Timeline of the history of the Falkland Islands

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Main article: History of the Falkland Islands
Map of the modern Falkland Islands with British nomenclature.

The Falkland Islands (Spanish: Islas Malvinas) have a complex history stretching over five hundred years. Active exploration and colonisation began in the 18th century but a self-supporting colony was not established till the latter part of the 19th century. Nonetheless, the islands have been a matter of controversy, as due to their strategic position in the 18th century their sovereignty was claimed by the French, Spaniards, British and Argentines at various points.

The strategic importance of the

sovereignty dispute between the United Kingdom and Argentina led to the Falklands War
in 1982.

15th century

16th century

Ferdinand Magellan. It is often claimed by Spanish speakers that one of the ships involved in his first global circumnavigation discovered the Falkland Islands

17th century

  • 1604: Treaty of London between Spain and England. Terms largely favourable to Spain set aside "what had been able to acquire previously to its signature".[3][4][5]
  • 1670: Treaty of Madrid.[6] Spain recognised English possessions in the Caribbean Sea, and each country agreed to refrain from trading in the other's territory.[7]
  • 1675: Anthony de la Roché (England) discovers South Georgia.[8]
  • 1684: William Dampier[9]: 34  and Ambrose Cowley (England). Dampier publishes an accurate position for the islands but Cowley's account contains an inaccurate position 230 miles (370 km) North leading to the legend of Pepys Island.[10]
  • 1690: John Strong (England) landed, and named the sound and eventually the entire island group after Viscount Falkland, Admiralty Commissioner.[11]
  • 1696: Dampier returns to circumnavigate the islands.[12]

18th century

Louis-Antoine de Bougainville, by Jean-Pierre Franquel

19th century

  • 1806: Spain recalls Governor Juan Crisostomo Martinez from the islands but leaves behind a plaque re-asserting Spanish dominion.
  • 1807: Settlers on the Island face near-starvation after the British occupy Montevideo and enforce a blockade.
  • 1811: The Spanish evacuate Puerto Soledad, the islands become the domain of sealers and whalers.
  • 1813: Isabella under Captain Higton is wrecked on Eagle Island (now known as Speedwell Island). Six sailors undertake the hazardous voyage to the River Plate in an open longboat. The remaining crew are rescued by the American sealer Nanina under Captain Barnard. Whilst Barnard seeks additional supplies, the British crew seize Nanina and maroon the Americans.
  • 1814: After being marooned for 18 months Barnard is rescued by the British whalers Asp and Indispensable.
  • 1816: The United Provinces of South America, later called Argentina, claimed independence from Spain.
  • 1819: The
    King George III
    .
  • 1820: After an 8-month voyage, and with the ship in a poor state, the Argentine frigate,
    United Provinces of the River Plate
    .
  • 1821:
    King George IV
    .
  • 1823: The
    United Provinces of the River Plate
    appoints Don Pablo Areguati as Commandant of Puerto Soledad. An appointment in name only as he never sets foot on the islands.
  • 1824: Luis Vernet and his partner Pacheco attempt an expedition to the islands. The venture is a failure.
  • 1825: The United Kingdom recognised Argentina's independence from Spain.
  • 1826: Vernet's first attempt to establish a settlement. Expeditions fail due to Brazilian blockade and conditions encountered on the islands.
  • 1828: Vernet's settlement established.
  • 1829: Buenos Aires issues decree setting up "Political and Military command of the Malvinas". Britain protests.
  • 1831: Vernet seizes three US vessels and imprisons their crews. The US sends the USS Lexington and arrests seven of Vernet's men. The Captain of the Lexington offers to take the settlers off the island. Most accept, however, 24 remain and continue working for Vernet. The US declares the islands free from Government.
  • 1832: Argentina sends a garrison commanded by Major Esteban Mestivier. Mestivier is murdered following a mutiny.
  • 1833: Britain re-establishes control of the islands. (See
    Re-establishment of British rule on the Falklands (1833).) William Dixon is named as the British representative and Matthew Brisbane returns to take over Vernet's settlement at Port Louis. Charles Darwin's first visit to the islands. In August, Antonio Rivero leads a gang of creoles and Gauchos
    who murder key members of the settlement.
  • 1834: Installation of the first British resident, Lt Henry Smith. Smith arrests Rivero's gang, restores the settlement and renames it Ansons Harbour. Charles Darwin's second visit.
  • 1838: Lt Lowcay replaces Lt Smith.
  • 1839: Lt Lowcay is replaced by Lt Robinson, in December Robinson is relieved by Lt Tyssen. Vernet is refused permission to return to the islands. G.T. Whittington forms a company to exploit fishery and agriculture, petitions the British Government to colonise the islands.
  • 1840: The British approve the formation of a colony on the islands.
  • 1841: General Rosas offers to relinquish any claim to sovereignty over the Falkland Islands in return for the relief of the Argentine debt to City of London interests. The British decline the offer. Lt. Governor Moody is appointed as the first British Governor of the Islands, a letters patent establishes the legal framework for the colony.
  • 1843: Work begins on the new town of Port Stanley, at Jackson's Harbour. South Georgia is placed under the administration of the Falkland Islands by the letters patent of 1843.
  • 1845: In July, Stanley becomes new capital of the Falkland Islands.
  • 1846: Samuel Lafone is awarded a contract to exploit feral cattle on East Falkland. He names the peninsular south of East Falkland Lafonia.
  • 1847: Land is made available for sale or lease in the
    Gold Rush
    .
  • 1849: 30 married
    Chelsea Pensioners
    and their families arrive in the islands. Population in the islands reaches 200.
  • 1850: Britain and Argentina sign the
    “Convention between Great Britain and the Argentine Confederation, for the Settlement of existing Differences and the re-establishment of Friendship”
    . Several historians (Argentine, British and Latin American) consider this has a negative impact upon Argentina's modern sovereignty claim.
  • 1851:
    Falkland Islands Company
    is established by royal charter.
  • 1852: Cheviot sheep are first introduced to the islands. Sheep farming later becomes the dominant agriculture on the islands.
  • 1854: A defence force is formed on the islands in response to the Crimean War.
  • 1859: Establishment of Darwin.[14]
  • 1861: San Carlos Farm established.
  • 1866: Establishment of Port Howard.
  • 1875: Establishment of Goose Green.
  • 1876: The last
    warrah
    is killed at Shallow Bay.
  • 1878: The first peat slide destroys several houses in Port Stanley.
  • 1878: The first postage stamps are issued with values of 1d and 6d respectively see Postage stamps and postal history of the Falkland Islands.
  • 1880s: The "forest" at Hill Cove is planted.[15]
  • 1881: The Falkland Islands become financially independent.
  • 1884: Argentina requests that the sovereignty dispute be submitted to independent arbitration, Britain refuses. The first mention of the Falkland Islands by Argentina for 34 years.
  • 1886: Second peat slide destroys the exchange building and two women are killed.
  • 1888: Argentina lodges a diplomatic protest with the UK, the matter is not raised again with the UK until 1941.
  • 1889: Falkland Islands Magazine the first local periodical is published and printed in the Islands.
  • 1891: Falkland Islands Gazette is first published in Stanley.
  • 1892: Consecration of Christ Church Cathedral.
  • 1899: Banknotes for the Falkland Islands pound are issued for the first time.
  • 1899: St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church is consecrated.

20th century

  • 1903: Christ Church Cathedral is completed.[16]
  • 1914: Battle of Coronel and Battle of the Falkland Islands.[17]
  • 1919:
    First World War[18]
  • 1921: The killing of fur seals is banned.[19]
  • 1925: The "forest" at Hill Cove is enlarged, producing the most substantial stand of trees in the islands.[15]
  • 1933: The famous whalebone arch is constructed outside of Christchurch Cathedral to celebrate the centenary of the British administration.[20]
  • 1939: Battle of the River Plate. HMS Exeter shelters in the islands after suffering major damage in the battle.[21]
  • 1941: The issue of the sovereignty of the Falkland Islands is raised by Argentina in a Message to Congress. This is the first time since the signing of the Convention of Settlement in 1850.[22]
  • 1945: Formation of the United Nations,[23] Argentina states its claim to the islands in its opening address.
  • 1946: Britain includes the Falkland Islands among the
    non-autonomous territories subject to its administration, under Chapter XI of the UN charter.[24]
  • 1947: Britain first offers to take the sovereignty dispute over the Dependencies to the ICJ. Argentina does not accept.[25]
  • 1948: Britain again offers to take the sovereignty dispute over the Dependencies to the ICJ. Argentina declines.[26]
  • 1951: Britain again offers to take the sovereignty dispute over the Dependencies to the ICJ. Argentina declines.[25]
  • 1953: Britain again offers to take the sovereignty dispute over the Dependencies to the ICJ. Argentina declines.[25]
  • 1955: Britain unilaterally refers the sovereignty dispute over the Dependencies to the ICJ. Argentina indicates that it will not accept any judgement.[25]
  • 1960s:
    South Shetlands
    , and maintains "research vessels" in the South Atlantic until the 1990s.
  • 1960: UN Resolution 1514 (XV) calls for an end to colonisation. Britain lists the islands as a colony, Argentina protests.
  • 1961: Antarctic Treaty comes into force, all sovereignty claims in the Antarctic region are suspended.
  • 1962: Britain transfers administration of the South Orkney Islands, South Shetland Islands and Graham Land from the Falklands to the British Antarctic Territory.
  • 1964: A Cessna 172 piloted by Miguel Fitzgerald lands on the racecourse in Stanley, plants the Argentine flag and hands over a letter claiming sovereignty to bemused residents.[27]
  • 1965: December United Nations Resolution 2065 called upon Britain and Argentina to "proceed without delay with negotiations [...] with a view to finding a peaceful solution to the problem [...] bearing in mind [...] the interests of the population of the Falkland Islands (Las Islas Malvinas)."
  • 1966:
    submarine ARA Santiago del Estero
    to conduct covert reconnaissance of suitable landing sites.
  • 1967: Britain opens negotiations with Argentina and indicates willingness to transfer sovereignty.
  • 1968: Falkland Islands Emergency Committee is formed to lobby on the Islanders behalf to remain British. A small private plane piloted by Miguel Fitzgerald crash lands on Eliza Cove Road
    Lord Chalfont
    . Islanders reiterate their determination to remain British and reject suggestions of sovereignty transfer.
Launch of the SS Great Britain, the revolutionary ship of Isambard Kingdom Brunel, at Bristol in 1843
  • 1970: SS Great Britain is returned to Bristol for restoration.
  • 1971: Communications agreement signed between Britain and Argentina. Air links to the islands are established by LADE, Argentina's military airline, Britain promises a supply ship from Montevideo but later reneges. Islanders travelling through Argentina are forced to carry Argentine Identity Cards rather than a British passport. Argentine Government agrees to suspend sovereignty claims whilst attempting to win the islanders over.
  • 1972: Work starts on a temporary airfield at Port Stanley.
  • 1973: Newly elected President Juan Perón renews sovereignty claim in the UN, resolution 3160 urges negotiations but Britain refuses.
  • 1974:
    YPF
    becomes the exclusive supplier of oil and gas company to the islands. Britain proposes a condominium solution to the sovereignty dispute but this is rejected by the islanders.
  • 1975: Construction of a paved runway at Port Stanley commences. Lord Shackleton is asked to undertake an economic survey of the islands. Diplomatic relations between the UK and Argentina are broken.
  • 1976:
    military base on Southern Thule
    . Britain protests but seeks a diplomatic solution.
  • 1977: Operation Journeyman: in response to increasing tension with Argentina, the Callaghan Government sends a Royal Navy task force to the South Atlantic. Negotiations are re-opened with Argentina over the islands. Stanley airport opens.
  • 1978: Falkland Islands Association opens a London office to lobby Parliament on the islanders' behalf.
  • 1979: Nicholas Ridley visits the Falkland Islands to canvass islanders views.
  • 1979: Graham Bound publishes the first edition of the Penguin News
  • 1980:
    leaseback solution
    , it is rejected by the islanders.
  • 1981: British Nationality Act strips many islanders of British citizenship. It is announced that HMS Endurance is to be withdrawn and the British Antarctic Survey base in Grytviken is to close. Argentine scrap dealer Constantino Davidoff visits South Georgia without permission, setting off a chain of events resulting in the Falklands War.
  • 1982: Various tensions, including the desire of the Argentine military junta to distract attention from domestic economic and political ills, led to an Argentine invasion. The islands were later retaken by the UK. (See Falklands War.) In November, the United Nations General Assembly called on the UK and Argentina to resume sovereignty negotiations, but the UK refuses to discuss sovereignty unless it has the consent of the Islanders. An updated Shackleton report on the economic prospects for the islands is published following the conflict.
  • 1983: Franks Report [28] into the causes of the Falklands War is published. British citizenship is restored to the islanders.
  • 1984: Britain and Argentina enter into talks in Berne, Britain refuses to discuss sovereignty without the consent of the islanders. The Falklands war memorial is dedicated on Liberation Day (14 June).
  • 1985: New Falkland Islands constitution is adopted. The Falkland Islands become a parliamentary representative democratic dependency. Falkland Islands Government assumes responsibility for all domestic matters. Mount Pleasant Airfield opens.
    RAF Mount Pleasant
  • 1986: UN adopts an Argentine resolution calling for Britain to resume negotiations including sovereignty.
  • 1987: Establishment of the Falkland Islands Fishery regime, this becomes the major source of income for the islands.
  • 1989: Newly elected Argentine president Carlos Menem embarks on talks with Britain under the sovereignty umbrella.
  • 1990: Britain and Argentina resume diplomatic relations. A Chilean airline begins charter flights to Mount Pleasant Airfield.
  • 1991: Argentine next of kin visit the Argentine cemetery in Darwin.
  • 1992: Falkland Islands Community School opened in 1992, replacing an older senior school.
  • 1994: Argentina enshrines its claim to the Falkland Islands in its constitution.
  • 1995: British and Argentine Governments sign an agreement concerning exploitation of oil deposits surrounding the islands. The Argentine warship ARA Granville harasses fishing vessels in Falkland Waters and threatens RFA Diligence. Regular visits by Argentine next of kin commences.
  • 1997: Constitutional amendment balances the number of elected officials between Stanley and Camp.
  • 1998: UK arms embargo on sales to Argentina is relaxed.[29]
  • 1999: The Chilean government requests that its airlines stop flying to the Falklands in response to the arrest of Augusto Pinochet in London,[30][31] prompting the Falkland Islanders to allow the British Government to enter negotiations with Argentina. An agreement between the British and Argentine Governments ends the ban on visits by Argentine nationals. Passenger flights over Argentine airspace are permitted in return.[32]
ARA Almirante Irízar (Q5) Antarctic icebreaker

21st century

  • 2000: British Antarctic Survey base at Grytviken, South Georgia reopened.[33]
  • 2001: British military garrison is withdrawn from South Georgia.[34]
  • 2002: First SAMA 82 pilgrimage to the islands. 200 British veterans of the conflict return to the islands.[35]
  • 2003: Several yachts competing in a solo round the world race are forced into Stanley for repairs.[36]
  • 2004: A permanent memorial to Argentine war dead is dedicated in the
    Almirante Irízar harasses shipping in Falkland waters.[38]
  • 2005: Falklands Gold and Minerals prospect for Gold in Lafonia.[39]
  • 2007: 25th Anniversary of the Falklands War is commemorated in services in Stanley and London.[40] Argentine president Néstor Kirchner renews sovereignty claim and renounces agreements over oil exploration.[41] UK renews claims to Antarctic territory before the expiry of the deadline for territorial claims following Britains ratification of the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention.[42] Major General Sir John Jeremy Moore, commander of the British land forces during the Falklands War, dies.[43]
  • 2008: The British Government announces that it is considering action on clearing the 20,000 mines left in the islands by Argentine forces during the Falklands War in 1982. Remains of an Argentine airman killed during the Falklands War were identified using DNA testing, the remains had been unidentified since discovery in 1986.[44]
  • 2009: Preliminary clearance of some of the mine fields left over from the Falklands War begins. Argentina creates a diplomatic incident over the presence of Falkland Islands Government representatives at a conference on sustainable fishing in Spain.[45] After years of delay, the Argentine memorial at the Darwin cemetery was finally inaugurated.[46] Argentina submitted a claim for large areas of the South Atlantic, including the Falkland Islands, under the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention.[47] In the general election, the entire legislative assembly was replaced by new members.[48]
  • 2010: Oil exploration around the Falkland Islands begins.[49]
  • 2011: A referendum on changing the electoral system in the Falkland Islands was held. A proposal for a single constituency was rejected.[50]
  • 2012: In freezing temperatures and a snowstorm, Falkland islanders turned out to give thanks for their liberation from Argentine occupation in 1982.[51] The Argentine president Cristina Kirchner ratcheted up tension with the UK.
  • 2013: A referendum is organised by the Falkland Islands Government on the political status of the Falkland Islands. The result was overwhelming support for retention of the link with the UK.[52][53][54]
  • 2014: The Falkland Islands fields a squad of 25 athletes at the Commonwealth Games, its largest ever attendance at the event.[55] On the centenary anniversary of the Battle of the Falkland Islands, a search begins for the wrecks of the German ships sunk in the Battle of the Falkland Islands.[56] In an act of reconciliation, descendants of Vice Admiral Graf Max von Spee, Vice-Admiral Doveton Sturdee and Rear-Admiral Sir Christopher Cradock attend a remembrance service in Stanley.[57]
  • 2015: The 250th anniversary of the first British settlement is celebrated in the islands.[58]
  • 2016: An agreement is reached between the UK, Argentina and the Falkland Islands Government with the support of the International Red Cross for a project to identify the remains of Argentine soldiers buried in the Argentine Cemetery in the Falkland Islands.[59]
  • 2017: The ICRC anthropology team begins the project to identify fallen Argentine soldiers buried in the Argentine Military Cemetery. As of 2020 the remains of some 115 soldiers have been identified leaving only 10 still to be named.[60]
  • 2018: The Falkland Islands Government publishes its plan for improving the health and wealth of Falkland Islanders.[61] Following on from the identification of 90 fallen Argentine soldiers by the ICRC team some 200 relatives are able to visit the graves of their loved ones for the first time.[62]
  • 2019: An expedition led by Falkland Islander Mensun Bound, discovers the wreck of the SMS Scharnhorst to the North of the Falkland Islands.[56]
  • 2020: COVID-19 pandemic in the Falkland Islands, flights to South America are suspended. Land mine clearance of mines laid in the Falklands War was completed.[63]
  • 2022: Flights to South America recommence following the easing of COVID-19 restrictions.[64] Commemorative services are conducted on the 40th anniversary of the Falklands War.[65] Stanley is granted city status during celebrations for Queen Elizabeth II's Platinum Jubilee.[66]

See also

References

  1. ^ Mary Cawkell; D. H. Maling; E. M. Cawkell (1960). The Falkland Islands. Macmillan. p. 5.
  2. ^ Felix Riesenberg (1950). Cape Horn. Readers Union. p. 45.
  3. ^ see Old Style and New Style dates: the date in brackets the Gregorian Calendar used in Spain but not in England or Scotland at that time
  4. ^ Ratified by the King of Spain on and ratified on 5/15 June 1605 and by King James I on 19/29 August 1604
  5. ^ Davenport, pp. 246– 257
  6. ^ "Treaty between Great Britain and Spain for the settlement of all disputes in America". The National Archives. gov.uk.
  7. ^ Fisher, Margaret Anne; Savelle, Max (1967). The origins of American diplomacy: the international history of Angloamerica, 1492-1763 American diplomatic history series Authors. Macmillan. pp. 66–70.
  8. ^ Capt. Francisco de Seixas y Lovera, Descripcion geographica, y derrotero de la region austral Magallanica. Que se dirige al Rey nuestro señor, gran monarca de España, y sus dominios en Europa, Emperador del Nuevo Mundo Americano, y Rey de los reynos de la Filipinas y Malucas, Madrid, Antonio de Zafra, 1690. (Narrates the discovery of South Georgia by the Englishman Anthony de la Roché in April 1675 (Capítulo IIII Título XIX page 27 or page 99 of pdf); Relevant fragment.)
  9. ISBN 950-754-204-3
    , with an introduction by Professor Pedro Pesatti, Universidad Nacional de Conahue, Argentina: and two prefaces of importance – Discurso preliminar al diario de Viedma, pp. 19–28, and Apuntes históricos de la Isla Pepys, pp. 33–36 with facsimile map, both authored by Pedro de Angelis, on 20 June 1839. De Angelis (b. Naples 1784, d. Buenos Aires 1859) was the historian who created the State Printing Service. He edited the collection of works and documents relative to the ancient and modern history of the provinces of the River Plate in six volumes (1835–1838).
  10. ^ William Ambrosia Cowley. Cowley's Voyage Round the Globe, in Collection of Original Voyages, ed. William Hacke. London: James Knapton, 1699. https://web.archive.org/web/20180120160933/http://www.galapagos.to/TEXTS/COWLEY.HTM
  11. ^
    ISBN 978-0-9550852-8-4
    .
  12. ISBN 978-1-84162-037-4
    .
  13. ^
    ISBN 0-19-504184-4
    .
  14. ISBN 0-7206-0850-3
  15. ^
    ISBN 978-1-78477-618-3
    .
  16. ISBN 978-1-78477-618-3
    .
  17. History.com
    This Day in History. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  18. Falkland Islands Government. "The Falkland Islands Defence Force – a brief history"
    . Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  19. ISBN 978-1-78477-618-3
    .
  20. ISBN 978-1-84162-037-4
    .
  21. ISBN 1-86019-874-0
    .
  22. ^ "Falkland Islands fly the flag for self-determination". Retrieved 2020-11-06.
  23. ^ "UN Milestones 1941–1950". www.un.org. 4 August 2015. Archived from the original on 27 October 2017. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
  24. ^ Laucirica, Jorge O. (Summer–Fall 2000). "Lessons from Failure: The Falklands/Malvinas Conflict" (PDF). Seton Hall Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 21, 2007. Retrieved 2008-11-06.
  25. ^ a b c d Symmons, C. R. "Who Owns the Falkland Island Dependencies in International Law? An Analysis of Certain Recent British and Argentinian Official Statements." The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 33, no. 3 (1984): 726-36. Accessed October 25, 2020. http://www.jstor.org/stable/759166.
  26. ^ "The Issue is the Law". The Times (London). 27 April 1982. p. 13.
  27. ^ a b "Falklands and the "unwelcome visits from (Argentine) aircraft" — MercoPress". En.mercopress.com. Retrieved July 10, 2015.
  28. ^ Franks Report: [1], HMSO published Dec 12 1998, retrieved 14 July 2012
  29. ISSN 0362-4331
    . Retrieved 2020-10-25.
  30. ^ The New York Times: Chile, in a Jab at Britain, Is Suspending Flights to Falklands, published Dec 12 1998, retrieved Aug 6 2010
  31. ^ Los Angeles Times: Halt Falklands Flights, Chile Urges Airlines, published Dec 12 1998, retrieved Aug 6 2010
  32. ISSN 0261-3077
    . Retrieved 2020-10-25.
  33. ^ "Timeline". South Georgia Museum. Retrieved 2020-10-25.
  34. ^ "History of King Edward Point (Station M)". British Antarctic Survey. Retrieved 2020-10-25.
  35. ^ "Falklands War Veterans Pilgrimage Plans and Fund-Raising Go Ahead for 2002". Retrieved 2020-10-25.
  36. ^ "Around Alone...Stamm restarts after keel repairs". www.sail-world.com. Retrieved 2020-10-25.
  37. ^ "Argentine cemetery benefactor visits Falklands to say "thank you" for the joint humanitarian identification program". Retrieved 2020-10-25.
  38. ^ "Falkland Islands Info Portal - Chronology". Archived from the original on 2007-10-06. Retrieved 2013-04-05. Falkland Islands Timeline: A Chronology of events in the history of the Falkland Islands, Accessed 2007-10-02
  39. ^ "Falkland Gold and Minerals Ltd Announcement". Retrieved 2020-10-25.
  40. ^ "BBC NEWS | Special Reports | Falklands Anniversary". Retrieved 2020-10-25.
  41. ^ "Argentina vows Falklands return". 2007-06-14. Retrieved 2020-10-25.
  42. ^ "Britain to claim more than 1m sq km of Antarctica". 2007-10-17. Retrieved 2020-10-25.
  43. ^ "Major-General Sir Jeremy Moore". Retrieved 2020-10-25.
  44. ^ "Falkland Islands: Weekly Penguin News Update". 12 September 2008. Retrieved 12 September 2008.
  45. ^ "Argentina protests Falklands participation in fishing summit". 16 September 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-29.
  46. ^ "Malvinas Families grieve their beloved at Darwin Argentine cemetery". 4 October 2009. Retrieved 4 October 2009.
  47. ^ "Argentina claims vast ocean area". BBC News. 2009-04-22. Retrieved 2009-04-22.
  48. ^ Watson, Lisa. "Sweeping changes in Falkland Islands general election". Retrieved 2020-10-23.
  49. ^ "Drilling for oil begins off the Falkland Islands". BBC News. 22 February 2010. Retrieved 22 February 2010.
  50. ^ Falkland Islands voters overwhelmingly reject single constituency proposal MercoPress, 4 November 2011
  51. ISSN 0261-3077
    . Retrieved 2020-10-23.
  52. ^ "Falkland Islands to hold referendum on political future". Penguin News. 12 June 2012. Archived from the original on 18 June 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
  53. ^ "Electoral Commission to assist with Falklands referendum". Penguin News. 30 August 2012. Archived from the original on 31 January 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
  54. ^ "Falklands' March 10/11 referendum, a democratic exercise of self-determination". MercoPress, South Atlantic News Agency. 26 November 2012. Retrieved 27 November 2012.
  55. ^ Falkland Islands names largest ever squad as 25 athletes set to compete at Glasgow 2014. insidethegames.biz, 2014
  56. ^ a b Daley, Jason. "German Ship Sunk During WWI Found Off Falkland Islands". Retrieved 2020-10-23. {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help)
  57. ^ "Reconciliation and commemoration: 100 years after the Battle of the Falklands German flags fly over Stanley". Retrieved 2020-10-23.
  58. ^ "Falklands celebrates with several events 250 years of British claim over the Islands". Retrieved 2020-10-23.
  59. ^ "UK and Argentina agree to identify Falklands war dead". Retrieved 2020-10-23.
  60. ^ "Falklands: Argentina and UK agree to extend Humanitarian Plan to identify remains in multiple grave". 28 November 2019. 28 November 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  61. ^ "Falkland Islands: An Economic Transformation" (PDF). Falkland Islands Association Newsletter. Falkland Islands Government Policy Department. October 2019. pp. 3–5. Retrieved 2020-10-24.
  62. ^ Relatives of Argentine soldiers killed during the Falklands War visit the Argentine cemetery at Darwin
  63. ^ "Falklands community invited to 'Reclaim the Beach' to celebrate completion of demining – Penguin News". Penguin News. 2020-10-23. Retrieved 2020-10-23.
  64. ^ "LATAM air link to Falklands from Chile normalized after 30 months". 2022-07-04. Retrieved 2022-07-14.
  65. ^ "Falklands ceremony and parade at Liberation Memorial on the 40th anniversary". 2022-06-15. Retrieved 2022-07-14.
  66. ^ "Historic event: Stanley, City status proclamation to a round of applause from some 400 Falkland Islanders". 2022-06-16. Retrieved 2022-07-14.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_history_of_the_Falkland_Islands&oldid=1220225887"