State Peace and Development Council
Union of Burma (1988–1989) Union of Myanmar (1989–2011) Republic of the Union of Myanmar (2011) ပြည်ထောင်စုမြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော် (1988–2011) ပြည်ထောင်စုသမ္မတမြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော် (2011) | |||||||||
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1988–2011 | |||||||||
Anthem: ကမ္ဘာမကျေ Kaba Ma Kyei " Chairman | | ||||||||
• 1988–1992 | Saw Maung | ||||||||
• 1992–2011 | Than Shwe | ||||||||
Vice-Chairman | |||||||||
• 1988–1992 | Than Shwe | ||||||||
• 1992–2011 | Maung Aye | ||||||||
Prime Minister | |||||||||
• 1988–1992 (first) | Saw Maung | ||||||||
• 1992–2003 | Than Shwe | ||||||||
• 2003–2004 | Khin Nyunt | ||||||||
• 2004–2007 | Soe Win (prime minister) | ||||||||
• 2007–2010 (last) | Thein Sein | ||||||||
Legislature | State Law and Order Restoration Council (1988–1997) State Peace and Development Council (1997–2011) | ||||||||
Historical era | Cold War | ||||||||
18 September 1988 | |||||||||
18 June 1989[1] | |||||||||
23 July 1997 | |||||||||
15 August 2007 | |||||||||
7 November 2010 | |||||||||
• Aung San Suu Kyi released | 13 November 2010 | ||||||||
• Renamed to the Republic of the Union of Myanmar | 31 January 2011[2][3] | ||||||||
• SPDC dissolved | 30 March 2011 | ||||||||
Area | |||||||||
• Total | 676,570 km2 (261,230 sq mi) (39th) | ||||||||
Population | |||||||||
• 1990 | 41,335,187[4] | ||||||||
• 2000 | 46,719,698[5] | ||||||||
• 2010 | 50,600,827[6] | ||||||||
Kyat | |||||||||
Driving side | right | ||||||||
Calling code | 95 | ||||||||
ISO 3166 code | MM | ||||||||
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Today part of | Myanmar |
နိုင်ငံတော် ငြိမ်ဝပ်ပိပြားမှုတည်ဆောက်ရေး အဖွဲ့ နဝတ | |
Council overview | |
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Formed | 18 September 1988 |
Preceding agencies |
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Dissolved | 15 November 1997 |
Superseding agency |
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နိုင်ငံတော် အေးချမ်းသာယာရေးနှင့်ဖွံ့ဖြိုးရေး ကောင်စီ နအဖ | |
Council overview | |
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Formed | 15 November 1997 |
Preceding Council |
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Dissolved | 30 March 2011 |
Myanmar portal |
The State Peace and Development Council (
SLORC succeeded the Pyithu Hluttaw as a legislature and the Council of State as a ruling council, after dissolving the state organs of the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma. In 1997, SLORC was abolished and reconstituted as the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC). The powerful regional military commanders, who were members of SLORC, were promoted to new positions and transferred to the capital of Rangoon (now Yangon). The new regional military commanders were not included in the membership of the SPDC.
The SPDC consisted of eleven senior military officers. The members of the junta
Although the regime retreated from the
History
The State Law and Order Restoration Council was formed when the
The SLORC also stated that the services of the Deputy Ministers in the previous Burma Socialist Programme Party (BSPP) government which it replaced were also terminated. (Under the 1974 Burmese Constitution the Council of Ministers acted as a Cabinet but since the Deputy Ministers were not considered to be formally part of the Council of Ministers, the SLORC made sure that the Deputy Ministers – together with the Ministers' – services in the previous BSPP government from whom it had taken over power were also terminated.) The Orders that SLORC issued on the day of its takeover can be seen in the 19 September 1988 issue of The Working People's Daily. The first Chairman of SLORC was General Saw Maung, later Senior General, who was also the Prime Minister. He was removed as both Chairman of SLORC and Prime Minister on 23 April 1992 when General Than Shwe, later Senior General, took over both posts from him.
On 15 November 1997, SLORC was abolished and reconstituted as the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC). Most, but not all members of the abolished SLORC, were in the SPDC military regime.
Leadership
Chairmen
Chairman | Term of office | Political party | ||||
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No. | Portrait | Name (Born–Died) |
Took office | Left office | Duration | |
1 | Senior General Saw Maung (1928–1997) |
18 September 1988 | 23 April 1992 (deposed) |
3 years, 218 days | Tatmadaw | |
2 | Senior General Than Shwe (b. 1933) |
23 April 1992 | 30 March 2011 | 18 years, 341 days | Tatmadaw |
Vice Chairmen
Vice-chairman | Term of office | Political party | ||||
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No. | Portrait | Name (Born–Died) |
Took office | Left office | Duration | |
1 | General Than Shwe (b. 1933) |
18 September 1988 | June 1993 | 3 years, 218 days | Tatmadaw | |
2 | Vice-Senior General Maung Aye (b. 1938) |
July 1993 | 30 March 2011 | 17 years, 8 months | Tatmadaw |
Former members
Ordered by protocol:
- Senior General Defence Services
- Vice Senior General Commander-in-Chiefof the Army
- Retired General Thura U Shwe Mann, Former Joint Chief of Staff of the Army, Navy and Air Force
- Retired General U President
- Retired General U Thiha Thura Vice-president
- Major-General Ohn Myint, Chief of Bureau of Special Operation – 1 (Kachin State, Mandalay Region, Chin State, Sagaing Region)
- Lieutenant-General Min Aung Hlaing, Chief of Bureau of Special Operation – 2 (Shan State, Kayah State)
- Lieutenant-General Ko Ko, Chief of Bureau of Special Operation – 3 (Bago Region, Ayeyarwady Region)
- Lieutenant-General Karen State, Mon State, Tanintharyi Region)
- Lieutenant-General Myint Swe, Chief of Bureau of Special Operation – 5 (Yangon Region)
- Lieutenant-General Magwe Region, Rakhine State)
- Major-General Hla Htay Win, Chief of Armed Forces Training
- Retired Lieutenant-General U Tin Aye, Former Chief of Military Ordnance, Current Head of Election Council[12]
- Lieutenant-General Thura Myint Aung, Adjutant General
Human rights abuses
Western non-governmental organisations, such as the
- Murder and arbitrary executions
- Torture and rape
- Recruitment of child soldiers
- Forced relocations
- Forced labour
- Political imprisonment
Murder
History of Myanmar |
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Myanmar portal |
One of the worst atrocities in Burma took place during the
Recruitment of child soldiers
It has been alleged that the SPDC forcibly recruited children – some as young as 10 – to serve in its army, the
The
Forced relocations
The forced evictions were part of government efforts to demonstrate that the
Forced labour
According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), despite the new quasi-civilian government taking power in Burma, forced labour continues to be widespread in Burma. It is imposed mainly by the military, for portering (that is, carrying of provisions to remote bases, or on military operations), road construction, camp construction and repair, and for a range of other tasks. In March 1997, the European Union withdrew Burma's trade privileges because of the prevalence of forced labour and other abuses. The same year, the ILO established a Commission of Inquiry to look into allegations of forced labour, coming up with a damning report the following year.
In November 2006, the International Labour Organization (ILO) announced it was to seek at the International Criminal Court[19] "to prosecute members of the ruling Myanmar junta for crimes against humanity" over the allegations of forced labour of its citizens by the military. According to the ILO, an estimated 800,000 people are subject to forced labour in Burma.[20]
Political imprisonment
Even before the large-scale demonstrations began in August 2007, the authorities arrested many well-known opponents of the government on political grounds, several of whom had only been released from prison several months earlier. Before the 25–29 September crackdown, more arrests of members of the opposition party National League for Democracy (NLD) took place, which critics say was a pre-emptive measure before the crackdown.
Mass round-ups occurred during the crackdown itself, and the authorities continued to arrest protesters and supporters throughout 2007. Between 3,000 and 4,000 political prisoners were detained, including children and pregnant women, 700 of whom were believed still in detention at year's end. At least 20 were charged and sentenced under anti-terrorism legislation in proceedings which did not meet international fair trial standards. Detainees and defendants were denied the right to legal counsel.[21]
References
- ^ The Adaptation of Expressions Law (2). 18 June 1989.
- ^ The Law Relating to Adaptation of Expressions, 2011 (1(b),2(a)). The State Peace and Development Council. 27 January 2011.
- ^ "၂၀၀၈ ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအခြေခံဥပဒေ" [2008 Constitution]. Constitutional Tribunal of the Union of Myanmar, Online Law Library (in Burmese). March 2018. Archived from the original on 22 April 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအခြေခံဥပဒေပြဋ္ဌာန်းချက်များနှင့်အညီ ၂၀၀၈ ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအခြေခံဥပဒေသည် ပထမအကြိမ် ပြည်ထောင်စုလွှတ်တော်စတင်ကျင်းပသည့် ၃၁-၁-၂၀၁၁ ရက်နေ့တွင် စတင်အာဏာတည်ခဲ့သည်။
- ^ "Population Pyramids of the World from 1950 to 2100". Archived from the original on 24 July 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
- ^ "Population Pyramids of the World from 1950 to 2100". Archived from the original on 24 July 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
- ^ "Population Pyramids of the World from 1950 to 2100". Archived from the original on 24 July 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
- ^ Shwe Yinn Mar Oo; Soe Than Lynn (4 April 2011). "Mission accomplished as SPDC 'dissolved'". The Myanmar Times. Archived from the original on 16 September 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
- ^ Leibenluft, Jacob (2 June 2008). "Who's in the Junta? The mysterious generals who run Burma". Slate. Archived from the original on 3 June 2008. Retrieved 2 June 2008.
- ^ "Myanmar's Aung San Suu Kyi released". Al Jazeera. 13 November 2010. Archived from the original on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
- ^ Klug, Foster (12 May 2008). "Bush says world should condemn Myanmar". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 13 May 2008. Retrieved 13 May 2008.
- ^ Wai Moe (30 March 2011). "Than Shwe Officially Dissolves Junta". The Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on 3 April 2011. Retrieved 30 March 2011.
- ^ "Myanmar: Junta Member Resigns From Parliament". The New York Times. 16 February 2011. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
- ^ Pearson, Elaine (6 August 2008). "Burma: No Rights Reform 20 Years After Massacre | Human Rights Watch". Hrw.org. Archived from the original on 11 November 2015. Retrieved 13 October 2009.
- ^ "Burma: World's Highest Number of Child Soldiers". 16 October 2002. Archived from the original on 25 April 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
- ^ "The Plight of Child Soldiers in Burma". 2 November 2007. Archived from the original on 5 April 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
- ^ "Child Soldiers Global Report 2008". Archived from the original on 22 February 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
- ^ "Children and Armed Conflict, Report of the Secretary-General, 26 October 2006 UN Doc. A/61/529 S2006/826" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 3 May 2010., "Report of the Secretary-General on children and armed conflict in Myanmar to the Security Council, 16 November 2007, UN Doc. S/2007/666" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 May 2011., "Report of the Secretary-General on Children and armed conflict to the UN Security Council, 21 December 2007, UN Doc. A/62/609-S/2007/757" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 May 2011., "Report of the Secretary-General on children and armed conflict in Myanmar 1 June 2009 UN Doc. S/2009/278" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 May 2011.
- ^ ""I Want to Help My Own People"". 29 April 2010. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
- ^ "Human Rights in Myanmar". Archived from the original on 22 March 2006.
- ^ "ILO cracks the whip at Yangon". Archived from the original on 4 April 2005.
- ^ "Amnesty International Report 2009 | Working to Protect Human Rights". Thereport.amnesty.org. 9 October 2009. Archived from the original on 17 April 2009. Retrieved 13 October 2009.