Tanintharyi Region
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Tanintharyi Region
တနင်္သာရီတိုင်းဒေသကြီး | |
---|---|
Other transcription(s) | |
• MLC Transcription System | ta.nangsari tuing: desa. kri: |
• Central Thai | ตะนาวศรี |
• Religions | Buddhism 87.5% Christianity 7.2% Islam 5.1% Hinduism 0.1% |
Time zone | UTC+06:30 (MMT) |
ISO 3166 code | MM-05 |
HDI (2017) | 0.552[2] medium · 8th |
Tanintharyi Region (Burmese: တနင်္သာရီတိုင်းဒေသကြီး, pronounced [tənɪ́ɰ̃θàjì táɪɰ̃ dèθa̰ dʑí]; Mon: ဏၚ်ကသဳ or ရးတၞင်သြဳ; formerly Tenasserim Division and Tanintharyi Division) is a region of Myanmar, covering the long narrow southern part of the country on the northern Malay Peninsula, reaching to the Kra Isthmus. It borders the Andaman Sea to the west and the Tenasserim Hills, beyond which lie Thailand, to the east. To the north is the Mon State. There are many islands off the coast, the large Mergui Archipelago in the southern and central coastal areas and the smaller Moscos Islands off the northern shores. The capital of the division is Dawei (Tavoy). Other important cities include Myeik (Mergui) and Kawthaung. The division covers an area of 43,344.9 square kilometres (16,735.6 sq mi), and had a population of 1,406,434 at the 2014 Census.
Names
Tanintharyi has historically been known by a number of names, reflecting changes in administrative control throughout history, as the region changed hands from the Kedah Sultanate, to the Hanthawaddy, Ayutthaya and Konbaung kingdoms, and British Burma.[3] The region is called Tanah Sari in Malay, Tanao Si (Thai: ตะนาวศรี, RTGS: Tanao Si, pronounced [tā.nāːw sǐː]) in Thai, ဏၚ်ကသဳ and တနၚ်သြဳ in Mon. In 1989 the division's English name was officially changed from Tenassarim to Tanintharyi.
History
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1973 | 719,441 | — |
1983 | 917,247 | +27.5% |
2014 | 1,408,401 | +53.5% |
Source: 2014 Myanmar Census[1] |
Tanintharyi Region historically included the entire Tanintharyi
The region reverted to Burmese rule in 1564 when King
For nearly seven decades, from the middle of the 18th century to the early 19th century, Burma and Siam were involved in
Burma ceded the region south of
Upon independence from Britain in 1948, the northeastern districts of Tanintharyi were placed into the newly created Karen State. In 1974, the northern part of remaining Tanintharyi was carved out to create Mon State.[8] With Mawlamyine now inside Mon State, the capital of Tanintharyi Region was moved to Dawei.
Administrative divisions
Tanintharyi Region comprises ten townships and six subtownships, spreading over three districts:
Name | List | ||
---|---|---|---|
Dawei District | |||
Kawthoung District
|
| ||
Myeik District |
Government
Executive
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Legislature
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Judiciary
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Taninthayi Region High Court.
Transport
A rail service runs from Rangoon twice every week. A deepwater port is planned in Dawei, a project that includes a highway[9] and a railway line between Bangkok and that harbour.[10]
The Maw Daung pass international cross-border checkpoint into Thailand has been developed since 2014.[11][12]
Demographics
Religion
According to the
According to the State Sangha Maha Nayaka Committee’s 2016 statistics, 9095 Buddhist monks were registered in Tanintharyi Region, comprising 1.7% of Myanmar's total Sangha membership, which includes both novice samanera and fully-ordained bhikkhu.[15] The majority of monks belong to the Thudhamma Nikaya (83.8%), followed by Shwegyin Nikaya (1.1%), with the remainder of monks belonging to other small monastic orders.[15] 978 thilashin were registered in Tanintharyi Region, comprising 1.6% of Myanmar's total thilashin community.[15]
Ethnic groups
The region is home to ethnic Dawei, Karens, Mons, Burmese Thai, Myeik,
Economy
Due to its proximity to the Indian Ocean, seafood products, including dried fish, dried prawn, dried shrimp and ngapi (shrimp paste), are a major part of its economy, for both domestic consumption and export to Thailand. Bird's nests are also gathered from offshore islands.
The region is also home to several metal mines, including Heinda, Hamyingyi, Kanbauk, Yawa, Kyaukmetaung, Nanthida and Yadanabon. Pearls are also cultured at the Pearl Island.
In recent years, large-scale palm oil and rubber tree plantations have been established in region.
Palm oil
Beginning in the 1970s, smaller-scale palm oil plantations were developed in the region.[16] In 1999, the ruling military junta, the State Peace and Development Council, initiated the large-scale development of such plantations in the region.[16] As of 2019, the government has awarded over 401,814 ha of palm oil concessions in Tanintharyi have been awarded to 44 companies.[16] 60% of the awarded concessions consist of forests and native vegetation, and some concessions overlap with national parks, including Tanintharyi and Lenya National Parks, which have seen deforestation and threaten conservation efforts for endemic species like the Indochinese tiger.[16][17]
One major concession in the region, the Myanmar Stark Prestige Plantation, became the subject of an ASEAN Parliamentarians for Human Rights investigation, after local NGOs published a report that documented labour and land rights violations that affected 19 Karen villages.[18][19][20] The controversial plantation is jointly owned by Malaysia-based Prestige Platform and Stark Industries, owned by Mya Thidar Sway Tin, a Burmese businesswoman.[20][18]
Education
Educational opportunities in Myanmar are extremely limited outside the main cities of Yangon and Mandalay. According to official statistics, less than 10% of primary school students in the division move onto high school.[21]
AY 2002-2003 | Primary | Middle | High |
---|---|---|---|
Schools | 1011 | 59 | 30 |
Teachers | 3000 | 1300 | 400 |
Students | 170,000 | 54,000 | 14,000 |
All of Tanintharyi's 7 universities and colleges are located in Dawei and Myeik. Until recently, Dawei University was the only four-year university in the Region.
Health care
The general state of
2002–2003 | # Hospitals | # Beds |
---|---|---|
Specialist hospitals | 0 | 0 |
General hospitals with specialist services | 2 | 400 |
General hospitals | 10 | 346 |
Health clinics | 14 | 224 |
Total | 26 | 970 |
References
- ^ a b Census Report. The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census. Vol. 2. Naypyitaw: Ministry of Immigration and Population. May 2015. p. 17.
- ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
- S2CID 225075113.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ a b "International Boundary Study: Burma-Thailand Boundary" (PDF). Bureau of Intelligence and Research, US Department of State. 1 February 1966. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ISBN 9781576077702.
- ^ a b GE Harvey (1925). History of Burma. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. p. 202.
- ^ Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur P. Phayre (1967). History of Burma (2 ed.). London: Susil Gupta. pp. 219–220.
- ^ a b "Myanmar Divisions". Statoids. Retrieved 10 April 2009.
- ^ "Dawei Road could endanger forests and wildlife - Report". Burma News International. 12 July 2019. Retrieved 3 August 2019.
- ^ "Table A1-1-1a. Prospective projects in Mekong sub-region" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 May 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
- ^ Maw-daung Pass Mapcarta
- ^ "NNT - Prachuap Khiri Khan to upgrade Singkhon border crossing". Archived from the original on 5 April 2015. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
- ^ Department of Population Ministry of Labour, Immigration and Population MYANMAR (July 2016). The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census Census Report Volume 2-C. Department of Population Ministry of Labour, Immigration and Population MYANMAR. pp. 12–15.
- ^ a b c The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census Census Report Volume 2-C (PDF). Department of Population Ministry of Labour, Immigration and Population. July 2016. pp. 12–15.
- ^ a b c "The Account of Wazo Monks and Nuns in 1377 (2016 year)". State Sangha Maha Nayaka Committee. 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
- ^ PMID 31417153.
- ^ "Myanmar risks losing forests to oil palm, but there's time to pivot". Mongabay Environmental News. 13 November 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
- ^ a b "Green Desert: Communities in Tanintharyi renounce the MSPP Oil Palm Concession" (PDF). Progressive Myanmar. December 2016.
- ^ "HUMAN RIGHTS AND CROSS-BORDER INVESTMENTS IN ASEAN: The case of the Myanmar Stark Prestige Plantation" (PDF). ASEAN Parliamentarians for Human Rights. February 2020.
- ^ a b "Oil palm plantation in South Myanmar conflict zone wreaks havoc on local communities and forests". Earth Sight. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
- ^ "Education statistics by level and by State and Division". Myanmar Central Statistical Organization. Archived from the original on 24 May 2008. Retrieved 9 April 2009.
- ^ "PPI: Almost Half of All World Health Spending is in the United States". 17 January 2007. Archived from the original on 5 February 2008.
- ^ Yasmin Anwar (28 June 2007). "Burma junta faulted for rampant diseases". UC Berkeley News.
- ^ "Hospitals and Dispensaries by State and Division". Myanmar Central Statistical Organization. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 11 April 2009.