Ted Hughes

The couple moved to the United States in 1957 so that Plath could take a teaching position at her alma mater, Smith College. During this time, Hughes taught at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. In 1958, they met artist Leonard Baskin, who would later illustrate many of Hughes's books, including Crow.^[22]

The couple returned to England in 1959, staying for a short while back in Heptonstall and then finding a small flat in Primrose Hill, London. They were both writing: Hughes was working on programmes for the BBC as well as producing essays, articles, reviews, and talks.^[24] During this time, he wrote the poems that would later be published in Recklings (1966) and Wodwo (1967).

In March 1960, his book Lupercal was published, and it won the

Hughes and Plath had two children, Frieda Hughes (b. 1960) and Nicholas Hughes (1962–2009). In 1961, they bought the house Court Green, in North Tawton, Devon.

In the summer of 1962, Hughes began an affair with Assia Wevill, who had been subletting the Primrose Hill flat with her husband. Under the cloud of his affair, Hughes and Plath separated in the autumn of 1962. Plath moved back to London and set up life in a new flat with the children.^[26][27]

Letters written by Plath between 18 February 1960 and 4 February 1963, unseen until 2017, accuse Hughes of physically abusing her, including an incident two days before she miscarried their second child in 1961.^[28]

Beset by depression made worse by her husband's affair and with a history of suicide attempts, Plath took her own life on 11 February 1963.^[29]

Hughes dramatically wrote in a letter to an old friend of Plath's from Smith College, "That's the end of my life. The rest is posthumous."^[30][31] Some people argued that Hughes had driven Plath to suicide.^[32][33][34] Plath's gravestone in Heptonstall was repeatedly vandalized. Some people were aggrieved that "Hughes" is written on her stone and attempted to chisel it off, leaving only the name "Sylvia Plath".^[33]

Plath's poem "The Jailer", in which the speaker condemns her husband's brutality, was included in the 1970 anthology

There were lawsuits resulting from the controversy. Morgan's 1972 book Monster, which contained that poem was banned. Underground, pirated editions of it were published.[37] Other radical feminists threatened to kill Hughes in Plath's name.^[38] In 1989, with Hughes under public attack, a battle raged in the letters pages of The Guardian and The Independent. In The Guardian on 20 April 1989, Hughes wrote the article "The Place Where Sylvia Plath Should Rest in Peace":

In the years soon after [Plath's] death, when scholars approached me, I tried to take their apparently serious concern for the truth about Sylvia Plath seriously. But I learned my lesson early... If I tried too hard to tell them exactly how something happened, in the hope of correcting some fantasy, I was quite likely to be accused of trying to suppress Free Speech. In general, my refusal to have anything to do with the Plath Fantasia has been regarded as an attempt to suppress Free Speech... The Fantasia about Sylvia Plath is more needed than the facts. Where that leaves respect for the truth of her life (and of mine), or for her memory, or for the literary tradition, I do not know.^[33][39]

As Plath's widower, Hughes became the executor of Plath's personal and literary estates. He oversaw the posthumous publication of her manuscripts, including

Following Plath's suicide, Hughes wrote two poems, "The Howling of Wolves" and "Song of a Rat". He did not write poetry again for three years. He broadcast extensively, wrote critical essays, and became involved in running Poetry International with Patrick Garland and Charles Osborne, in the hopes of connecting English poetry with the rest of the world.

In 1966, he wrote poems to accompany Leonard Baskin's illustrations of crows, which became the epic narrative The Life and Songs of the Crow, one of the works for which Hughes is best known.^[5] In 1967, while living with Wevill, Hughes produced two sculptures of a jaguar, one of which he gave to his brother and one to his sister. Gerald Hughes' sculpture, branded with the letter 'A' on its forehead, was offered for sale in 2012.^[41]

On 23 March 1969, six years after Plath's suicide, Assia Wevill took her own life by the same method: asphyxiation from a gas stove. Wevill also killed her child, Alexandra Tatiana Elise (nicknamed Shura), the four-year-old daughter of Hughes, born on 3 March 1965. These deaths resulted in reports that Hughes had been abusive to both Plath and Wevill.^[42][43][44] Hughes did not finish the Crow sequence until after his work Cave Birds was published in 1975.^[5]

In August 1970, Hughes married a second time, to Carol Orchard, a nurse. They were together until his death. Heather Clark in her biography of Plath, Red Comet (2021), observed that Hughes "would never be faithful to a woman after he left Plath".^[45]

Hughes bought a house known as Lumb Bank near Hebden Bridge, West Yorkshire, while still maintaining the property at Court Green. He also began cultivating a small farm near Winkleigh, Devon, called Moortown; he used this name as the title of one of his poetry collections. Later he served as the president of the charity Farms for City Children, established by his friend Michael Morpurgo in Iddesleigh.^[46]

In 1970 Hughes and his sister Olwyn^[47] set up the Rainbow Press. Between 1971 and 1981, it published sixteen titles, comprising poems by Sylvia Plath, Ted Hughes, Ruth Fainlight, Thom Gunn, and Seamus Heaney. The works were printed by Daedalus Press in Norfolk,^[48] Rampant Lions Press, and the John Roberts Press.

Hughes was appointed

In 1993, Hughes made a rare television appearance for Channel 4, reading passages from his 1968 novel The Iron Man. He was featured in the 1994 documentary Seven Crows A Secret.^[51]

In early 1994, increasingly alarmed by the decline of fish in rivers local to his Devonshire home, Hughes became involved in conservation activism. He was one of the founding trustees of the Westcountry Rivers Trust, a charity established to restore rivers through catchment-scale management and a close relationship with local landowners and riparian owners.^[52]

Hughes was appointed a member of the

On 3 November 1998, his funeral was held at North Tawton church, and he was cremated in Exeter. Speaking at the funeral, fellow poet Seamus Heaney, said:

"No death outside my immediate family has left me feeling more bereft. No death in my lifetime has hurt poets more. He was a tower of tenderness and strength, a great arch under which the least of poetry's children could enter and feel secure. His creative powers were, as Shakespeare said, still crescent. By his death, the veil of poetry is rent and the walls of learning broken."^[53]

On 16 March 2009, Nicholas Hughes, the son of Hughes and Plath, died by suicide in his home in Alaska. He had suffered from depression.^[54]

In January 2013, Carol Hughes announced that she would write a memoir of their marriage. The Times headlined its story "Hughes's widow breaks silence to defend his name" and observed that "for more than 40 years she has kept her silence, never once joining in the furious debate that has raged around the late Poet Laureate since the suicide of his first wife, the poet Sylvia Plath."^[55]

Hughes's brother Gerald published a memoir late in 2014, Ted and I: A Brother's Memoir. Kirkus Reviews described it as "a warm recollection of a lauded poet".^[56]

Hughes's first collection, The Hawk in the Rain (1957), attracted considerable critical acclaim. In 1959 he won the Galbraith prize, which brought $5,000. His most significant work is perhaps Crow (1970), which whilst it has been widely praised also divided critics, combining an apocalyptic, bitter, cynical and surreal view of the universe with what sometimes appeared simple, childlike verse. Crow was edited several times across Hughes' career. Within its opus he created a cosmology of the totemic Crow who was simultaneously God, Nature and Hughes' alter ego. The publication of Crow shaped Hughes' poetic career as distinct from other forms of English Nature Poetry.

In a 1971 interview with

Hughes worked for 10 years on a

prose poem, "Gaudete", which he hoped to have made into a film. It tells the story of the vicar of an English village who is carried off by elemental spirits, and replaced in the village by his enantiodromic double, a changeling, fashioned from a log, who nevertheless has the same memories as the original vicar. The double is a force of nature who organises the women of the village into a "love coven" in order that he may father a new messiah. When the male members of the community discover what is going on, they murder him. The epilogue consists of a series of lyrics spoken by the restored priest in praise of a nature goddess, inspired by Robert Graves's White Goddess. It was printed in 1977. Hughes was very interested in the relationship between his poetry and the book arts, and many of his books were produced by notable presses and in collaborative editions with artists, for instance with Leonard Baskin.^[59]

In addition to his own poetry, Hughes wrote a number of translations of European plays, mainly classical ones. His Tales from Ovid (1997) contains a selection of free verse translations from Ovid's Metamorphoses. He also wrote both poetry and prose for children, one of his most successful books being The Iron Man, written to comfort his children after their mother Sylvia Plath's suicide. It later became the basis of Pete Townshend's 1989 rock musical of the same name, and of the 1999 animated film The Iron Giant, the latter of which is dedicated to his memory.

Hughes was appointed

Poet Laureate in 1984 following the death of John Betjeman. It was later known that Hughes was second choice for the appointment. Philip Larkin, the preferred nominee, had declined, because of ill health and a loss of creative momentum, dying a year later. Hughes served in this position until his death in 1998. In 1992 Hughes published Shakespeare and the Goddess of Complete Being, a monumental work inspired by Graves's The White Goddess.^[60] The book, considered Hughes's key work of prose, had a mixed reception "divided between those who considered it an important and original appreciation of Shakespeare's complete works, whilst others dismissed it as a lengthy and idiosyncratic appreciation of Shakespeare refracted by Hughes's personal belief system". Hughes himself later suggested that the time spent writing prose was directly responsible for a decline in his health.^[61] Also in 1992, Hughes published Rain Charm for the Duchy, collecting together for the first time his Laureate works, including poems celebrating important royal occasions. The book also contained a section of notes throwing light on the context and genesis of each poem.^[62]

In 1998, his

Whitbread Prize for poetry.^[63]

Hughes's definitive 1,333-page Collected Poems (Faber & Faber) appeared (posthumously) in 2003. A poem discovered in October 2010, "Last letter", describes what happened during the three days leading up to Plath's suicide.[64] It was published in New Statesman on National Poetry Day, October 2010. Poet Laureate Carol Ann Duffy told Channel 4 News that the poem was "the darkest poem he has ever written" and said that for her it was "almost unbearable to read".^[65]

In 2011, several previously unpublished letters from Hughes to Craig Raine were published in the literary review Areté.^[66] They relate mainly to the process of editing Shakespeare and the Goddess of Complete Being, and also contain a sequence of drafts of letters in which Raine attempts to explain to Hughes his disinclination to publish Hughes's poem The Cast in an anthology he was editing, on the grounds that it might open Hughes to further attack on the subject of Sylvia Plath. "Dear Ted, Thanks for the poem. It is very interesting and would cause a minor sensation" (4 April 1997). The poem was eventually published in Birthday Letters and Hughes makes a passing reference to this then unpublished collection: "I have a whole pile of pieces that are all – one way or another – little bombs for the studious and earnest to throw at me" (5 April 1997).

Themes

This house has been far out at sea all night,
The woods crashing through darkness, the booming hills,
Winds stampeding the fields under the window
Floundering black astride and blinding wet

Till day rose; then under an orange sky
The hills had new places, and wind wielded
Blade-light, luminous black and emerald,
Flexing like the lens of a mad eye.

From "Wind"
The Hawk in the Rain, 1957^[21]

Hughes's earlier poetic work is rooted in nature and, in particular, the innocent savagery of animals, an interest from an early age. He wrote frequently of the mixture of beauty and violence in the natural world.^[67] Animals serve as a metaphor for his view on life: animals live out a struggle for the survival of the fittest in the same way that humans strive for ascendancy and success. Examples can be seen in the poems "Hawk Roosting" and "Jaguar".^[67]

The

West Riding dialect of Hughes's childhood remained a staple of his poetry, his lexicon lending a texture that is concrete, terse, emphatic, economical yet powerful. The manner of speech renders the hard facts of things and wards off self-indulgence.^[11]

Hughes's later work is deeply reliant upon myth and the British

Jungian, and ecological viewpoint.^[67] He re-worked classical and archetypal myth working with a conception of the dark sub-conscious.^[67]

Translation

In 1965, he founded with Daniel Weissbort the journal Modern Poetry in Translation, which involved bringing to the attention of the West the work of Czesław Miłosz, who would later go on to win the Nobel Prize in Literature. Weissbort and Hughes were instrumental in bringing to the English-speaking world the work of many poets who were hardly known, from such countries as Poland and Hungary, then controlled by the Soviet Union. Hughes wrote an introduction to a translation of Vasko Popa: Collected Poems, in the "Persea Series of Poetry in Translation", edited by Weissbort.^[68] which was reviewed with favour by premiere literary critic John Bayley of Oxford University in The New York Review of Books.^[68]

Commemoration and legacy

A memorial walk was inaugurated in 2005, leading from the Devon village of Belstone to Hughes's memorial stone above the River Taw, on Dartmoor,^[69][70] and in 2006 a Ted Hughes poetry trail was built at Stover Country Park, also in Devon.^[71] In 2008 The Times ranked Hughes fourth on its list of "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945".^[72]

On 28 April 2011, a

First World War, was of six young men who were all soon to lose their lives in the war.^[73] A Ted Hughes Festival is held each year in Mytholmroyd, led by the Elmet Trust,^[74] an educational body founded to support the work and legacy of Hughes.^[75]

In 2010, it was announced that Hughes would be commemorated with a memorial in

Kirkstone green slate was ceremonially placed at the foot of the memorial commemorating T. S. Eliot.^[77][78] Poet Seamus Heaney and actress Juliet Stevenson gave readings at the ceremony, which was also attended by Hughes's widow Carol and daughter Frieda, and by the poets Simon Armitage, Blake Morrison, Andrew Motion and Michael Morpurgo.^[79] Motion paid tribute to Hughes as "one of the two great poets of the last half of the last century" (the other being Philip Larkin).^[80] Hughes's memorial stone bears lines from "That Morning", a poem recollecting the epiphany of a huge shoal of salmon flashing by as he and his son Nicholas waded a stream in Alaska:^[79]

"So we found the end of our journey / So we stood alive in the river of light / Among the creatures of light, creatures of light."

In October 2015, the BBC Two major documentary Ted Hughes: Stronger Than Death examined Hughes's life and work. The programme included contributions from poets Simon Armitage and Ruth Fainlight, broadcaster Melvyn Bragg, biographers Elaine Feinstein and Jonathan Bate, activist Robin Morgan, critic Al Alvarez, publicist Jill Barber, friend Ehor Boyanowsky, patron Elizabeth Sigmund, friend Daniel Huws, Hughes's US editor Frances McCullough, and younger cousin Vicky Watling. His daughter Frieda spoke for the first time about her father and mother.^[81]

Archive

Hughes archival material is held by institutions such as

Exeter University. In 2008, the British Library acquired a large collection comprising over 220 files containing manuscripts, letters, journals, personal diaries, and correspondence.^[82] The library archive is accessible through the British Library website.^[83]

There is also a Collection Guide available grouping together all of the Hughes material at the British Library with links to material held by other institutions.[84] Inspired by Hughes's Crow the German painter Johannes Heisig created a large painting series in black and white which was presented to the public for the first time on the occasion of Berlin Museum Long Night in August 2011 at the SEZ Berlin.^[85]

Ted Hughes Award

In 2009, the

Poet Laureate Carol Ann Duffy received as Laureate from The Queen.^[87]

Ted Hughes Society

The Ted Hughes Society, founded in 2010, publishes a peer-reviewed on-line journal, which can be downloaded by members. Its website also publishes news, and has articles on all Hughes's major works for free access. The Society staged Hughes conferences in 2010 and 2012 at Pembroke College, Cambridge, and will continue to stage conferences elsewhere.

Ted Hughes Paper Trail

On 16 November 2013, Hughes's former hometown of

paper round. Participants visited some of the important locations which influenced the poet, with the trail beginning at Hughes's former home, which is now a furniture shop.^[88]

Elmet Trust

The Elmet Trust, founded in 2006, celebrates the life and work of Ted Hughes. The Trust looks after Hughes's birthplace in Mytholmroyd, which is available as a holiday let and writer's retreat. The Trust also runs Hughes-related events, including an annual Ted Hughes Festival.[89]

In other media

• Hughes's 1983 River anthology was the inspiration for the 2000 River cello concerto by British composer Sally Beamish.^[90]
• Selected stories from Hughes' How the Whale Became and The Dreamfighter were adapted into a family opera by composer Julian Philips and writer Edward Kemp, entitled How the Whale Became. Commissioned by the Royal Opera House, the opera was premiered in December 2013.^[91]
• Hughes was portrayed by Daniel Craig in the 2003 film Sylvia.^[92]

Selected works

Poetry collections

• 1957 The Hawk in the Rain
• 1960 Lupercal
• 1967 Wodwo
• 1970 Crow: From the Life and the Songs of the Crow
• 1972 Selected Poems 1957–1967
• 1975 Cave Birds
• 1977 Gaudete
• 1979 Remains of Elmet (with photographs by Fay Godwin)
• 1979 Moortown
• 1983 River
• 1986 Flowers and Insects
• 1989 Wolfwatching
• 1992 Rain-charm for the Duchy
• 1994 New Selected Poems 1957–1994
• 1997 Tales from Ovid
• 1998
  British Book of the Year
  award.
• 2003 Collected Poems
• 2016 A Ted Hughes Bestiary: Poems

Volumes of translation

• Spring Awakening by Frank Wedekind
• Blood Wedding by Federico García Lorca
• 1968 Yehuda Amichai, Selected Poems by Yehuda Amichai, Cape Goliard Press (London, England), revised edition published as Poems, Harper (New York, NY), 1969.
• 1977 Amen by Yehuda Amichai, Amen, Harper (New York, NY)
• 1989 The Desert of Love: Selected Poems by János Pilinszky, Anvil Press Poetry (Greenwich, UK)^[93]
• 1997 Tales from Ovid by Ovid Farrar, Straus, and Giroux (New York, NY)
• 1999 The Oresteia by Aeschylus, Farrar, Straus, and Giroux (New York, NY)
• 1999 Phèdre by Jean Racine, Farrar, Straus, and Giroux (New York, NY)
• 1999 Alcestis by Euripides, Farrar, Straus, and Giroux (New York, NY)

Anthologies edited by Hughes

• Selected Poems of Emily Dickinson.
  ISBN 978-0-57-122343-5.^[94]
• Selected Poems of Sylvia Plath. Faber and Faber. 2003.
  ISBN 978-0-57-113586-8.^[95]
• ISBN 978-0-57-123379-3.^[96]
• ISBN 978-0-57-117604-5.^[97]
• With
  ISBN 978-0-57-111976-9.^[98]
• With
  ISBN 978-0-57-117750-9.^[99]
• By Heart: 101 Poems to Remember. Faber and Faber. 1997.
  ISBN 978-0-57-119263-2.^[100]
• 1965: Modern Poetry in Translation (literary magazine)^[101]
• Here Today (anthology for children). Hutchinson. 1963.^[102]

Short story collection

• 1995 The Dreamfighter, and Other Creation Tales,
  Faber and Faber
  , London, England.
• 1995 Difficulties of a Bridegroom: Collected Short Stories, Picador, New York, NY.

Prose

• 1967 Poetry Is, Doubleday, New York.
• 1967 Poetry in the Making: An Anthology of Poems and Programmes from "Listening and Writing", Faber and Faber, London.
• 1992, revised and corrected 1993 Shakespeare and the Goddess of Complete Being, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York.
• 1993 A Dancer to God: Tributes to T. S. Eliot. (Ed) Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, New York.
• 1994 Winter Pollen: Occasional Prose, (essay collection) Edited by William Scammell, Faber and Faber (London), Picador USA (New York) 1995.

Books for children

• 1961 Meet my Folks! (illustrated by George Adamson)
• 1963 How the Whale Became (illustrated by George Adamson)
• 1963 The Earth-Owl and Other Moon-People (illustrated by R.A. Brandt)
• 1964 Nessie the Mannerless Monster (illustrated by Gerald Rose)
• 1967 Poetry in the Making^[103]
• 1968
  Chris Mould)^{[104][105][106]}
• 1970 Coming of the Kings and Other Plays
• 1976 Season Songs (illustrated by Leonard Baskin)
• 1976 Moon-Whales and Other Moon Poems (illustrated by Leonard Baskin)
• 1978 Moon-Bells and Other Poems (illustrated by Felicity Roma Bowers)
• 1981 Under the North Star (Ted Hughes book)|Under the North Star (illustrated by Leonard Baskin)
• 1984 What Is the Truth? (illustrated by R. J. Lloyd), for which Hughes won the
  Guardian Prize^[49]
• 1986 Ffangs the Vampire Bat and the Kiss of Truth (illustrated by Chris Riddell)
• 1987 The Cat and the Cuckoo (illustrated by R. J. Lloyd)
• 1988 Tales of the Early World (illustrated by Andrew Davidson)
• 1993 The Iron Woman (illustrated by Andrew Davidson)
• 1993 The Mermaid's Purse (illustrated by R. J. Lloyd, Sunstone Press)
• 1995 Collected Animal Poems: Vols. 1–4, Faber & Faber

Plays

• The House of Aries (radio play), broadcast, 1960.
• The Calm produced in Boston, 1961.
• A Houseful of Women (radio play), broadcast, 1961.
• The Wound (radio play), broadcast, 1962.
• Difficulties of a Bridegroom (radio play), broadcast, 1963.
• Epithalamium produced in London, 1963.
• Dogs (radio play), broadcast, 1964.
• The House of Donkeys (radio play), broadcast, 1965.
• The Head of Gold (radio play), broadcast, 1967.
• The Coming of the Kings and Other Plays (based on juvenile work).
• The Price of a Bride (juvenile, radio play), broadcast, 1966.
• Adapted Seneca's Oedipus, produced in London, 1968).
• Orghast (with Peter Brook), produced in Persepolis, Iran, 1971.
• Eat Crow, Rainbow Press, London, England, 1971.
• The Iron Man, juvenile, televised, 1972.
• Orpheus, 1973.

Limited editions

• The Burning of the Brothel (Turret Books, 1966)
• Recklings (Turret Books, 1967)
• Scapegoats and Rabies (Poet & Printer, 1967)
• Animal Poems (Richard Gilbertson, 1967)
• A Crow Hymn (Sceptre Press, 1970)
• The Martyrdom of Bishop Farrar (Richard Gilbertson, 1970)
• Crow Wakes (Poet & Printer, 1971)
• Shakespeare's Poem (Lexham Press, 1971)
• Eat Crow (Rainbow Press, 1971)
• Prometheus on His Crag (Rainbow Press, 1973)
• Crow: From the Life and the Songs of the Crow (Illustrated by Leonard Baskin, published by Faber & Faber, 1973)
• Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter (Rainbow Press,1974)
• Cave Birds (illustrated by Leonard Baskin, published by Scolar Press, 1975)
• Earth-Moon (illustrated by Ted Hughes, published by Rainbow Press, 1976)
• Eclipse (Sceptre Press, 1976)
• Sunstruck (Sceptre Press, 1977)
• A Solstice (Sceptre Press, 1978)
• Orts (Rainbow Press, 1978)
• Moortown Elegies (Rainbow Press, 1978)
• The Threshold (illustrated by Ralph Steadman, published by Steam Press, 1979)
• Adam and the Sacred Nine (Rainbow Press, 1979)
• Four Tales Told by an Idiot (Sceptre Press, 1979)
• The Cat and the Cuckoo (illustrated by R.J. Lloyd, published by Sunstone Press, 1987)
• A Primer of Birds: Poems (illustrated by Leonard Baskin, published by Gehenna Press, 1989)
• Capriccio (illustrated by Leonard Baskin, published by Gehenna Press, 1990)
• The Mermaid's Purse (illustrated by R.J. Lloyd, published by Sunstone Press, 1993)
• Howls and Whispers (illustrated by Leonard Baskin, published by Gehenna Press, 1998)

Many of Ted Hughes's poems have been published as limited-edition broadsides.^[107]

References

Citations

1. ^ Mackinnon, Lachlan (30 October 1998). "Obituary: Ted Hughes". The Independent. Archived from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
2. ^ "Ted Hughes Homepage". ann.skea.com. Retrieved 30 September 2008.
3. ^ "Gerald Hughes, brother of Ted – obituary". The Telegraph. 15 August 2016. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2018 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
4. ^ ^{a b c d} Bell (2002) p. 4.
5. ^
   ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. Retrieved 9 May 2020. (Subscription or UK public library membership
   required.)
6. ^ Paul Bentley, Ted Hughes, Class and Violence, 2014, pp. 63 and 64.
7. ^ Gerald Hughes, "Ted and I: A Brother's Memoir", 2014, p. 4.
8. ISBN 978-0-7190-0939-6
   .
9. ^ ^{a b} Sagar (1978), p. 6.
10. ^ "Ted Hughes Timeline – publications, life-events etc". Retrieved 11 April 2017.
11. ^ ^{a b} Sagar (1978) p. 7.
12. ^ Keith M. Sagar (1981). Ted Hughes p. 9. University of Michigan
13. ^ Sagar (1978), p. 8.
14. ^ Reddick, Yvonne (September 2015). "'Throttle College'? Ted Hughes's Cambridge Poetry" (PDF). University of Central Lancashire. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
15. ^ ^{a b c} Bell (2002), p. 5.
16. ^ 'Cambridge Tripos', Times, 19 June 1954, p. 3.
17. ^ Sagar (1978), p. 9.
18. ^ "Tobias Hill: Tales from decrypt". The Independent. 9 August 2003. Archived from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
19. ^ Jonathan Bate (2015). Ted Hughes: the unauthorised life p. 98.
20. ^ "Sylvia Plath and Ted Hughes talk about their relationship", The Guardian, 15 April 2010. Excerpt taken from British Library's sound archive, published on the audio CD The Spoken Word: Sylvia Plath.
21. ^ ^{a b} "The Thought Fox - poetryarchive.org". Retrieved 11 April 2017.
22. ^ ^{a b c d} Bell (2002), p. 6.
23. ^ Sagar (1978), p. 11.
24. ^ Bell, Charlie (2002) Ted Hughes, Hodder and Stoughton, p. 7.
25. JSTOR 41273855
    .
26. ISBN 978-0-313-33214-2
    .
27. ^ "Haunted by the ghosts of love". The Guardian. 10 April 1999. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
28. ^ Kean, Danuta (11 April 2017). "Unseen Sylvia Plath letters claim domestic abuse by Ted Hughes". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
29. ^ ^{a b c} Bell, Charlie (2002) Ted Hughes Hodder and Stoughton p8
30. ISBN 978-0-415-31189-2
    .
31. ^ Smith College. Plath papers. Series 6, Hughes. Plath archive.
32. ^ "Ted Hughes". 11 April 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
33. ^
    ISBN 978-0-8020-8928-1
    .
34. ^ "Unknown poem reveals Ted Hughes's torment over death of Sylvia Plath". The Guardian. 6 October 2010
35. OCLC 96157
    .
36. ^ Robin Morgan's Official website Archived 19 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 9 July 2010
37. ^ Morgan, Robin. "Monster: Poems by Robin Morgan — Reviews, Discussion, Bookclubs, Lists". Goodreads.com. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
38. ^ "Rhyme, reason and depression". (16 February 1993). The Guardian. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
39. ^ Hughes, Ted. "The Place Where Sylvia Plath Should Rest in Peace". The Guardian, 20 April 1989
40. ^ Joanny Moulin (2004). Ted Hughes: alternative horizons. p. 17. Routledge, 2004
41. ^ "Ted Hughes's jaguar sculpture hints at poet's demons". The Guardian. 31 December 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2021. Poet's family to sell rare jaguar sculpture that they believe shows his pain over Sylvia Plath's death
42. ^ Azam, Nadeem (11 December 2001). "Ted Hughes: A Talented Murderer". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
43. ^ I failed her. I was 30 and stupid The Observer 19 March 2000 Retrieved 9 July 2010
44. ^ Koren, Yehuda; Negev, Eilat (19 October 2006). "Written out of history". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
45. ^ Red Comet, Heather Clark, 2021
46. ^ ^{a b} "North Tawton Blue Plaque for Ted Hughes". GGH Marketing Communication. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
47. ^ Guttridge, Peter (7 January 2016). "Olwyn Hughes: Literary agent who fiercely guarded the work of her brother, Ted Hughes, and his wife, Sylvia Plath". The Independent. Archived from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
48. ^ Skea, Ann. "Ted Hughes and Small Press Publication". ann.skea.com. Retrieved 16 December 2024.
49. ^ ^{a b} "Guardian children's fiction prize relaunched: Entry details and list of past winners". The Guardian 12 March 2001. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
50. ^ ^{a b} Bell, Charlie (2002) Ted Hughes Hodder and Stoughton, p. 10.
51. YouTube
52. ^ "The Westcountry Rivers Trust Story". Westcountry Rivers Trust News. 25 May 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
53. ISBN 978-1-55365-323-3
    .
54. ^ "Tragic poet Sylvia Plath's son kills himself". CNN. 23 March 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
55. ^ "My life with Ted: Hughes's widow breaks silence to defend his name". Valentine Low. The Times. 7 January 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2015.
56. ^ "Ted and I: A Brother's Memoir by Gerald Hughes". Kirkus Reviews. 15 October 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2015.
57. ^ Young, Glynn (3 December 2013). "Poets and Poems: Ted Hughes' Crow". Tweetspeak Poetry. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
58. ^ Bell (2002) p11
59. ^ "Richard Price, Ted Hughes and the Book Arts". Hydrohotel.net. 17 August 1930. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
60. ^ "Shakespeare and the Goddess of Complete Being". Faber.co.uk. Archived from the original on 1 January 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
61. ^ "Life – The Ted Hughes Society Journal". Thetedhughessociety.org. Archived from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
62. ^ "Rain Charm for the Duchy, Ted Hughes". Faber.co.uk. 22 June 1992. Archived from the original on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
63. ^ "Ted Hughes wins Whitbread prize". 13 January 1999. Archived from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
64. ^ "Exclusive: Ted Hughes's poem on the night Sylvia Plath died". 6 October 2010. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
65. ^ "Newly discovered Ted Hughes poem". 6 October 2010. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
66. ^ Areté, Issue 34, Spring/Summer 2011
67. ^ ^{a b c d} Bell (2002) p1
68. ^
    ISSN 0028-7504
    . Retrieved 4 August 2019.
69. ^ "Walking with words on park trail". BBC News. 28 April 2006.
70. ^ Ted Hughes Memorial Walk (31 January 2008). "BBC Devon – Ted Hughes memorial". BBC. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
71. ^ "Stover Country Park – Ted Hughes Poetry Trail". Devon County Council. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015.
72. ^ "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945". The Times. 5 January 2008. Archived from the original on 11 May 2008. Retrieved 1 February 2010. (subscription required)
73. ^ "Geograph:: Ted Hughes Plaque (C) Peter Worrell". Retrieved 11 April 2017.
74. ^ "theelmettrust.co.uk". Retrieved 11 April 2017.
75. ^ "theelmettrust.co.uk". Retrieved 11 April 2017.
76. ^ Poets' Corner memorial for Ted Hughes, BBC News, 22 March 2010
77. ^ Ted Hughes takes his place in Poets' Corner, BBC News, 2 November 2011
78. ^ Spector, Felicity (6 December 2011). "Ted Hughes memorial marks poetic evolution". Retrieved 11 April 2017.
79. ^ ^{a b} "Ted Hughes to take place in Poets' Corner". The Guardian. 6 December 2011. Retrieved 9 December 2011.
80. ^ "Hughes takes his place in Westminster Abbey". The Australian. 8 December 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
81. ^ "BBC Two – Ted Hughes: Stronger Than Death". BBC. 10 October 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2015.
82. ^ "Press Office Home – The British Library". Retrieved 11 April 2017.
83. ^ Price, Richard. "Hughes, Ted (1930–1998)". Retrieved 11 April 2017.
84. ^ Ted Hughes Collection Guide Retrieved 11 May 2020
85. ^ son, max koffler/galerie. "berliner art". www.berliner-art.com.
86. ^ "Hughes Award history". Archived from the original on 19 May 2011.
87. ^ "Ted Hughes Award, hosted by the Poetry Society". Archived from the original on 26 April 2011.
88. ^ "Mexborough hosts Ted Hughes' paper trail". Rotherham Advertiser. 12 November 2013. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
89. ^ "Home". Theelmettrust.org. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
90. ^ "Sally Beamish website". sallybeamish.com. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
91. ^ The Inventive and beguiling world of Julian Philips, Rachel Beaumont, Royal Opera House. Retrieved 27 August 2018.
92. ^ Wilson, Jamie (3 February 2003), "Frieda Hughes attacks BBC for film on Plath", The Guardian, retrieved 28 August 2018
93. ^ "On János Pilinszky at his website". Archived from the original on 25 March 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
94. ^ "Emily Dickinson". Public Store View.
95. ^ "Selected Poems of Sylvia Plath". Public Store View.
96. ^ "A Choice of Shakespeare's Verse". Public Store View.
97. ^ "A Choice of Coleridge's Verse". Public Store View. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
98. ^ Guardian Staff (25 October 2003). "Seamus Heaney: Bags of enlightenment". The Guardian – via www.theguardian.com.
99. ^ "The School Bag". Public Store View.
100. ISBN 9780571192632
     – via Google Books.
101. ^ "Modern Poetry in Translation 50th Anniversary Study Day – Cambridge". Polish Cultural Institute. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
102. ISBN 9781483145815
     – via Google Books.
103. ISBN 978-0-7123-0554-9
104. ^ "Andrew Davidson Illustration & Design". www.andrewdavidsonillustration.com.
105. ^ "Original artwork from 'The Iron Man' by Ted Hughes on display in the Faculty of English, May 2018". University of Cambridge: Faculty of English.
106. ^ "The Iron Man". www.booktrust.org.uk.
107. ^ Keith Sagar & Stephen Tabor, Ted Hughes: A bibliography 1946–1980 Mansell Publishing, 1983

Sources and further reading

• Bate, Jonathan. Ted Hughes: the unauthorised life (2015. William Collins)
• Bell, Charlie. Ted Hughes (2002. Hodder and Stoughton)
• Carter, Sebastian. 'The Rainbow Press', in Parenthesis, 12 (November 2006), pp. 32–35
• Dirda, Michael. Bound to Please (pp. 17–21). (2005. W. W. Norton)
• Feinstein, Elaine. Ted Hughes: the life of a poet. (2001. W. W. Norton)
• Gammage, Nick (ed.) The Epic Poise: a celebration of Ted Hughes (1999. Faber and Faber)
• Hadley, Edward. The Elegies of Ted Hughes (2010. Palgrave Macmillan)
• Heinz, Drue (Spring 1995). "Ted Hughes, The Art of Poetry No. 71". The Paris Review. Spring 1995 (134).
• Rees, Roger (ed.) Ted Hughes and the Classics (2009. Oxford University Press)
• Roberts, Neil. Ted Hughes: a literary life (2006. Palgrave Macmillan)
• Sagar, Keith. The Art of Ted Hughes (1978. Cambridge University Press)
• Sagar, Keith. The Laughter of Foxes: A Study of Ted Hughes (2000. Liverpool U.P.)
• Sagar, Keith. Ted Hughes and Nature: Terror and Exultation (2009. Fastprint)
• Sagar, Keith (ed.) The Achievement of Ted Hughes (1983. Manchester U.P.)
• Sagar, Keith (ed.) The Challenge of Ted Hughes (1994. Macmillan)
• Sagar, Keith and Stephen Tabor. Ted Hughes: A Bibliography 1946–1995 (1998. Mansell)
• Skea, Ann. Ted Hughes: The Poetic Quest (1994. University of New England Press)
• Tennant, Emma. Burnt Diaries (1999. Canongate Books Ltd)

External links

Wikiquote has quotations related to Ted Hughes.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ted Hughes.

• Ted Hughes Society website
• Ted Hughes at the British Library
• Skea, Ann. "Ted Hughes pages and timeline, Reviews, Literary links". ann.skea.com.

Papers

• Ted Hughes – modern British Collections - British Library
• Ted Hughes archive at Emory University
• Ted Hughes and Sylvia Plath collection at Special Collections, University of Victoria
• Ted Hughes at Special Collections, University of Exeter
• Finding aid to Ted Hughes papers at Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Columbia University
• Hughes, Olwyn; Hughes, Ted (2022). "Objects relating to the Rainbow Press". Sotheby's. Archived from the original on 16 December 2024. Retrieved 16 December 2024. Property of Frieda Hughes