Tarzan
Tarzan | |
---|---|
Chieftain of the Waziri | |
Occupation | Adventurer Hunter Trapper Fisherman |
Family | John Clayton (father) Alice Clayton (mother) William Cecil Clayton (cousin) |
Spouse | Jane Porter (wife) |
Children | Korak (son) |
Relatives | Kala (adoptive mother) Tublat (adoptive father) Unnamed adopted brother (book and films, deceased) Akut (adoptive brother, 2016 film) Meriem (daughter-in-law) Jackie Clayton (grandson) |
Abilities |
|
Tarzan (John Clayton II, Viscount Greystoke) is a fictional character, a feral child raised in the African jungle by the Mangani great apes; he later experiences civilization, only to reject it and return to the wild as a heroic adventurer.
Created by Edgar Rice Burroughs, Tarzan first appeared in the novel Tarzan of the Apes (magazine publication 1912, book publication 1914), and subsequently in 23 sequels, several books by Burroughs and other authors, and innumerable works in other media, both authorized and unauthorized.
Character biography
Tarzan is the son of a British lord and lady who were marooned on the coast of Africa by mutineers. When Tarzan was an infant, his mother died, and his father was killed by Kerchak, leader of the ape tribe by whom Tarzan was adopted.
Soon after his parents' death, Tarzan became a feral child, and his tribe of apes is known as the
Name
"Tarzan" is the ape-name of John Clayton,
Burroughs considered other names for the character, including "Zantar" and "Tublat Zan", before he settled on "Tarzan". In the language of the Mangani, or great apes, Tarzan means "white–skin".[4] Though the copyright on Tarzan of the Apes has expired in the United States and in other countries, Edgar Rice Burroughs, Inc. claims the name "Tarzan" as a trademark.
The community of Tarzana, Los Angeles, is named after Tarzan.[5]
Jane
As an 18-year-old, Tarzan meets a young American woman named
As revealed in Tarzan's Quest, Tarzan, Jane, Tarzan's monkey friend Nkima, and their allies gained some of the Kavuru's pills that grant immortality to their consumer.
Physical abilities
Tarzan's jungle upbringing gives him abilities far beyond those of ordinary humans. These include climbing, clinging, and leaping as well as any great ape. He uses branches, swings from
His strength, speed, stamina, agility, reflexes, and swimming skills are extraordinary; he has wrestled not just full-grown apes, but also
Language and literacy
As originally depicted, Tarzan/John Clayton is very intelligent and articulate, and does not speak in broken English as the classic movies of the 1930s depict him.[7] He can communicate with many species of jungle animals, and has been shown to be a skilled impressionist, able to mimic the sound of a gunshot perfectly.
Tarzan is literate in English before he first encounters other English-speaking people. His literacy is self-taught after several years in his early teens by visiting the log cabin of his infancy and looking at children's primer/picture books. He eventually reads every book in his father's portable book collection, and is fully aware of geography, basic world history, and his family tree. He is "found" by traveling Frenchman Paul D'Arnot, who teaches him the basics of human speech and returns with him to civilization. When Tarzan first encounters D'Arnot, he tells him (in writing): "I speak only the language of my tribe—the great apes who were Kerchak's; and a little of the languages of Tantor, the elephant, and Numa, the lion, and of the other folks of the jungle I understand."
Tarzan can learn a new language in days, ultimately speaking many languages, including that of the great apes,
.Literature
Tarzan has been called one of the best-known
Critical reception
While Tarzan of the Apes met with some critical success, subsequent books in the series received a cooler reception and have been criticized for being derivative and formulaic. The characters are often said to be two-dimensional, the dialogue wooden, and the storytelling devices (such as excessive reliance on coincidence) strain credulity. According to Rudyard Kipling (who himself wrote stories of a feral child, The Jungle Book's Mowgli), Burroughs wrote Tarzan of the Apes just so he could "find out how bad a book he could write and get away with it."[9][10]
While Burroughs was not a polished novelist, he was a vivid storyteller. Most of his novels are still in print.[11] In 1963, author Gore Vidal wrote a piece on the Tarzan series that, while pointing out several of the deficiencies that the Tarzan books have as works of literature, praises Burroughs for creating a compelling "daydream figure."[12] Critical reception grew more positive with the 1981 study by Erling B. Holtsmark, Tarzan and Tradition: Classical Myth in Popular Literature.[13] Holtsmark added a volume on Burroughs for Twayne's United States Author Series in 1986.[14] In 2010, Stan Galloway provided a sustained study of the adolescent period of the fictional Tarzan's life in The Teenage Tarzan.[15]
Despite critical panning, the Tarzan stories have remained popular. Burroughs's melodramatic situations and the elaborate details he works into his fictional world, such as his construction of a partial language for his great apes, appeal to a worldwide fan base.[16]
Unauthorized works
After Burroughs's death, a number of writers produced new Tarzan stories. In some instances, the estate managed to prevent publication of such works. The most notable example in the United States was a series of five novels by the pseudonymous "Barton Werper" that appeared 1964–65 by Gold Star Books (part of Charlton Comics). As a result of legal action by Edgar Rice Burroughs, Inc., they were taken off the market.[17] Similar series appeared in other countries, notably Argentina, Israel, and some Arab countries.
Modern fiction
In 1972,
Tarzan in other media
Film
The first Tarzan films were silent pictures adapted from the original Tarzan novels, which appeared within a few years of the character's creation. The first actor to portray the adult Tarzan was Elmo Lincoln in 1918's film Tarzan of the Apes. With the advent of talking pictures, a popular Tarzan film franchise was developed, lasting from the 1930s through the 1960s. Starting with Tarzan the Ape Man in 1932 through twelve films until 1948, the franchise was anchored by former Olympic swimmer Johnny Weissmuller in the title role. Tarzan films from the 1930s on often featured Tarzan's chimpanzee companion Cheeta, his consort Jane (not usually given a last name), and an adopted son, usually known only as "Boy." However, productions by Sy Weintraub from 1959 onward dropped the character of Jane and portrayed Tarzan as a lone adventurer. Later Tarzan films have been occasional and somewhat idiosyncratic.
There were also several serials and features that competed with the main franchise, including Tarzan the Fearless (1933) starring Buster Crabbe and The New Adventures of Tarzan (1935) starring Herman Brix. The latter serial was unique for its period in that it was partially filmed on location (Guatemala) and portrayed Tarzan as educated. It was the only Tarzan film project for which Burroughs was personally involved in the production.
Weissmuller and his immediate successors were enjoined to portray the ape-man as a
More recently,
Radio
Tarzan was the hero of two popular radio programs in the United States. The first aired from 1932 to 1936 with James Pierce in the role of Tarzan. The second ran from 1951 to 1953 with Lamont Johnson in the title role.[18]
The Tarzan book series was later modernized and parodied in an authorized 2021 golden-age radio styled podcast program entitled The Adventures of Tarzan, produced by the Freshly Squeezed Pulp comedy troupe of Duke University.[19]
Television
Television later emerged as a primary vehicle bringing the character to the public. From the mid-1950s, all the extant sound Tarzan films became staples of Saturday morning television aimed at young and teenaged viewers. In 1958, movie Tarzan Gordon Scott filmed three episodes for a prospective television series. The program did not sell, but a different live action Tarzan series produced by Sy Weintraub and starring Ron Ely ran on NBC from 1966 to 1968. This depiction of Tarzan is a well-educated bachelor who grew tired of urban civilization and is in his native African jungle once again.
Tarzan was voiced by Robert Ridgely and Danton Burroughs[20] in the animated series from Filmation, titled Tarzan, Lord of the Jungle (1976–1977), as well as in the anthology programs that followed:
- Batman/Tarzan Adventure Hour(1977–1978);
- Tarzan and the Super 7 (1978–1980);
- The Tarzan/Lone Ranger Adventure Hour (1980–1981); and
- The Tarzan/Lone Ranger/Zorro Adventure Hour(1981–1982).
Joe Lara starred in the title role in Tarzan in Manhattan (1989), an offbeat TV movie, and later returned in a completely different interpretation, titled Tarzan: The Epic Adventures (1996), a new live-action series.
In between the two productions with Lara, Tarzán (1991–1994), a half-hour syndicated series in which Tarzan is portrayed as a blond environmentalist, with Jane turned into a French ecologist.
Disney's animated series The Legend of Tarzan (2001–2003) was a spin-off of the animated Disney film from 1999.
The latest television series was the short-lived live-action Tarzan (2003), which starred male model Travis Fimmel and updated the setting to contemporary New York City, with Jane as a police detective, played by Sarah Wayne Callies. The series was cancelled after only eight episodes.
Stage
- A 1921 Broadway productionof Tarzan of The Apes starred Ronald Adair as Tarzan and Ethel Dwyer as Jane Porter.
- In 1976, Richard O'Brien wrote a musical entitled T. Zee, loosely based on Tarzan but restyled in a rock idiom.
- Tarzan, a musical stage adaptation of the 1999 animated feature, opened at the Richard Rodgers Theatre on Broadway on May 10, 2006, and closed on July 8, 2007.
- The show, a Disney Theatrical production, was directed and designed by Bob Crowley. The same version of Tarzan that was played at the Richard Rodgers Theatre is being played throughout Europe and has been a huge success in the Netherlands.
- Tarzan also appeared in the Tarzan Rocks! show at the Theatre in the Wild at Disney Parks and Resorts, and can be found in Adventureland, and at Disney's Animal Kingdom.
Video games
- A computer game with the title Tarzan, licensed from Edgar Rice Burroughs Inc., was produced by Martech in 1986 for the Acorn Electron, Amstrad CPC, BBC Micro, Commodore 64, MSX, and ZX Spectrum.[21]
- A game under the title Tarzan Goes Ape, with little connection to the franchise, was released in 1991 for the Commodore 64 and ZX Spectrum by Codemasters.
- Disney's Tarzan had seen video games released for the PlayStation, Nintendo 64 and Game Boy Color. Followed by:
- Disney's Tarzan Untamed for the PlayStation 2 (PS2) and Gamecube
- Disney's Tarzan: Return to the Jungle for the Game Boy Advance.
- The Disney incarnation of Tarzan appears in the PS2 game Kingdom Hearts, with Goldwyn reprising his role from the film.
- In the first Rayman, a Tarzanesque version of Rayman named Tarayzan appears in the Dream Forest.
Toys and ephemera
Throughout the 1970s Mego Corporation licensed the Tarzan character and produced 8" action figures which they included in their "World's Greatest Super Heroes" line of characters. In 1975 they also produced a 3" "Bendy" figure made of poseable, malleable plastic.
Several Tarzan-themed products have been manufactured, including View-Master reels and packets, numerous Tarzan coloring books, children's books, follow-the-dots, and activity books.
Comics
Tarzan has appeared in many comic books from numerous publishers over the years. The character's earliest comic book appearances were in comic strip reprints published in several titles, such as
DC took over the series in 1972, publishing Tarzan #207–258 from April 1972 to February 1977, including work by Joe Kubert. In 1977, the series moved to Marvel Comics, who restarted the numbering rather than assuming those of the previous publishers. Marvel issued Tarzan #1–29 (as well as three Annuals), from June 1977 to October 1979, mainly by John Buscema.
Following the conclusion of the Marvel series the character had no regular comic-book publisher for a number of years. During this period,
There have also been a number of different comic book projects from other publishers over the years, in addition to various minor appearances of Tarzan in other comic books. The Japanese manga series Jungle no Ouja Ta-chan (Jungle King Tar-chan) by Tokuhiro Masaya was based loosely on Tarzan. Also, manga "god" Osamu Tezuka created a Tarzan manga in 1948 entitled Tarzan no Himitsu Kichi (Tarzan's Secret Base).
Cultural influence
Science
Tarzan's
Tarzan is commemorated in the scientific name of a species of chameleon, Calumma tarzan, which is endemic to Madagascar.[23]
Literature
Rudyard Kipling's Mowgli has been cited as a major influence on Burroughs's creation of Tarzan. Mowgli was also an influence for a number of other "wild boy" characters.
Jerry Siegel named Tarzan and another Burroughs character, John Carter, as early inspirations for his creation of Superman.[24]
Tarzan's popularity inspired numerous imitators in pulp magazines. A number of these, like Kwa and Ka-Zar were direct or loosely veiled copies; others, like Polaris of the Snows, were similar characters in different settings, or with different gimmicks. Of these characters the most popular was Ki-Gor, the subject of 59 novels that appeared between winter 1939 to spring 1954 in the magazine Jungle Stories.[25]
Popular culture
Tarzan is often used as a nickname to indicate a similarity between a person's characteristics and that of the fictional character. Individuals with an exceptional 'ape-like' ability to climb, cling and leap beyond that of ordinary humans may often receive the nickname 'Tarzan'.[26] An example is retired American baseball player Joe Wallis.[27]
Comedian Carol Burnett was often prompted by her audiences to perform her trademark Tarzan yell. She explained that it originated in her youth when she and a friend watched a Tarzan movie.[28]
Tarzan and Jane is a song and music video by Danish group Toy-Box from their debut album, Fantastic (1999).
Tarzan Boy is the debut single by Italian-based act Baltimora.
Tarzan and Pellucidar main series chronology
- Tarzan of the Apes, Chapters 1 to 11 (1912)[a][b]
- Jungle Tales of Tarzan (1919)[c][d]
- "Tarzan's First Love" (1916)
- "The Capture of Tarzan" (1916)
- "The Fight for the Balu" (1916)
- "The God of Tarzan" (1916)
- "Tarzan and the Black Boy" (1917)
- "The Witch-Doctor Seeks Vengeance" (1917)
- "The End of Bukawai" (1917)
- "The Lion" (1917)
- "The Nightmare" (1917)
- "The Battle for Teeka" (1917)
- "A Jungle Joke" (1917)
- "Tarzan Rescues the Moon" (1917)
- Tarzan of the Apes, Chapters 11 to 28 (1912)[a][b]
- The Return of Tarzan (1913)[e][f]
- The Beasts of Tarzan (1914) (Ebook) (Audiobook)
- At the Earth's Core (1914)
- The Son of Tarzan, Chapters 1 to 12 (1915) (Ebook) (Audiobook)
- Pellucidar (1915)
- Tarzan and the Forbidden City (1938) (Ebook Archived February 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine)
- Tarzan and the Jewels of Opar (1916) (Ebook) (Audiobook)
- The Son of Tarzan Chapters 13 to 27 (1915) (Ebook) (Audiobook)
- "The Eternal Lover" (The Eternal Lover Part 1) All-Story Weekly, March 7, 1914
- "The Mad King" (The Mad King Part 1) All-Story Weekly March 21, 1914
- "Sweetheart Primeval" (The Eternal Lover Part 2) All-Story Weekly, Jan.–Feb. 1915
- "Barney Custer of Beatrice" (The Mad King Part 2) All-Story Weekly, August 1915
- Tarzan the Untamed (1920) (Ebook)
- Tarzan the Terrible (1921) (Ebook) (Audiobook)
- Tarzan and the Golden Lion (1922, 1923) (Ebook Archived February 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine)
- Tarzan and the Ant Men (1924) (Ebook)
- Tarzan and the Tarzan Twins (1963; for younger readers)
- "The Tarzan Twins" (1927) (Ebook Archived October 31, 2010, at the Wayback Machine)
- "Tarzan and the Tarzan Twins and Jad-Bal-Ja the Golden Lion" (1936) (Ebook Archived February 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine)
- Tarzan, Lord of the Jungle (1927, 1928) (Ebook Archived October 31, 2010, at the Wayback Machine)
- Tarzan and the Lost Empire (1928) (Ebook Archived February 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine)
- Tanar of Pellucidar (1929)
- Tarzan at the Earth's Core (1929) (Ebook)
- Tarzan the Invincible (1930, 1931) (Ebook)
- Tarzan Triumphant (1931) (Ebook Archived February 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine)
- Tarzan and the City of Gold (1932) (Ebook Archived February 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine)
- Tarzan and the Lion Man (1933, 1934) (Ebook Archived February 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine)
- Tarzan and the Leopard Men (1935) (Ebook)
- Tarzan's Quest (1935, 1936) (Ebook Archived February 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine)
- Tarzan the Magnificent (1939) (Ebook)
- "Tarzan and the Magic Men" (1936)
- Back to the Stone Age (1937)
- Tarzan and the Elephant Men" (1937–1938)
- Tarzan and the Champion" (1940)
- Tarzan and the Jungle Murders" (1940)
- Tarzan and the Madman (1940) - (first published 1964)
- Tarzan and the Castaways (1941) (Ebook Archived January 16, 2011, at the Wayback Machine)
- Land of Terror (1944)
- Tarzan and the Foreign Legion (1947) (Ebook Archived November 23, 2010, at the Wayback Machine)
- Savage Pellucidar (1963)
- "The Return to Pellucidar"
- "Men of the Bronze Age"
- "Tiger Girl"
- "Savage Pellucidar"
- Tarzan: the Lost Adventure (c. 1940s; unfinished – 16 chapters, 83 pages; revised and completed by Joe R. Lansdale, 1995)
Bibliography
By Edgar Rice Burroughs
- Tarzan of the Apes (1912)[a][b]
- The Return of Tarzan (1913)[e][f]
- The Beasts of Tarzan (1914) (Ebook) (Audiobook)
- The Son of Tarzan (1915) (Ebook) (Audiobook)
- Tarzan and the Jewels of Opar (1916) (Ebook) (Audiobook)
- Jungle Tales of Tarzan (1919)[c][d]
- "Tarzan's First Love" (1916)
- "The Capture of Tarzan" (1916)
- "The Fight for the Balu" (1916)
- "The God of Tarzan" (1916)
- "Tarzan and the Black Boy" (1917)
- "The Witch-Doctor Seeks Vengeance" (1917)
- "The End of Bukawai" (1917)
- "The Lion" (1917)
- "The Nightmare" (1917)
- "The Battle for Teeka" (1917)
- "A Jungle Joke" (1917)
- "Tarzan Rescues the Moon" (1917)
- Tarzan the Untamed (1920) (Ebook)
- Tarzan the Terrible (1921) (Ebook) (Audiobook)
- Tarzan and the Golden Lion (1922, 1923) (Ebook Archived February 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine)
- Tarzan and the Ant Men (1924) (Ebook)
- Tarzan, Lord of the Jungle (1927, 1928) (Ebook Archived October 31, 2010, at the Wayback Machine)
- Tarzan and the Lost Empire (1928) (Ebook Archived February 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine)
- Tarzan at the Earth's Core (1929) (Ebook)
- Tarzan the Invincible (1930, 1931) (Ebook)
- Tarzan Triumphant (1931) (Ebook Archived February 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine)
- Tarzan and the City of Gold (1932) (Ebook Archived February 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine)
- Tarzan and the Lion Man (1933, 1934) (Ebook Archived February 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine)
- Tarzan and the Leopard Men (1935) (Ebook)
- Tarzan's Quest (1935, 1936) (Ebook Archived February 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine)
- Tarzan and the Forbidden City (1938) (Ebook Archived February 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine)
- Tarzan the Magnificent (1939) (Ebook)
- "Tarzan and the Magic Men" (1936)
- "Tarzan and the Elephant Men" (1937–1938)
- Tarzan and the Foreign Legion (1947) (Ebook Archived November 23, 2010, at the Wayback Machine)
- Tarzan and the Madman (1964)
- Tarzan and the Castaways (1965)
- "Tarzan and the Castaways" (1941) (Ebook Archived January 16, 2011, at the Wayback Machine)
- "Tarzan and the Champion" (1940)
- "Tarzan and the Jungle Murders" (1940)
- Tarzan and the Tarzan Twins (1963, for younger readers)
- "The Tarzan Twins" (1927) (Ebook Archived October 31, 2010, at the Wayback Machine)
- "Tarzan and the Tarzan Twins and Jad-Bal-Ja the Golden Lion" (1936) (Ebook Archived February 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine)
- Tarzan: The Lost Adventure (unfinished) (revised and completed by Joe R. Lansdale) (1995)
By other authors
- Maude Robinson Toombs wrote a novelization of the film serial ISBN 978-1-4357-4973-3) by ERBville Press in January 2006.
- ISBN 978-1-4357-4971-9) by ERBville Press in 2005.
- Barton Werper – these novels by the pseudonymous "Barton Werper" were never authorized by the Burroughs estate, were taken off the market and remaining copies destroyed.
- Tarzan and the Silver Globe (1964), the novel was rewritten as "Zamba and the Silver Globe" (ISBN 978-1-4357-4973-3) and published by ERBville Press in October 2014.
- Tarzan and the Cave City (1964)
- Tarzan and the Snake People (1964)
- Tarzan and the Abominable Snowmen (1965)
- Tarzan and the Winged Invaders (1965)
- Tarzan and the Silver Globe (1964), the novel was rewritten as "Zamba and the Silver Globe" (
- Fritz Leiber – the first novel authorized by the Burroughs estate, and numbered as the 25th book in the Tarzan series.
- Tarzan and the Valley of Gold(1966)
- Philip José Farmer (also wrote a novel based on his own fascination with Tarzan, entitled Lord Tyger, and translated the novel Tarzan of the Apes into Esperanto).
- Tarzan Alive (1972) a fictional biography of Tarzan (here Lord Greystoke), which is one of the two foundational books (along with Doc Savage: His Apocalyptic Life) of the Wold Newton family.
- The Adventure of the Peerless Peer (1974) Sherlock Holmes goes to Africa and meets Tarzan.
- The Dark Heart of Time (1999) this novel was specifically authorized by the Burroughs estate, and references Tarzan by name rather than just by inference. The story is set between Tarzan the Untamed and Tarzan the Terrible.
- R. A. Salvatore
- Tarzan: The Epic Adventures (1996) an authorized novel based on the pilot episode of the series of the same name.
In the 1950s, Byrne wrote the novel Tarzan on Mars under the pen name John Bloodstone, the novel is a crossover of the Tarzan series and the Barsoom series, John Carter's adventures on Mars, however, he did not obtain a license to publish the novel, which had unauthorized editions.[31]
- New Tarzan
Publisher
Themes of gender and race
In her Manliness and Civilization, Gail Bederman describes how various people of the time either challenged or upheld the idea that "civilization" is predicated on white masculinity. She closes with a chapter on Tarzan of the Apes (1912) because the story's protagonist is, according to her, the ultimate male by the standards of 1912 White Americans. Bederman does note that Tarzan, "an instinctively chivalrous Anglo-Saxon," does not engage in sexual violence, renouncing his "masculine impulse to rape." However, she also notes that not only does Tarzan kill black man Kulonga in revenge for killing his ape mother (a stand-in for his biological White mother) by hanging him, "lyncher Tarzan" actually enjoys killing black people, for example the cannibalistic Mbongans.[32]
Bederman, in fact, reminds readers that when Tarzan first introduces himself to Jane, he does so as "Tarzan, the killer of beasts and many black men". The novel climaxes with Tarzan saving Jane (who in the original novel is not British, but a southern White woman from Baltimore, Maryland) from a black ape rapist. When he leaves the jungle and sees "civilized" Africans farming, his first instinct is to kill them just for being Black. "Like the lynch victims reported in the Northern press, Tarzan's victims—cowards, cannibals, and despoilers of white womanhood—lack all manhood. Tarzan's lynchings thus prove him the superior man."[32]
According to Bederman, despite Tarzan embodying all the tropes of white supremacy espoused or rejected by the people she had reviewed (Theodore Roosevelt, G. Stanley Hall, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Ida B. Wells), Burroughs, in all probability, was not trying to make any kind of statement or echo any of them. "He probably never heard of any of them." Instead, Bederman writes that Burroughs proves her point because, in telling racist and sexist stories whose protagonist boasted of killing black people, he was not being unusual at all, but was instead just being a typical 1912 White American.[32]
Race
The Tarzan books and movies employ extensive stereotyping. With changing social views and customs this has led to criticism, including charges of racism since the early 1970s.
In regards to race, a superior–inferior relationship with valuation is implied in virtually all interactions between white and black people in the Tarzan stories, and similar relationships and valuations can be seen in most other interactions between differing people. According to
Tarzan is a white European male who grows up with apes. According to "Taking Tarzan Seriously" by Marianna Torgovnick, Tarzan is confused with the
Gender dynamic
Burroughs's opinions, manifested through the narrative voice in the stories, reflect common Western attitudes in his time, which in a 21st-century context would be considered racist and sexist.
Although the character of Tarzan does not directly engage in violence against women, feminist scholars have critiqued the presence of other sympathetic male characters who do so with Tarzan's approval.[36] In Tarzan and the Ant Men, the men of a fictional tribe of creatures called the Alali gain social dominance of their society by beating Alali women into submission with weapons that Tarzan willingly provides them.[36] Following the battle, Burroughs (p. 178) states:[36]
To entertain Tarzan and to show him what great strides civilization had taken—the son of The First Woman seized a female by the hair and dragging her to him struck her heavily about the head and face with his clenched fist, and the woman fell upon her knees and fondled his legs, looking wistfully into his face, her own glowing with love and admiration.
While Burroughs depicts some female characters with humanistic equalizing elements, Torgovnick argues that violent scenes against women in the context of male political and social domination are condoned in his writing, reinforcing a notion of gendered hierarchy where patriarchy is portrayed as the natural pinnacle of society.[36]
See also
- Ape
- Enkidu
- Feral child
- Mowgli
- Jungle girl - fictional characters, female versions of Tarzan
- Rima, a jungle girl character who predates Tarzan
References
- ^ In Burroughs, Edgar Rice (1914). "Chapter XXV". Tarzan of the Apes.
Somehow, even against all reason, I seem to see him a grown man, taking his father's place in the world—the second John Clayton—and bringing added honors to the house of Greystoke.
- ^ Burroughs, Edgar Rice (1928). Tarzan, Lord of the Jungle.
- ^ Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes. Warner Bros. 1984.
- ^ "History of Tarzan". Tarzan.org. p. 2. Archived from the original on June 29, 2017. Retrieved May 30, 2013.
- ^ "Tarzan Swings Without Tarzana". Los Angeles Times. June 14, 1999.
- ^ Tarzan the Untamed by Edgar Rice Burroughs
- Herman Brix) also depicted him speaking normally.
- ISBN 0-312-09618-6. p. 178: "Tarzan is a remarkable creation, and possibly the best-known fictional character of the century."
- ^ Bederman, Gail. 1995. Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880–1917. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 219.
- ^ Bederman, Gail. 1995. Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880–1917. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 219.
- ISBN 0-312-09618-6. p. 178: "It has often been said that ERB's works have small literary or intellectual merit. Nevertheless,...because ERB had a genius for the literalization of the dream, they have endured."
- ^ "Tarzan Revisited" by Gore Vidal Archived August 3, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Erling B. Holtsmark, Tarzan and Tradition: Classical Myth in Popular Literature, Greenwood Press, 1981.
- ^ Erling B. Holtsmark, Edgar Rice Burroughs, Twayne's United States Author Series, Twayne Publishers, 1986.
- ^ Galloway, Stan. 2010. The Teenage Tarzan: A Literary Analysis of Edgar Rice Burroughs' Jungle Tales of Tarzan. McFarland.
- ^ "Bozarth, David Bruce. "Ape-English Dictionary"". Erblist.com. Archived from the original on November 11, 2017. Retrieved May 30, 2013.
- ^ "Werper, Barton". Archived from the original on July 18, 2017. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
- ^ Barrett, Robert R. 1999. Tarzan on Radio. Radio Spirits.
- ^ "Announcing The Adventures of Tarzan Audio Drama". June 16, 2021. Archived from the original on May 27, 2022. Retrieved April 6, 2022.
- ^ "The Animated Tarzan". cartoonresearch.com. Archived from the original on June 20, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2021.
- ^ "Tarzan". Computer and Video Games. No. 63. EMAP. December 16, 1986. p. 14. Retrieved April 12, 2024.
- ^ "Jane Goodall Archived August 7, 2020, at the Wayback Machine." Encyclopædia Britannica. [1998] 2020.
- ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. ("Tarzan", pp. 260–261).
- ^ "Tarzan was an early inspiration for the character of Superman. - OMG Facts - the World's #1 Fact Source". Archived from the original on October 24, 2014. Retrieved October 24, 2014.
- ISBN 978-1-58042-184-3.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ Markusen, Bruce (August 14, 2009). "Cooperstown Confidential: Tarzan Joe Wallis". Hardballtimes.com. Archived from the original on August 31, 2013. Retrieved May 30, 2013.
- ^ King, Larry (April 17, 2013). "Larry King interviews Carol Burnett". Hulu.com. Archived from the original on July 8, 2017. Retrieved July 17, 2014.
- ^ a b c d Tarzan the Untamed, Ballantine paperback edition, 1963
- ^ "Letter by E. R. Burroughs". Exlibris-art.com. February 4, 1922. Archived from the original on July 7, 2017. Retrieved May 30, 2013.
- ^ "ERBzine 1930". www.erbzine.com. Archived from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved October 8, 2022.
- ^ a b c Bederman, Gail. 1995. Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880–1917. Tarzan and After. pp. 219–240.
- ^ Rothschild, Bertram (1999). "Tarzan – Review". Humanist. Archived from the original on July 10, 2012. Retrieved July 29, 2007.
- ^ Loewen, James (2018). Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism. The New Press. p. 227.
- ^ Turgovnick, Mariana "Taking Tarzan Seriously" from Gone Primitive, University of Chicago Press 1990 [Ch 2 pp.42–72]
- ^ ISBN 978-0-226-80832-1.
Primary sources
- ^ a b c Burroughs, Edgar Rice. [1912] 2012. Tarzan of the Apes Archived July 3, 2020, at the Wayback Machine. Washington, DC: Project Gutenberg.
- ^ a b c Burroughs, Edgar Rice. [1912] 2007. Tarzan of the Apes Archived November 13, 2019, at the Wayback Machine (audiobook), read by Mark F. Smith. LibriVox.
- ^ a b Burroughs, Edgar Rice. [1919] 2012. Jungle Tales of Tarzan Archived February 13, 2020, at the Wayback Machine. Washington, DC: Project Gutenberg.
- ^ a b Burroughs, Edgar Rice. [1919] 2009. Jungle Tales of Tarzan Archived August 14, 2010, at the Wayback Machine (audiobook), read by Ralph Snelson. LibriVox.
- ^ a b Burroughs, Edgar Rice. [1913] 2012. The Return of Tarzan Archived February 13, 2020, at the Wayback Machine. Washington, DC: Project Gutenberg.
- ^ a b Burroughs, Edgar Rice. [1913] 2009. The Return of Tarzan Archived March 2, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (audiobook), read by Ralph Snelson. LibriVox.
Further reading
- Egan, Sean. 2017. Tarzan: The Biography. London: Askill Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9545750-7-6.
- Wannamaker, Annette, and Michelle Ann Abate, eds. 2012. Global Perspectives on Tarzan: From King of the Jungle to International Icon. 216 pages. (Includes studies by scholars from the United States, Australia, Canada, Israel, the Netherlands, Germany, and France.)
External links
Tarzan Universe series listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
- Official website
- Edgar Rice Burroughs tribute
- A collection of public domain entries in the series as eBooks at Standard Ebooks
- Tarzan eBooks by Project Gutenberg
- Empire magazine Tarzan centenary feature
- For an appraisal of Tarzan films in movies vs films section.
- Works by or about ERB at the HathiTrust