^ "Politics and the Plight of Syrian Refugees in Lebanon" (PDF). aub.edu.lb. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  58. ^ a b AsiaNews.it. "Assad and Aoun discuss ways and means for the return of Syrian refugees from Lebanon". www.asianews.it. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  59. ^ "Syrian Occupation of Lebanon, Help Lebanon". www.lgic.org. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  60. ^ a b c "Lebanon: Beirut protesters decry racism toward Syrians | News | Al Jazeera". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  61. ^ "Syrians in Lebanon hit by arrests, curfews and hostility after..." Reuters. 2016-07-25. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  62. ^ "Syria's Crisis Reaches Beirut". www.washingtoninstitute.org. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  63. JSTOR 4325767
    .
  64. ^ "Palestine Liberation Organization | Palestinian political organization". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  65. ^ "Opinion | A miracle in the Middle East". Washington Post. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  66. ^ "Hostility grows towards Syrian refugees in Lebanon". Reuters. 2017-08-28. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  67. ^ "Lebanon: Exiled and suffering: Palestinian refugees in Lebanon | Amnesty International". 2013-12-11. Archived from the original on 2013-12-11. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  68. ^ "UNRWA in Figures 2015" (PDF). www.unrwa.org. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  69. ^ "THE NEGLECTED PALESTINIAN REFUGEES IN LEBANON AND THE SYRIAN REFUGEE CRISIS" (PDF). pure.diis.dk. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  70. ^
    PMID 27471417
    .
  71. ^ "Lebanon Crisis Response Plan 2017–2020 [EN/AR] – Lebanon". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  72. ^ "Fifty thousand Syrians returned to Syria from Lebanon this year:..." Reuters. 2018-09-25. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  73. ^ "Lebanon freezes residency applications for UNHCR staff". France 24. 2018-06-08. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  74. ^ "Lebanon". Medair. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  75. ^ "Who_we_are". Caritas Lebanon. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  76. ^ "Sheltering Syrian refugees in Lebanon | Caritas". www.caritas.org.nz. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  77. ^ "The Netherlands Supports Lebanon with €140 Million". english.aawsat.com. Retrieved 2024-05-07.

Arcos González, Pedro, Zeinab Cherri, and Rafael Castro Delgado. 2016. "The Lebanese-Syrian Crisis: Impact Of Influx Of Syrian Refugees To An Already Weak State". Risk Management And Healthcare Policy Volume 9: 165–172. Dove Medical Press Ltd. doi:10.2147/rmhp.s106068.

  • "2014 UNHCR country operations profile- Lebanon." UNHCR. UNHCR, Web, 11 November 2014.
  • Goodspeed, Peter. "Syrian refugee crisis in Lebanon continues to build." The Star. The Star, 26 November 2014. Web.
  • "Lebanon: At least 45 Local Curfews Imposed on Syrian Refugees." Human Rights Watch. Human Rights Watch, 10 October 2014. Web. 19 November 2014.
  • "Lebanon: Rising Violence Targets Syrian Refugees." Human Rights Watch. Human Rights Watch, 30 December 2014. Web. 10 November 2014.
  • "Lebanon: Rising Violence Targets Syrian Refugees." Human Rights Watch. Human Rights Watch, 30 December 2014. Web. 10 November 2014.
  • Pan, Ester. "MIDDLE EAST: Syria and Lebanon." Council on Foreign Relations. Council on Foreign Relations, 18 February 2014. Web. !2 November 2014.
  • THE ASSOCIATED PRESS "Lebanon to Bar Syrian Refugees." The New York Times. The New York Times, 24 October 2014. Web. 19 November 2014.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syrians_in_Lebanon&oldid=1224305658"