Thomas Moore
Thomas Moore | |
---|---|
Born | Dublin, Ireland | 28 May 1779
Died | 25 February 1852 Sloperton Cottage, Bromham, Wiltshire, England | (aged 72)
Occupation | Writer, poet, lyricist |
Education | Samuel Whyte's English Grammar School, Dublin; Trinity College Dublin; Middle Temple, London |
Notable works | Irish Melodies Memoirs of Captain Rock Lalla Rookh Letters & Journals of Lord Byron |
Spouse | Elizabeth Dyke |
Thomas Moore (28 May 1779 – 25 February 1852), also known as Tom Moore, was an Irish writer, poet, and lyricist celebrated for his Irish Melodies. His setting of English-language verse to old Irish tunes marked the transition in popular Irish culture from Irish to English. Politically, Moore was recognised in England as a press, or "squib", writer for the aristocratic Whigs; in Ireland he was accounted a Catholic patriot.
Married to a Protestant actress and hailed as "
Today Moore is remembered almost alone either for his Irish Melodies (typically "The Minstrel Boy" and "The Last Rose of Summer") or, less generously, for the role he is thought to have played in the loss of the memoirs of his friend Lord Byron.
Early life and artistic launch
Thomas Moore was born to Anastasia Codd from
Samuel Whyte had taught Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Irish playwright and English Whig politician, of whom Moore later was to write a biography.[5]
Trinity College and the United Irishmen
In 1795, Moore was among the first Catholics admitted to
Moore, though a friend of Emmett, had not taken the United Irish oath with Emmett and Hudson, and he played no part in the
London society and first success
In 1799, Moore continued his law studies at Middle Temple in London. The impecunious student was assisted by friends in the expatriate Irish community in London, including Barbara, widow of Arthur Chichester, 1st Marquess of Donegall, the landlord and borough-owner of Belfast.[11]
Moore's translations of
In 1801, Moore hazarded a collection of his own verse: Poetical Works of the Late Thomas Little Esq.. The pseudonym may have been advised by their juvenile eroticism. Moore's celebration of kisses and embraces skirted contemporary standards of propriety. When these tightened in the Victorian era, they were to put an end to what was a relative publishing success.[5][13]
Travels and family
Observations of America and duel with critic
In the hope of future advancement, Moore reluctantly sailed from London in 1803 to take up a government post secured through the favours of Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 2nd Earl of Moira. Lord Moira was a man distinct in his class for having, on the eve of the rebellion in Ireland, continued to protest government and loyalist outrages,[14] and to have urged a policy of conciliation.[15] Moore was to be the registrar of the Admiralty Prize Court in Bermuda. Although as late as 1925 still recalled as "the poet laureate" of the island, Moore found life on Bermuda sufficiently dull that after six months he appointed a deputy and left for an extended tour of North America.[16] As in London, Moore secured high-society introductions in the United States including to the President, Thomas Jefferson. Repelled by the provincialism of the average American, Moore consorted with exiled European aristocrats, come to recover their fortunes, and with oligarchic Federalists from whom he received what he later conceded was a "twisted and tainted" view of the new republic.[5]
Following his return to England in 1804, Moore published Epistles, Odes, and Other Poems (1806). In addition to complaints about America and Americans (including their defence of slavery), this catalogued Moore's real and imagined escapades with American women. Francis Jeffrey denounced the volume in the Edinburgh Review (July 1806), calling Moore "the most licentious of modern versifiers", a poet whose aim is "to impose corruption upon his readers, by concealing it under the mask of refinement."[5] Moore challenged Jeffrey to a duel but their confrontation was interrupted by the police. In what seemed to be a "pattern" in Moore's life ("it was possible to condemn [Moore] only if you did not know him"), the two then became fast friends.[17]
Moore, nonetheless, was dogged by the report that the police had found that the pistol given to Jeffrey was unloaded. In his satirical
In 1809, Moore was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia.[19]
Marriage and children
Between 1808 and 1810, Moore appeared each year in
The couple first set up house in London, then in the country at Kegworth, Leicestershire,[22][23][24] and in Lord Moira's neighbourhood at Mayfield Cottage in [Staffordshire], and finally in Sloperton Cottage in Wiltshire near the country seat of another close friend and patron, Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne. Their company included Sheridan and John Philpot Curran, both in their bitter final years.[25]
Tom and Bessy had five children, none of whom survived them. Three girls died young, and both sons lost their lives as young men. One of them, Thomas Landsdowne Parr Moore, as a lowly officer fought first with the British Army in Afghanistan, and then with French Foreign Legion in Algeria. He was dying of tuberculosis that riddled the family when, according to Foreign Legion records, he was killed in action on 6 February 1846.[26] Despite these heavy personal losses, the marriage of Thomas Moore is generally regarded to have been a happy one.[5]
Debt exile, last meeting with Byron
In 1818, it was discovered that the man Moore had appointed his deputy in Bermuda had embezzled 6,000
In Paris, Moore was joined by Bessy and the children. His social life was busy, often involving meetings with Irish and British and travellers such as Maria Edgeworth and William Wordsworth. However, his attempt to bridge the gulf in his connections between his exiled fellow countrymen and members of the British establishment was not always successful. In 1821, several emigres, prominent among them Myles Byrne (a veteran of Vinegar Hill and of Napoleon's Irish Legion) refused to attend a St Patrick's day dinner Moore had organised in Paris because of the presiding presence of Wellesley Pole Long, a nephew of the Duke of Wellington.[28]
Once Moore learned the Bermuda debt had been partly cleared with the help of Lord Lansdowne (whom Moore repaid almost immediately by a draft on Longman, his publisher), the family, after more than a year, returned to Sloperton Cottage.
Political and historical writing
Squib writer for the Whigs
To support his family Moore entered the field of political squib writing on behalf of his Whig friends and patrons. The Whigs had been split by the divided response of Edmund Burke and Charles Fox to the French Revolution. But with the antics of the Prince Regent, and in particular, his highly public efforts to disgrace and divorce Princess Caroline, proving a lightning rod for popular discontent, they were finding new unity and purpose.
From the "Whigs as Whigs", Moore claimed not to have received "even the semblance of a favour" (Lord Moira, they "hardly acknowledge as one of themselves"). And with exceptions "easily counted", Moore was convinced that there was "just as much selfishness and as much low-party spirit among them generally as the Tories".[29] But for Moore, the fact that the Prince Regent held fast against Catholic admission to parliament may have been reason sufficient to turn on his former friend and patron. Moore's Horatian mockery of the Prince in the pages of The Morning Chronicle were collected in Intercepted Letters, or the Two-Penny Post-Bag (1813).
The lampooning of Castlereagh
Connor's regular epistolary denunciations of Castlereagh have two recurrent themes. The first is Castlereagh as "the embodiment of the sickness with which Ireland had infected British politics as a consequence of the union":[31] "We sent thee Castlereagh – as heaps of dead Have slain their slayers by the pest they spread". The second is that at the time of the Acts of Union Castlereagh's support for Catholic emancipation had been disingenuous. Castlereagh had been master of "that faithless craft", which can "cart the slave, can swear he shall be freed", but then "basely spurns him" when his "point is gain'd".[32]
Through a mutual connection, Moore learned that Castlereagh had been particularly stung by the verses of the Tutor in the Fudge Family.[31] For openly casting the same dispersions against the former Chief Secretary—that he bloodied his hands in 1798 and deliberately deceived Catholics at the time of the Union—in 1811 the London-based Irish publisher, and former United Irishman, Peter Finnerty was sentenced to eighteen months for libel.[33]
The Memoirs of Captain Rock
As a partisan squib writer, Moore played a role not dissimilar to that of Jonathan Swift a century earlier. Moore greatly admired Swift as a satirist, but charged him with caring no more for the "misery" of his Roman Catholic countrymen "than his own Gulliver for the sufferings of so many disenfranchised Yahoos".[1][34] The Memoirs of Captain Rock might have been Moore's response to those who questioned whether the son of a Dublin grocer entertaining English audiences from Wiltshire was himself connected to the great mass of his countrymen – to those whose remitted rents helped sustain the great houses among which he was privileged to move.
The Memoirs relate the history of Ireland as told by a contemporary, the scion of a Catholic family that lost land in successive English settlements. The character,
This low-level agrarian warfare continued through, and beyond, the
Letter to the Roman Catholics of Dublin
Since within a united kingdom, Irish Catholics would be reduced to a distinct minority, Castlereagh's promises of their parliamentary emancipation seemed credible at the time of the Union. But the provision was stripped out of the union bills when in England the admission of Catholics to the "Protestant Constitution" encountered the standard objection: that as subject to political direction from Rome, Catholics could not be entrusted with the defence of constitutional liberties. Moore rallied to the "liberal compromise" proposed by Henry Grattan, who had moved the enfranchisement of Catholics in the old Irish parliament. Fears of "Popery" were to be allayed by according the Crown a "negative control", a veto, on the appointment of Catholic bishops.
In an open Letter to the Roman Catholics of Dublin (1810), Moore noted that the Irish bishops (legally resident in Ireland only from 1782) had themselves been willing to comply with a practice otherwise universal in Europe. Conceding a temporal check of papal authority, he argued, was in Ireland's Gallican tradition. In the time of "her native monarchy", the Pope had had no share in the election of Irish bishops. "Slavish notions of papal authority" developed only as a consequence of the English conquest. The native aristocracy had sought in Rome a "spiritual alliance" against the new "temporal tyranny" at home.[37]
In resisting royal assent and in placing "their whole hierarchy at the disposal of the Roman court", Irish Catholics would "unnecessarily" be acting in "remembrance of times, which it is the interest of all parties [Catholic and Protestant, Irish and English] to forget". Such argument made little headway against the man Moore decried as a
Even when, in 1814, the Curia itself (then still in silent alliance with Britain against Napoleon) proposed that bishops be "personally acceptable to the king", O'Connell was opposed. Better, he declared, that Irish Catholics "remain for ever without emancipation" rather than allow the king and his ministers "to interfere" with the Pope's appointment of Irish prelates. At stake was the unity of church and people. "Licensed" by the government, the bishops and their priests would be no more regarded than the ministers of the established Church of Ireland.[39]
When final emancipation came in 1829, the price O'Connell paid was the disenfranchisement of the Forty-shilling freeholders – those who, in the decisive protest against Catholics exclusion, defied their landlords in voting O'Connell in the 1828 Clare by-election. The "purity" of the Irish church was sustained. Moore lived to see the exceptional papal discretion thus confirmed reshaping the Irish hierarchy culminating in 1850 with the appointment of the Rector of the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith in Rome, Paul Cullen, as Primate Archbishop of Armagh.
Travels of an Irish Gentleman in Search of a Religion
In a call heeded by Protestants of all denominations, in 1822 the new Church of Ireland Archbishop of Dublin, William Magee, declared the absolute necessity of winning an Irish majority for the Reformed faith — a "Second Reformation".[40] Carrying "religious tracts expressly written for the edification of the Irish peasantry", the "editor" of Captain Rock's Memoirs is an English missionary in the ensuing "bible war".[41] Catholics, who coalesced behind O'Connell in the Catholic Association, believed that proselytising advantage was being sought in hunger and distress (that tenancies and food were being used to secure converts), and that the usual political interests were at play.[42][43]
Moore's narrator in Travels of an Irish Gentleman in Search of a Religion (1833) is again fictional. He is, as Moore had been, a Catholic student at Trinity College. On news of Emancipation (passage of the 1829 Catholic Relief Bill), he exclaims: "Thank God! I may now, if I like, turn Protestant". Oppressed by the charge that Catholics are "a race of obstinate and obsolete religionists […] unfit for freedom", and freed from "the point of honour" that would have prevented him from abandoning his church in the face of continuing sanctions, he sets out to explore the tenets of the "true" religion.[44][45]
Predictably, the resolve the young man draws from his theological studies is to remain true to the faith of his forefathers (not to exchange "the golden armour of the old Catholic Saints" for "heretical brass").[46] The argument, however, was not the truth of Catholic doctrine. It was the inconsistency and fallacy of the bible preachers. Moore's purpose, he was later to write, was to put "upon record" the "disgust" he felt at "the arrogance with which most Protestant parsons assume […] credit for being the only true Christians, and the insolence with which […] they denounce all Catholics as idolators and Antichrist".[47] Had his young man found "among the Orthodox of the first [Christian] ages" one "particle" of their rejection of the supposed "corruptions" of the Roman church – justification not by faith alone but also by good works, transubstantiation, and veneration of saints, relics and images — he would have been persuaded.[46]
Moore's work elicited an immediate riposte. The Second Travels of an Irish Gentleman in Search of Religion (1833)[48] was a vindication of the reformed faith by an author described as "not the editor of Captain Rock's Memoirs" — the Spanish exile and Protestant convert Joseph Blanco White.[49]
Brendan Clifford, editor of Moore's political writings, interprets Moore's philosophy as "cheerful paganism", or, at the very least, "à la carte Catholicism" favouring "what scriptural Protestantism hated: the music, the theatricality, the symbolism, the idolatry".[50] Despite his mother being a devout Catholic, and like O'Connell acknowledging Catholicism as Ireland's "national faith",[51] Moore appears to have abandoned the formal practice of his religion as soon as he entered Trinity.[16]
Sheridan, Fitzgerald and The History of Ireland
In 1825, Moore's Memoirs of the Life of Richard Brinsley Sheridan was finally published after nine years of work on and off. It proved popular, went through a number of editions, and helped establish Moore's reputation among literary critics. The work had a political aspect: Sheridan was not only a playwright, he was a Whig politician and a friend of Fox. Moore judged Sheridan an uncertain friend of reform. But he has Sheridan articulate in his own words a good part of what was to be the United Irish case for separation from England.
Writing in 1784 to his brother, Sheridan explains that the "subordinate situation [of Ireland] prevents the formation of any party among us, like those you have in England, composed of person acting upon certain principles, and pledged to support each other". Without the prospect of obtaining power – which in Ireland is "lodged in a branch of the English government" (the Dublin Castle executive) – there is little point in the members of parliament, no matter how personally disinterested, collaborating for any public purpose. Without an accountable executive the interests of the nation are systematically neglected.[52]
It is against this, the truncated state of politics in Ireland, that Moore sees
Moore's History of Ireland, published in four volumes between 1835 and 1846, reads as a further and extended indictment of English rule. It was an enormous work (consulted by Karl Marx in his extensive notes on Irish history),[55] but not a critical success. Moore acknowledged scholarly failings, some of which stemmed from his inability to read documentary sources in Irish.[16]
On Reform and Repeal
Parliamentary reform
In his journal, Moore confessed that he "agreed with the Tories in their opinion" as to the consequences of the first Parliamentary Reform Act (1832).[56] He believed it would give "an opening and impulse to the revolutionary feeling now abroad" [England, Moore suggested, had been "in the stream of a revolution for some years"][57] and that the "temporary satisfaction" it might produce would be but as the calm before a storm: "a downward reform (as Dryden says) rolls on fast".[58] But this was a prospect he embraced. In conversation with the Whig grandee Lord Lansdowne, he argued that while the consequences might be "disagreeable" for many of their friends, "We have now come to that point which all highly civilised countries reach when wealth and all the advantages that attend it are so unequally distributed that the whole is in an unnatural position: and nothing short of a general routing up can remedy the evil."[56]
Despite their initially greater opposition to reform, Moore predicted that the Tories would prove themselves better equipped to ride out this "general routing". With the young Benjamin Disraeli (who was to be the author of the Second Reform Act in 1867) Moore agreed that since the Glorious Revolution first led them to court an alliance with the people against the aristocracy, the Tories had taken "a more democratic line". For Moore this was evidenced by the prime-ministerial careers of George Canning and Robert Peel: "mere commoners by birth could never have attained the same high station among the Whig party".[59]
O'Connell and Repeal
In 1832, Moore declined a voter petition from Limerick to stand for the Westminster Parliament as a Repeal candidate. When Daniel O'Connell took this as evidence of Moore's "lukewarmness in the cause of Ireland", Moore recalled O'Connell's praise for the "treasonous truths" of his book on Fitzgerald.[47] The difficulty, Moore suggested, was that these "truths" did not permit him to pretend with O'Connell that reversing the Acts of Union would amount to something less than real and lasting separation from Great Britain. Relations had been difficult enough after the old Irish Parliament had secured its legislative independence from London in 1782. But with a Catholic Parliament in Dublin, "which they would be sure to have out and out", the British government would be continually at odds, first over the disposal of Church of Ireland and absentee property, and then over what would be perennial issues of trade, foreign treaties and war.[60]
So "hopeless appeared the fate of Ireland under English government, whether of Whigs or Tories", that Moore declared himself willing to "run the risk of Repeal, even with separation as its too certain consequence."[60] But with Lord Fitzgerald, Moore believed independence possible only in union with the "Dissenters" (the Presbyterians) of the north (and possibly then, again only with a prospect of French intervention). To make "headway against England" the "feeling" of Catholics and Dissenters had first to be "nationalised". This is something Moore thought might be achieved by fixing upon the immediate abuses of the (Anglican and landed) "Irish establishment". As he had O'Connell's uncompromising stance on the Veto, Moore regarded O'Connell's campaign for Repeal as unhelpful or, at best, "premature".[61]
This perspective was shared by some of O'Connell's younger lieutenants, dissidents with the
Irish Melodies
Reception
In the early years of his career, Moore's work was largely generic, and had he died at this point he would likely not have been considered an Irish poet.[64] From 1806 to 1807, Moore dramatically changed his style of writing and focus. Following a request by the publishers James and William Power, he wrote lyrics to a series of Irish tunes in the manner of Haydn's settings of British folksongs, with Sir John Andrew Stevenson as arranger of the music. The principal source for the tunes was Edward Bunting's A General Collection of the Ancient Irish Music (1797) to which Moore had been introduced at Trinity by Edward Hudson.[65] The Melodies was published in ten volumes, together with a supplement, over 26 years between 1808 and 1834. The musical arrangements of the last volumes, following Stevenson's death in 1833, were by Henry Bishop.
The Melodies were an immediate success, "
Byron said he knew them all "by rote and by heart"; setting them above epics and Moore above all other poets for his "peculiarity of talent, or rather talents, – poetry, music, voice, all his own". They were also praised by
Ireland's "national music"
The "ultra-Tory" The Anti-Jacobin Review ("Monthly Political and Literary Censor")[67] discerned in Moore's Melodies something more than innocuous drawing-room ballads: "several of them were composed in a very disordered state of society, if not in open rebellion. They are the melancholy ravings of the disappointed rebel, or his ill-educated offspring". Moore was providing texts to what he described as "our national music", and his lyrics did often "reflect an unmistakable intimation of dispossession and loss in the music itself".[16] Despite Moore's difficult relationship with O'Connell, in the early 1840s his Melodies were employed in the "Liberator's" renewed campaign for Repeal. The Repeal Association's monster meetings (crowds of over 100,000) were usually followed by public banquets. At Mallow, County Cork, before the dinner speeches, a singer performed Moore's "Where Is the Slave?":
Oh, where's the slave so lowly, Condemned to chains unholy, Who could be burst His bonds accursed, Would die beneath them slowly?
O'Connell leapt to his feet, threw his arms wide and cried "I am not that slave!" All the room followed: "We are not those slaves! We are not those slaves!"[68]
In the greatest meeting of all, at the
Those Evening Bells
Those evening bells! those evening bells!
How many a tale their music tells
Of youth, and home, and that sweet time
When last I heard their soothing chime!
Those joyous hours are passed away;
And many a heart that then was gay
Within the tomb now darkly dwells,
And hears no more those evening bells.
And so ’t will be when I am gone, -
That tuneful peal will still ring on;
While other bards shall walk these dells,
And sing your praise, sweet evening bells.
By Thomas Moore[69]
Later criticism and reappraisal
Some critics detected a tone of national resignation and defeatism in Moore's lyrics: a "whining lamentation over our eternal fall, and miserable appeals to our masters to regard us with pity". William Hazlitt observed that "if Moore's Irish Melodies with their drawing-room, lackadaisical, patriotism were really the melodies of the Irish nation, the Irish people deserve to be slaves forever".[70] Moore, in Hazlitt's view had "convert[ed] the wild harp of Erin into a musical snuff box".[71] It was a judgement later generations of Irish writers appeared to share.[72]
In A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, as he passes "the droll statue of the national poet of Ireland" in College Street, James Joyce's biographic protagonist, Stephen Dedalus, remarks on the figure's "servile head". Yet in his father's house, Dedalus is moved when he hears his younger brothers and sisters singing Moore's "Oft in the Stilly Night". Despite Joyce's occasional expressions of disdain for the bard, critic Emer Nolan suggests that the writer responded to the "element of utopian longing as well as the sentimental nostalgia" in Moore's music. In Finnegans Wake, Joyce has occasion to allude to virtually every one of the Melodies.[72]
While acknowledging that his own sense of an Irish past was "woven . . . out of Moore's Melodies", in a 1979 tribute to Moore, Seamus Heaney remarked that Ireland had rescinded Moore's title of national bard because his characteristic tone was '"too light, too conciliatory, too colonisé" for a nation "whose conscience was being forged by James Joyce, whose tragic disunity was being envisaged by W.B. Yeats and whose literary tradition was being restored by the repossession of voices such as Aodhagán O Rathaille's or Brian Merriman's".[73][72]
More recently, there has been a reappraisal sympathetic to Moore's "strategies of disguise, concealment and historical displacement so necessary for an Irish Catholic patriot who regularly sang songs to London glitterati about Irish suffering and English 'bigotry and misrule'".[74] The political content of the Melodies and their connections to the United Irishmen and to the death of Emmet have been discussed in Ronan Kelly's biography of the poet, Bard of Erin (2008), by Mary Helen Thuente in The Harp Restrung: the United Irishmen and the Rise of Literary Nationalism (1994); and by Una Hunt in Literary Relationship of Lord Byron and Thomas Moore (2001).[74]
Eóin MacWhite
Byron's Memoirs
Moore was much criticised by contemporaries for allowing himself to be persuaded, on the grounds of their indelicacy, to destroy Byron's Memoirs.[80] Modern scholarship assigns the blame elsewhere.
In 1821, with Byron's blessing, Moore sold the manuscript, with which Byron had entrusted him three years before, to the publisher
With the assistance of papers provided by Mary Shelley, Moore retrieved what he could. His Letters and Journals of Lord Byron: With Notices of His Life (1830) "contrived", in the view of Macaulay, "to exhibit so much of the character and opinions of his friend, with so little pain to the feelings of the living".[16] Lady Byron still professed herself scandalised[5]—as did The Times.[84]
With Byron an inspiration, Moore previously published a collection of songs, Evenings in Greece, (1826) and, set in 3rd-century Egypt, his only prose novel The Epicurean (1827). Supplying a demand for "semi-erotic romance tinged with religiosity" it was a popular success.[85]
1844 photograph by Henry Fox Talbot
Moore stands in the centre of a calotype dated April 1844.
Moore is pictured with members of the household of William Henry Fox Talbot, the photographer. Talbot, a pioneer of photography (the inventor of the salted paper and calotype processes) was Moore's neighbour in Wiltshire. It is possible that the lady to the lower right of Moore is his wife Bessy Moore.[86]
To the left of Moore stands Henrietta Horatia Maria Fielding (1809–1851), a close friend of the Moores, Talbot's half-sister [86] and the daughter of Rear-Admiral Charles Fielding.
Moore took an early interest in Talbot's photogenic drawings. Talbot, in turn, took images of Moore's hand-written poetry possibly for inclusion in facsimile in an edition of The Pencil of Nature,[87] the first commercially published book to be illustrated with photographs.[88]
Death
It is a criticism of Moore that he "wrote too much and catered too deliberately to his audiences".[5] In his lyrics there is a bathos that speaks both to a love of recitation and to an abiding sense of tragedy that is perhaps lost on the modern reader.
Oft, in the stilly night, Ere slumber's chain has bound me, Fond memory brings the light Of other days around me; The smiles, the tears, Of boyhood's years, The words of love then spoken; The eyes that shone, Now dimm'd and gone, The cheerful hearts now broken!...
When I remember all The friends, so link'd together, I’ve seen around me fall, Like leaves in wintry weather; I feel like one Who treads alone Some banquet-hall deserted, Whose lights are fled, Whose garlands dead, And all but he departed!...[89]
In the late 1840s (and as the catastrophe of the
After the deaths of his wife and five children, Moore died in his seventy-third year and was buried in Bromham churchyard within view of his cottage home, and beside his daughter Anastasia (who had died aged 17), near Devizes in Wiltshire.[90][91]
His epitaph at his St. Nicholas churchyard grave is inscribed:
Dear Harp of my Country! in darkness I found thee,
The cold chain of silence had hung o'er thee long,
When proudly, my own Island Harp, I unbound thee,
And gave all thy chords to light, freedom and song!
Moore had appointed as his literary executor, Lord John Russell, the Whig leader who, just four days before Moore's death, had ended his first term as Prime Minister. Russell dutifully published Moore's papers in accordance with his late friend's wishes. The Memoirs, Journal, and Correspondence of Thomas Moore appeared in eight volumes, published between 1853 and 1856.[92]
Commemoration
Moore is often considered Ireland's
- Many composers have set the poems of Thomas Moore to music. They include Ludwig van Beethoven, Gaspare Spontini, Robert Schumann, Friedrich von Flotow, Felix Mendelssohn, Hector Berlioz, Charles Ives, William Bolcom, Benjamin Britten, and Henri Duparc.
- As noted above (Irish Melodies / Later criticism and reappraisal), many songs of Thomas Moore are cited in works of James Joyce, for example "Silent, O Moyle" in Two Gallants (Dubliners)[94] or "The Last Rose of Summer".
- Irish American scholar, singer and critic James W. Flannery (born 1936) is widely recognized as a skilled interpreter of Thomas Moore's art songs. In 1997 he released a book and recording named Dear Harp of My Country: The Irish Melodies of Thomas Moore.[95]
- Oliver Onions quotes Moore's poem "Oft in the Stilly Night" in his 1910 ghost story "The Cigarette Case".[96] It is also referenced in Bob Shaw's 1966 science-fiction story "Light of Other Days".
- The earliest known photograph taken by a woman (Constance Fox Talbot) is an albeit somewhat unclear image of a few lines from one of his poems.[97]
- Letitia Elizabeth Landon offers a tribute in her poem "Thomas Moore, Esq.", in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839.[98]
- Edna O'Brien wrote a short story entitled "Oft in the Stilly Night" in her 1990 story collection Lantern Slides.[99]
In fiction
The character Tickle Tommy in John Paterson's Mare, James Hogg's allegorical satire on the Edinburgh publishing scene first published in the Newcastle Magazine in 1825, is based on Thomas Moore. Percy French wrote several parodic versions of Moore's melodies in a comic paper he edited for two years The Jarvey, including at least six versions of "The Minstrel Boy". are in The Jarvey. He also parodied Moore in his stage shows.[100] As noted above, Moore and his melodies also figure in the works of James Joyce: A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man and Finnegans Wake.[72]
List of works
Prose
- A Letter to the Roman Catholics of Dublin (1810)
- The Fudge Family in Paris (1818)
- Memoirs of Captain Rock (1824)
- Memoirs of the Life of Richard Brinsley Sheridan (2 vols) (1825)
- The Epicurean, a Tale (29 June 1827)
- Letters & Journals of Lord Byron, with Notices of his Life (2 vols.) (1830, 1831)
- Life and Death of Lord Edward Fitzgerald (1831)
- Travels of an Irish Gentleman in Search of a Religion (2 vols.) (1833)
- The Fudge Family in England(1835)
- The History of Ireland (vol. 1) (1835)
- The History of Ireland (vol. 2) (1837)
- The History of Ireland (vol. 3) (1840)
- The History of Ireland (vol. 4) (1846)
- Political and Historical Writings on Irish and British Affairs by Thomas Moore, Introduced by Brendan Clifford (1993).
Lyrics and verse
- Odes of Anacreon (1800)
- Poetical Works of the Late Thomas Little, Esq. (1801)
- The Gypsy Prince (a comic opera, collaboration with Michael Kelly, 1801)
- Epistles, Odes and Other Poems (1806)
- A Selection of Irish Melodies, 1 and 2 (April 1808)
- Corruption and Intolerance, Two Poems (1808)
- The Sceptic: A Philosophical Satire (1809)
- A Selection of Irish Melodies, 3 (Spring 1810)
- A Melologue upon National Music (1811)
- M.P., or The Blue Stocking, (a comic opera, collaboration with Charles Edward Horn, 1811)
- A Selection of Irish Melodies, 4 (November 1811)
- Parody of a Celebrated Letter (privately printed and circulated, February 1812, Examiner, 8 March 1812)
- To a Plumassier (Morning Chronicle, 16 March 1812)
- Extracts from the Diary of a Fashionable Politician (Morning Chronicle, 30 March 1812)
- The Insurrection of the Papers (Morning Chronicle, 23 April 1812)
- Lines on the Death of Mr. P[e]rc[e]v[a]l (May 1812)
- The Sale of the Tools (Morning Chronicle, 21 December 1812)
- Correspondence Between a Lady and a Gentleman (Morning Chronicle, 6 January 1813)
- Intercepted Letters, or the Two-Penny Post-Bag (March 1813)
- Reinforcements for Lord Wellington (Morning Chronicle, 27 August 1813)
- A Selection of Irish Melodies, 5 (December 1813)
- A Collection of the Vocal Music of Thomas Moore (1814)
- A Selection of Irish Melodies, 6 (1815, April or after)
- Sacred Songs, 1 (June 1816)
- Lines on the Death of Sheridan (Morning Chronicle, 5 August 1816)
- Lalla Rookh, an Oriental Romance (May 1817)
- National Airs, 1 (23 April 1818)
- To the Ship in which Lord C[A]ST[LE]R[EA]GH Sailed for the Continent (Morning Chronicle, 22 September 1818)
- Lines on the Death of Joseph Atkinson, Esq. of Dublin (25 September 1818)
- Go, Brothers in Wisdom (Morning Chronicle, 18 August 1818)
- A Selection of Irish Melodies, 7 (1 October 1818)
- To Sir Examiner, 4 October 1818)
- The Works of Thomas Moore (6 vols) (1819)
- Tom Crib's Memorial to Congress (March 1819)
- National Airs, 2 (1820)
- Irish Melodies, with a Melologue upon National Music (1820)
- A Selection of Irish Melodies, 8 (on or around 10 May 1821)
- Irish Melodies (with an Appendix, containing the original advertisements and the prefatory letter on music, 1821)
- National Airs, 3 (June 1822)
- National Airs, 4 (1822)
- The Loves of the Angels, a Poem (23 December 1822)
- The Loves of the Angels, an Eastern Romance (5th ed. of Loves of the Angels) (1823)
- Fables for the Holy Alliance, Rhymes on the Road, &c. &c. (7 May 1823)
- Sacred Songs, 2 (1824)
- A Selection of Irish Melodies, 9 (1 November 1824)
- National Airs, 5 (1826)
- Evenings in Greece, 1 (1826)
- A Dream of Turtle (The Times, 28 September 1826)
- A Set of Glees (circa 9 June 1827)
- National Airs, 6 (1827)
- Odes upon Cash, Corn, Catholics, and other Matters (October 1828)
- Legendary Ballads (1830)
- The Summer Fête. A Poem with Songs (December 1831)
- Irish Antiquities (The Times, 5 March 1832)
- From the Hon. Henry ---, to Lady Emma --- (The Times, 9 April 1832)
- To Caroline, Viscountess Valletort (The Metropolitan Magazine, June 1832)
- Ali's Bride... (The Metropolitan Magazine, August 1832)
- Verses to the Poet Crabbe's Inkstand (The Metropolitan Magazine, August 1832)
- Tory Pledges (The Times, 30 August 1832)
- Song to the Departing Spirit of Tithe (The Metropolitan Magazine, September 1832)
- The Duke is the Lad (The Times, 2 October 1832)
- St. Jerome on Earth, First Visit (The Times, 29 October 1832)
- St. Jerome on Earth, Second Visit (The Times, 12 November 1832)
- Evenings in Greece, 2 (December 1832)
- To the Rev. Charles Overton (The Times, 6 November 1833)
- Irish Melodies, 10 (with Supplement) (1834)
- Vocal Miscellany, 1 (1834)
- The Numbering of the Clergy (Examiner, 5 October 1834)
- Vocal Miscellany, 2 (1835)
- Irish Melodies (1835)
- The Song of the Box (Morning Chronicle, 19 February 1838)
- Sketch of the First Act of a New Romantic Drama (Morning Chronicle, 22 March 1838)
- Thoughts on Patrons, Puffs, and Other Matters (Bentley's Miscellany, 1839)
- Alciphron, a Poem (1839)
- The Poetical Works of Thomas Moore, collected by himself (10 vols) (1840–1841)
- Thoughts on Mischief (Morning Chronicle, 2 May 1840)
- Religion and Trade (Morning Chronicle, 1 June 1840)
- An Account of an Extraordinary Dream (Morning Chronicle, 15 June 1840)
- The Retreat of the Scorpion (Morning Chronicle, 16 July 1840)
- Musings, suggested by the Late Promotion of Mrs. Nethercoat (Morning Chronicle, 27 August 1840)
- The Triumphs of Farce (1840)
- Latest Accounts from Olympus (1840)
- T he poetical works of Thomas Moore, complete in three volumes, Paris, Baudry's European Library (1841)
- A Threnody on the Approaching Demise of Old Mother Corn-Law (Morning Chronicle, 23 February 1842)
- Sayings and Doings of Ancient Nicholas (Morning Chronicle, 7 April 1842)
- ''More Sayings and Doings of Ancient Nicholas (Morning Chronicle, 12 May 1842)
- Prose and verse, humorous, satirical and sentimental, by Thomas Moore, with suppressed passages from the memoirs of Lord Byron, chiefly from the author's manuscript and all hitherto inedited and uncollected. With notes and introduction by Richard Herne Shepherd (London: Chatto & Windus, Piccadilly, 1878).
References
- ^ a b c Moore, Thomas (1835). Memoirs of Captain Rock. Paris: Baudry's European Library. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
- ^ I Hear America Singing Archived 20 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Geohegan, Patrick (2009). "Whyte, Samuel | Dictionary of Irish Biography". www.dib.ie. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
- ^ "Thomas Moore Critical Essays". eNotes.com. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Thomas Moore". poetryfoundation.org. Poetry Foundation. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
- ISSN 0034-6551.
- ^ a b c Kelly, Ronan (22 February 2013). "Another side of Thomas Moore". History Ireland. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
- ^ Anon., March 1853, "Lord John Russell's Memoirs of Moore" in Dublin Review, vol. 34, p. 123.
- ^ Moore, Thomas (1831). The Life and Death of Edward Fitzgerald. Volume 1. London: Longman, Reese, Orme, Brown & Green.
- ISBN 0-85034-067-5.
- ^ Anon. (1853), p. 126.
- ISBN 0-85430-036-8, p. 59.
- ^ Brendan Clifford, introduction to Political and Historical Writings on Irish and British Affairs by Thomas Moore, p. 14.
- ISBN 978-0-19-820736-8.
- ISBN 0094772606, p. 103
- ^ a b c d e f White, Harry. "Moore, Thomas". Dictionary of Irish Biography. Royal Irish Academy. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
- ^ Clifford, introduction Political and Historical Writings ... by Thomas Moore, p. 14.
- ISBN 978-1-84488-143-7.
- ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
- ^ Kelly, pp. 170–175.
- ^ Joseph Norton Ireland: Mrs. Duff (Boston: James R. Osgood and Co., 1882).
- ^ "Thomas Moore (1779–1852)". Retrieved 20 November 2020.
- ^ Bloy, Marjorie. "Biography: Thomas Moore (1779–1852)". A Web of English History. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
- ^ "House historian: Vicars, framework knitters and a poet". Country Life. 2 December 2011. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
- ^ Webb, Alfred (1878). "John Philpot Curran – Irish Biography". www.libraryireland.com. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
- JSTOR 20557536.
- ISBN 0-09-466010-7.
- ^ "Thomas Moore – Irish Paris". www.irishmeninparis.org. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
- ^ Moore (1993), pp. 237, 248.
- ^ Kelly, pp. 322–327.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-85738-186-6.
- ^ Moore, Thomas (1818). The Fudge Family in Paris. London: Longmans. pp. 69, 76.
- ^ "Peter Finnerty – Irish Biography". www.libraryireland.com. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
- ISBN 0-85034-067-5.
- ISBN 0-85034-067-5.
- ISBN 978-0-14-014515-1.
- ^ Moore, Thomas (1810). Letter to the Roman Catholics of Dublin. Dublin: Gilbert and Hodges. pp. 12–13.
- ^ Kelly, p. 504.
- S2CID 159877081.
- ^ Whelan, Irene (2005). The Bible War in Ireland: the "Second Reformation" and the Polarization of Protestant-Catholic Relations, 1800–1840. Madison WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
- ^ Moore (1993), p. 18.
- ^ Good, James Winder (1920). Irish Unionism-1920. London: T Fisher Unwin. p. 106.
- ^ Desmond Bowen: The Protestant Crusade in Ireland, 1800–70: A Study of Protestant–Catholic Relations between the Act of Union and Disestablishment (1978).
- ^ Moore, Thomas (1833). Travels of an Irish Gentleman in Search of a Religion (in Two Volumes). London: Longman.
- ^ Moore (1993), pp. 161–162.
- ^ a b Moore (1993), p. 178.
- ^ a b c Moore (1993), p. 248.
- ^ White, Joseph Blanco (1833). Second travels of an Irish gentleman in search of a religion /. Dublin: R. Milliken.
- ^ Whelan, Brian (2017). "The Faith Journey of Joseph Blanco White". Church of Ireland. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
- ^ Brendan Clifford, introduction to Moore (1993), p. 15.
- ^ Moore, as "Their Devoted Servant", dedicates The Travel of an Irish Gentleman "to the People of Ireland" as a "Defence their Ancient and National Faith", Moore, Thomas (1833). Travels of an Irish Gentleman in Search of a Religion (in Two Volumes). London: Longman.
- ^ Moore (1993), (Sheridan, 1825) pp. 81–82.
- ^ Moore (1993), pp. 132–134.
- ^ Moore (1993), pp. 153–154.
- ^ Karl Marx (1869), "Notes on Irish History" (1869), Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Ireland and the Irish Question, New York, International Publishers, 1972, pp. 316, 360.
- ^ a b Moore (1993), p. 236 (30 September 1831)
- ^ Moore (1993), pp. 234–235 (6 May 1831)
- ^ Moore (1993), p. 237 (25 July 1832)
- ^ Moore (1993), pp. 251–252 (27 December 1836)
- ^ a b Moore 1993, pp. 241–242 (1–8 November 1832)
- ^ Moore (1993), p. 233 (18 February 1831)
- ^ Duffy, Charles Gavan (1886). The League of North and South. London: Chapman & Hall.
- ^ Davitt, Michael (1904). The fall of feudalism in Ireland; or, The story of the land league revolution. London: Dalcassian Publishing Company. p. 70.
- ^ Kelly, p. 151.
- ^ Kelly, p. 50.
- ^ James W. Flannery: Dear Harp of My Country: The Irish Melodies of Thomas Moore (Nashville, TN: J. S. Sanders & Co., 1995).
- required.)
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7171-4649-9.
- ^ A Library of Poetry and Song: Being Choice Selections from The Best Poets. With An Introduction by William Cullen Bryant, New York, J.B. Ford and Company, 1871, p. 228.
- ISBN 978-1-910820-92-6.
- S2CID 203049115.
- ^ S2CID 194076424.
- ^ Heaney, Seamus (1979, "Introduction" in David Hammond (ed) A Centenary selection from Moore's Melodies, Dublin, G. Dalton, p. 9
- ^ S2CID 203049115.
- JSTOR 25506260.
- S2CID 214352160.
- ^ MacWhite (1971), p. 50.
- ^ O'Donnell (2019), p. 91.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-138-67557-5. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
- ISBN 0-389-01071-5.
- ISBN 978-1-4438-6815-0. pp. 6–7
- ISBN 978-0-394-41820-9.
- ISBN 978-1-925355-99-4. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
- ^ Moore (1993), p. 232
- JSTOR 25599975.
- ^ a b Schaaf, Larry J. (16 September 2016). "Thomas Moore & the Ladies of Lacock". Retrieved 23 March 2021.
- ^ "Talbot Correspondence Project: MOORE Thomas (poet) to TALBOT William Henry Fox". foxtalbot.dmu.ac.uk. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
- ^ Daniel, Malcolm. "William Henry Fox Talbot (1800–1877) and the Invention of Photography". Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "Oft, in the Stilly Night (Scotch Air) by Thomas Moore". Poetry Foundation. 26 March 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
- ^ "Thomas Moore". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 10. 1911. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
- ^ "Thomas Moore – Irish Biography". www.libraryireland.com. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
- ISBN 978-1-108-05894-0.
- S2CID 149071105. 660979.
- ^ The James Joyce Songbook, edited and with a commentary by Ruth Bauerle (New York: Garland Publishing, 1982), pp. 158–160.
- ^ TraditionalTuath: Reels & Rondo by Mic Moroney, Irish Times, Nov 6 1999
- ISBN 0-684-17808-7(pp. 505–512).
- ^ Kennedy, Maev (9 December 2012). "Bodleian Library launches £2.2m bid to stop Fox Talbot archive going overseas". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
- ^ Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1838). "poetical illustration". Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839. Fisher, Son & Co.Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1838). "picture". Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839. Fisher, Son & Co.
- ^ Orientation in European Romanticism by Paul Hamilton (2022), p. 113, publ. Cambridge University Press
- ISBN 9780748695980
Bibliography
- Benatti, Francesca, and Justin Tonra. "English Bards and Unknown Reviewers: A Stylometric Analysis of Thomas Moore and the Christabel Review", in: Breac: A Digital Journal of Irish Studies 3 (2015). URL.
- Clifford, Brendan (ed.): Political and Historical Writings on Irish and British Affairs by Thomas Moore, (Belfast: Athol Books, 1993).
- Dowden, Wilfred S. (ed.): The Letters of Thomas Moore, 2 vols, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1964).
- Dowden, Wilfred S. (ed.): The Journal of Thomas Moore, 6 vols, (Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1983–91).
- Gunning, John P.: Moore. Poet and Patriot (Dublin: M.H. Gill and Son, 1900).
- Hunt, Una: Sources and Style in Moore's Irish Melodies (London: Routledge, 2017); ISBN 978-1-315-44300-3(e-book).
- Jones, Howard Mumford: The Harp that Once: A Chronicle of the Life of Thomas Moore (New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1937).
- ISBN 978-1-84511252-3
- Kelly, Ronan: Bard of Erin. The Life of Thomas Moore (Dublin: Penguin Ireland, 2008), ISBN 978-1-84488-143-7.
- McCleave, Sarah / Caraher, Brian (eds): Thomas Moore and Romantic Inspiration. Poetry, Music, and Politics (New York: Routledge, 2018); ISBN 978-1-315-27113-2(e-book).
- Ní Chinnéide, Veronica: "The Sources of Moore's Melodies", in: Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland 89 (1959) 2, pp. 109–54.
- Strong, L. A. G.: The Minstrel Boy. A Portrait of Tom Moore (London: Hodder & Stoughton, & New York: A. Knopf, 1937).
- Tonra, Justin: "Masks of Refinement: Pseudonym, Paratext, and Authorship in the Early Poetry of Thomas Moore", in: European Romantic Review 25.5 (2014), pp. 551–73. doi:10.1080/10509585.2014.938231.
- Tonra, Justin: "Pagan Angels and a Moral Law: Byron and Moore's Blasphemous Publications", in: European Romantic Review 28.6 (2017), pp. 789–811. doi:10.1080/10509585.2017.1388797.
- Tonra, Justin: Write My Name: Authorship in the Poetry of Thomas Moore (New York; Abingdon: Routledge, 2020). doi:10.4324/9781003090960
- Vail, Jeffery W.: The Literary Relationship of Lord Byron and Thomas Moore (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001).
- Vail, Jeffery W.: "Thomas Moore in Ireland and America: The Growth of a Poet's Mind", in: Romanticism 10.1 (2004), pp. 41–62.
- Vail, Jeffery W.: "Thomas Moore: After the Battle", in: Julia M. Wright (ed.), The Blackwell Companion to Irish Literature, 2 vols (New York: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), vol. 1, pp. 310–25.
- Vail, Jeffery W. (ed.): The Unpublished Letters of Thomas Moore, 2 vols (London: Pickering and Chatto, 2013), ISBN 978-1-84893-074-2.
- Vail, Jeffery W.: "Thomas Moore", in: Gerald Dawe (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Irish Poets (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017), pp. 61–73.
- White, Harry: The Keeper's Recital. Music and Cultural History in Ireland 1770–1970 (Cork: Cork University Press, 1998), ISBN 1-85918-171-6.
- White, Terence de Vere: Tom Moore: The Irish Poet (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1977).
External links
- Works by Thomas Moore at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about Thomas Moore at Internet Archive
- Works by Thomas Moore at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- "Introducing Project ERIN: Thomas Moore in Europe". Thomas Moore in Europe (QUB Blog). Queen's University Belfast. 16 June 2017.
ERIN documents two of Thomas Moore's song series – the Irish Melodies (1808–1834) and National Airs (1818–1827) – as well as music inspired by his 'oriental romance' Lalla Rookh (1817).
- Thomas Moore index entry at Poets' Corner
- Moore's Irish Melodies, arranged by C. V. Stanford
- Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. .
- Thomas Moore melodies by 'machinehay' on YouTube
- Free scores by Thomas Moore in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)
- Free scores by Thomas Moore at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)
- Thomas Moore collection, 1813–1833 (John J. Burns Library, Boston College)
- Bates, William (1883). Daniel Maclise (1 ed.). London: Chatto and Windus. pp. 22–30 – via Wikisource. . . Illustrated by
- Thomas Moore recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings.