Tom Kahn
Tom Kahn | |
---|---|
Born | Thomas John Marcel September 15, 1938 New York City, New York, U.S. |
Died | March 27, 1992 Silver Spring, Maryland, U.S. | (aged 53)
Other names | T. Kahn Thomas David Kahn Tom Marcel |
Education | Brooklyn College Howard University (BA) |
Tom David Kahn (September 15, 1938 – March 27, 1992) was an American
Kahn was raised in
A leader in the
In 1980 Lane Kirkland appointed Kahn to organize the AFL–CIO's support for the Polish labor-union
Biography
Early life
Kahn was born Thomas John Marcel
Tom Kahn was a civil libertarian who "ran for president of the Student Organization of Erasmus Hall High School in 1955 on a platform calling for the destruction of the student assembly, because it had no power", an election he lost.[2] In high school, he met Rachelle Horowitz,[2] who would become his lifelong friend and political ally.[2][8]
Democratic socialism
At
rolling Russian tanks ... defenceless Hungarian workers and students fighting back with stones ... a heroic people's crushed hopes, and ... our democratic socialist links to those hopes. Freedom, democracy—they were not abstractions; they were real and could therefore be destroyed. Communist totalitarianism was not merely a political force, an ideological aberration that could be smashed in debate; it was a monstrous physical force. Democracy was not merely the icing on the socialist cake. It was the cake—or there was no socialism worth fighting for. And if socialism was worth fighting for here, it was worth fighting for everywhere: socialism was nothing if it was not profoundly internationalist. I do not remember whether that was the night I signed up. But it was the night I became convinced.[10][11]
As young socialists, Kahn's and Horowitz's talents were recognized by Michael Harrington.[2] Harrington had joined Shachtman after working with Dorothy Day's Catholic Worker's house of hospitality in the Bowery of Lower Manhattan. Harrington was about to become famous in the United States for his book on poverty in the United States, The Other America. Kahn idolized Harrington, particularly for his erudition and rhetoric, both in writing and in debate.[12]
Civil rights
As a leader of the American socialist movement, Michael Harrington sent Tom Kahn and Rachelle Horowitz to help
Homosexuality and Bayard Rustin
As a young man, Tom Kahn "was gay but wanted to be straight ... It was a different world then", according to Rachelle Horowitz.[17][18] He had a short relationship with a member of the Young People's Socialist League (YPSL):
Although everyone active in the movement was aware of it, [before 1956] he was never explicitly out of the closet. He took his sexual orientation as an affliction, a source of pain and embarrassment. In part, perhaps, because he was so unreconciled to his longings, he limited himself for a long time to brief encounters. But then he became involved with one of the YPSL's and was compelled to seek the counsel of a psychiatrist to explain his unfamiliar feelings. The diagnosis, he told me, was "you're in love."[19]
Tom Kahn was "very good looking, a very attractive guy" according to longtime socialist David McReynolds,[17] who was also an openly gay New Yorker.[20] Kahn accepted his homosexuality in 1956, the year that Kahn and Horowitz volunteered to help Bayard Rustin with his work in the civil-rights movement. "Once he met Bayard [Rustin], then Kahn knew that he was gay and had this long-term relationship with Bayard, which went through many stages",[17] according to Horowitz, who quoted Kahn's remembrance of Rustin:
When I met him for the first time he was a few years younger than I am now, and I was barely on the edge of manhood. He drew me into a vortex of his endless campaigns and projects ... He introduced me to Bach and Brahms, and to the importance of maintaining a balance in life between the pursuit of our individual pleasures and engagements in, and responsibility for, the social condition. He believed that no class, caste or genre of people were exempt from this obligation.[2]
However, cohabiting in Rustin's apartment proved unsuccessful, and their romantic relationship ended when Kahn enrolled in the
Howard University
Kahn, a white student,
Leadership
Kahn (along with Horowitz and
League for Industrial Democracy
Kahn was Director of the League for Industrial Democracy after 1964. Beginning in 1960, he wrote several LID pamphlets, many of which were published in political journals like Dissent and Commentary, and some of which appeared in anthologies.[29] Kahn's The Economics of Equality LID pamphlet gave an "incisive radical analysis of what it would take to end racial oppression".[30][31]
Student League for Industrial Democracy: Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)
Before Kahn became LID director in 1964, he was involved with the Student League for Industrial Democracy, which became
LID and SDS split in 1965, when SDS voted to remove from its constitution the "exclusion clause" that prohibited membership by communists, against Kahn's arguments.
Kahn's determined style of debate emerged from the socialist movement led by Max Shachtman. Kahn expressed his admiration for Shachtman's intellectual toughness in his 1973 memorial:
"His answers, of course, could not always be correct. But they were on target and always fundamental."[45]
Social Democrats, USA
Kahn and Horowitz were leaders in the Socialist Party USA, and supported its change of name to Social Democrats, USA (SDUSA),[2] despite Harrington's opposition.[46] Ben Wattenberg commented that SDUSA members seemed to be
... ingeniously trying to bury the Soviet Union in a blizzard of letterheads. It seemed that each of Tom's colleagues—Penn Kemble, Carl Gershman, Josh Muravchik and many more—ran a little organization, each with the same interlocking directorate listed on the stationery. Funny thing: The Letterhead Lieutenants did indeed churn up a blizzard, and the Soviet Union is no more.
I never did quite get all the organizational acronyms straight—YPSL, LID, SP, SDA, ISL—but the key words were "democratic", "labor", "young" and, until events redefined it away from their understanding, "socialist". Ultimately, the umbrella group became "Social Democrats, U.S.A", and Tom Kahn was a principal "theoretician."
They talked and wrote endlessly, mostly about communism and democracy, despising the former, adoring the latter. It is easy today to say "anti-communist" and "pro-democracy" in the same breath. But that is because American foreign policy eventually became just such a mixture, thanks in part to those "Yipsels" (Young People's Socialist League), with Tom Kahn as provocateur-at-large.
On the conservative side, foreign policy used to be anti-communist, but not very pro-democracy. And foreign policy liberal-style might be piously pro-democracy, but nervous about being anti-communist. Tom theorized that to be either, you had to be both.
It was tough for labor-liberal intellectuals to be "anti-communist" in the 1970s. It meant being taunted as "Cold Warriors" who saw "Commies under every bed" and being labeled as—the unkindest cut—"right-wingers".[47]
Kahn worked as a senior assistant and speechwriter for Senator
Estrangement with Harrington
Another protégé of Shachtman's, Michael Harrington, called for an immediate withdrawal of U.S. forces from Vietnam in 1972. His proposal was rejected by the majority, who criticized the war's conduct and called for a negotiated peace treaty, the position associated with Shachtman and Kahn. Harrington resigned his honorary chairmanship of the Socialist Party and organized a caucus for like-minded socialists. The conflict between Kahn and Harrington became "pretty bad", according to Irving Howe.[48]
Harrington handed former SDS activist and New York City journalist
We heard from the gay-lib [gay-liberation] people who want to legalize marriage between boys and boys, and between girls and girls ... We heard from the people who looked like Jacks, acted like Jills, and had the odor of Johns [customers of prostitutes] about them.
This
The blaming of Kahn for Meany's speech and Isserman's scholarship have been criticized by Rachelle Horowitz, Kahn's friend, and by Joshua Muravchik, then an officer of the Young People's Socialist League (1907). According to Horowitz, Meany had many speechwriters—two specialists besides Kahn and even more writers from the AFL–CIO's Committee on Political Education (COPE) Department. Horowitz stated, "It is in fact inconceivable that Kahn wrote those words." She quoted a concurring assessment from Arch Puddington: [Isserman] "assumes that because Kahn was not publicly gay he had to be a gay basher. He never was."[51] According to Muravchik, "there is no reason to believe that Kahn wrote those lines, and Isserman presents none."[52]
Harrington failed to support an anti-discrimination (
AFL–CIO support for free trade-unions
After becoming an assistant to the President of the
Support of Solidarity, the Polish union
Kahn was heavily involved in supporting the Polish labor-movement.[4][5][56][57] The trade union Solidarity (Solidarność) began in 1980. The Soviet-backed Communist regime headed by General Wojciech Jaruzelski declared martial law in December 1981.
In 1980 AFL–CIO President Lane Kirkland appointed Kahn to organize the AFL–CIO's support of Solidarity. The AFL–CIO sought approval in advance from Solidarity's leadership, to avoid jeopardizing their position with unwanted or surprising American help.[4][55][56][58] Politically, the AFL–CIO supported the twenty-one demands of the Gdansk workers, by lobbying to stop further U.S. loans to Poland unless those demands were met. Materially, the AFL–CIO established the Polish Workers Aid Fund. By 1981 it had raised almost $300,000,[56] which was used to purchase printing presses and office supplies. The AFL–CIO donated typewriters, duplicating machines, a minibus, an offset press, and other supplies requested by Solidarity.[4][55][56][58]
It is up to Solidarity ... to define the aid they need. Solidarity made its needs known, with courage, with clarity, and publicly. As you know, the AFL–CIO responded by establishing a fund for the purchase of equipment requested by Solidarity and we have raised about a quarter of a million dollars for that fund.
This effort has elicited from the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, and Bulgaria the most massive and vicious propaganda assault ... in many, many years. The ominous tone of the most recent attacks leaves no doubt that if the Soviet Union invades, it shall cite the aid of the AFL–CIO as evidence of outside anti-Socialist intervention.[59]
All this is by way of introducing the AFL–CIO's position on economic aid to Poland. In formulating this position, our first concern was to consult our friends in Solidarity ... and their views are reflected in the statement unanimously adopted by the AFL–CIO Executive Council:
The AFL–CIO will support additional aid to Poland only if it is conditioned on the adherence of the Polish government to the 21 points of the Gdansk Agreement. Only then could we be assured that the Polish workers will be in a position to defend their gains and to struggle for a fair share of the benefits of Western aid.[60]
In testimony to the Joint Congressional Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, Kahn suggested policies to support the Polish people, in particular by supporting Solidarity's demand that the Communist regime finally establish legality, by respecting the twenty-one rights guaranteed by the Polish constitution.[61]
The AFL–CIO's support enraged the Communist regimes of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, and worried the
The AFL–CIO's autonomous support of Solidarity was so successful that by 1984 both Democrats and Republicans agreed that it deserved public support. The AFL–CIO's example of open support was deemed to be appropriate for a democracy, and much more suitable than the clandestine funding through the CIA that had occurred before 1970.
Director of the AFL–CIO's Department of International Affairs
In 1986 Kahn became the Director of the AFL–CIO Department of International Affairs, where he implemented Kirkland's program of having a consensus foreign policy. Working with leaders from member unions, Kahn helped to draft resolutions that represented consensus decisions for nearly all issues.[67]
Kahn acted as Director of the AFL–CIO's
Living with AIDS
Earlier in 1986, Kahn had learned that he was infected with
Kahn died from
Works
- "The Power of the March — And After," Dissent, vol. 10, no. 4 (Autumn 1963), pp. 316–320.
- "Problems of the Negro Movement," Dissent, vol. 11, no. 1 (Winter 1964), pp. 108–138.
- The Economics of Equality. Foreword by A. Philip Randolph and Michael Harrington. New York: League for Industrial Democracy, 1964.
- From Protest to Politics: The Future of the Civil Rights Movement. New York: League for Industrial Democracy, Feb. 1965. —Ghost written by Kahn, according to Horowitz (2007), pp. 223–224.
- "Problems of the Negro Movement," in Irving Howe (ed.), The Radical Papers. Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Co., 1966; pp. 144–169.
- "Direct Action and Democratic Values," Dissent, vol. 13, no. 1, whole no. 50 (Jan.-Feb. 1966), pp. 22–30.
- "The Riots and the Radicals," Dissent, vol. 14, no. 5, whole no. 60 (Sept.-Oct. 1967), pp. 517–526.
- "The Problem of the New Left," Commentary, vol. 42 (July 1966), pp. 30–38.
- "Max Shachtman: His Ideas and His Movement," Archived 2010-06-20 at the Wayback Machine New America, Nov. 15, 1972.
- "Farewell to a Decade of Illusions," New America, vol. 11 (Dec. 1980), pp. 6–9.
- "How to Support Solidarnosc: A Debate." With Norman Podhoretz; introduction by Midge Decter; moderated by Carl Gershman. Democratiya, vol. 13 (Summer 2008), pp. 230–261.
- "Moral Duty," Transaction, vol. 19, no. 3 (March 1982), pg. 51.
- "Beyond the Double Standard: A Social Democratic View of the Authoritarianism versus Totalitarianism Debate," New America, July 1985. —Speech of January 1985.
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g Saxon (1992)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Horowitz (2007)
- ^ a b Rustin, Bayard (February 1965). "From protest to politics: The future of the civil rights movement". Commentary.
- ^ a b c d e Bernstein (1992)
- ^ a b c Domber (2008, pp. 103, 131–132, 135, 205–209, 216, 342)
- ^ a b c Hardesty (1992)
- ^ Horowitz (2007, p. unpaginated source)
- ^ a b c d e Kastor (1992)
- ISBN 0-391-03816-8.
- ^ Horowitz (2007, p. 210)
- ^ Kahn (2007, pp. 254–255)
- ^ Horowitz (2007, p. 211)
- ^ Horowitz (2007, p. 213)
- ^ Isserman (2000, p. 159)
- ^ Isserman (2000, p. 160)
- ^ Isserman (1987)
- ^ a b c D'Emilio (2003, p. 278)
- ^ In the 1950s, "[Gay men] were not in the closet—[they] were in the basement—Under the basement!" stated musician Quincy Troupe; "the vast majority of gay people were locked away in painful isolation and fear, doing everything possible not to declare themselves", according to Martin Duberman, as quoted in Phelps (2007, pp. 2–3).
- ^ Muravchik, Joshua (January 2006). "Comrades". Commentary Magazine. Retrieved 15 June 2007.
- ^ Phelps (2007, p. 10) discusses both McReynolds and Kahn on the same page, in his discussion of the culture of young socialists in the 1950s.
- ^ D'Emilio (2003, p. 320)
- ^ JSTOR 25091592.
- ^ ISBN 9781438134369.
- ^ a b Puddington (1992, p. 43)
- ^ Carson (1981, p. 263)
- ^ Cartledge (2009, p. 3).
- ISBN 978-0-520-05505-6
- ^ Anderson (1997) and D'Emilio (2003)
- ^ Johnpoll, Bernard K.; Yerburgh, Mark R. (1980). The League for Industrial Democracy: A documentary history. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
- ^ Solidarity: "A socialist, feminist, anti-racist organization".
- ISBN 0-472-08331-7.
- ^ Miller (1987, pp. 24–25, 37, 74–75: c.f., pp. 55, 66–70)
- ^ a b Gitlin, p. 119.
- ^ Sale (1973, pp. 22–25)
- ^ Miller (1987, pp. 75–76, 112–116, 127–132, c.f. p. 107)
- ^ Sale (1973, p. 105)
- ^ Todd Gitlin later acknowledged that LID Director Tom Kahn, "to his credit", was correct in opposing that deletion, which helped Marxist Leninists to take over SDS, in discussion with Irving Howe (Howe 2010, p. 88).
- ^ Sale (1973, pp. 25–26)
- ^ a b Gitlin (1987, p. 191)
- ^ Sale (1973, p. 287)
Sale described an "all‑out invasion of SDS by the Progressive Labor Party. PLers—concentrated chiefly in Boston, New York, and California, with some strength in Chicago and Michigan—were positively cyclotronic in their ability to split and splinter chapter organizations: if it wasn't their self‑righteous positiveness it was their caucus‑controlled rigidity, if not their deliberate disruptiveness it was their overt bids for control, if not their repetitious appeals for base‑building it was their unrelenting Marxism". (Sale 1973, p. 253)
- ^ "The student radicals had gamely resisted the resurrected Marxist-Leninist sects ..." (Miller 1987, p. 258); "for more than a year, SDS had been the target of a takeover attempt by the Progressive Labor Party, a Marxist-Leninist cadre of Maoists" (Miller 1987, p. 284). Marxist Leninists are described further by Miller (1987, pp. 228, 231, 240, and 254: c.f., p. 268).
- ^ Sale wrote, "SDS papers and pamphlets talked of 'armed struggle,' 'disciplined cadre,' 'white fighting force,' and the need for 'a communist party that can guide this movement to victory'; SDS leaders and publications quoted Mao and Lenin and Ho Chi Minh more regularly than Jenminh Jih Pao. and a few of them even sought to say a few good words for Stalin" (Sale 1973, p. 269).
- ^ Gitlin (1987, p. 149)
- ^ Kahn (2007, p. 257)
- ^ After resigning from SDUSA in 1973, Harrington then founded the Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee (Isserman 2000, pp. 424, footnotes 52–53).
- ^ a b Wattenberg (1992)
- ^ a b Howe (2010, p. 305):
Despite his having sided with Harrington against Kahn and Shachtman, Howe considered Tom Kahn as "a very talented fellow"—"One of the most talented around that milieu" (Howe 2010, p. 294) and "quite as smart as I, maybe smarter" (Howe 2010, p. 189).
- ^ Newfield (2002, p. 66):ISBN 978-0-312-26900-5.
Newfield was one of the early leaders of SDS, who participated in the drafting of the Port Huron Statement. His autobiography states that Tom Kahn was called a "traitor" by Tom Hayden, who threw a pencil at Kahn; Newfield thought that Hayden was poised physically to assault Kahn (Newfield 2002, p. 66).
According to Hayden's memoir, Kahn was "slender, sallow, and the first gay man" he had met (Hayden 1989, p. 88); Kahn's being gay "made him a wimp" in Hayden's 1962 judgment (Hayden 1989, p. 88). Hayden remembers having a phobia against meeting Kahn in Rustin's apartment (Hayden 1989, p. 88).
Hayden, Tom (1989). Reunion: A memoir. Collier Books.
ISBN 978-0-02-033105-6.: - ^ Isserman (2000, p. 298)
- ^ Horowitz (2005, footnote 58, pp. 249–250)
- ^ Muravchik, Joshua (August 28, 2000). "Socialists of America, disunited". The Weekly Standard.
- ^ Isserman (2000, p. 424, footnote 61)
- ^ Isserman (2000, pp. 353 and 430)
- ^ a b c d The prospects of Solidarity and the morality of aiding Solidarity were debated by neo-conservative Podhoretz, who opposed aid to Solidarity as aiding the Soviet Union and failing to help the Polish people, and Kahn, who favored U.S. financial support of Poland only if Poland agreed to allow free labor-unions and freedom of the press, among other demands. (Kahn & Podhoretz 2008)
- ^ a b c d e f Shevis (1981, p. 31).
- ^ Thiel (2010)
- ^ a b c d Gershman, Carl (August 29, 2011). "Remarks by Carl Gershman at a photo exhibition commemorating the 30th anniversary of the founding of Solidarity (The phenomenon of Solidarity: Pictures from the history of Poland, 1980-1981; Woodrow Wilson Center)" (html). Washington D.C.: National Endowment for Democracy. Archived from the original on October 11, 2011. Retrieved June 28, 2021.
- ^ Opening statement by Tom Kahn in (Kahn & Podhoretz 2008, p. 233)
- ^ Opening statement by Tom Kahn in Kahn & Podhoretz (2008, p. 235)
- S2CID 189883236.
- ^ Shevis (1981, p. 32)
- ^ "Secretary of State Muskie rushed in to assure First Secretary Brezhnev that the Carter Administration would have nothing to do with it", wrote Puddington (1992, p. 42)
- ^ "The AFL–CIO had channeled more than $4 million to it, including computers, printing presses, and supplies" according to Horowitz (2005, p. 237).
- ^ Puddington (2005)
- ^ Pear, Robert (10 July 1988). "U.S. supporting Solidarity fight". Albany Times Union. Albany, NY. Archived from the original on 25 January 2013. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
- ^ Horowitz (2007, pp. 243–244)
- ^ Puddington (2005k, p. 182)
- ^ a b Horowitz (2007, p. 239)
References
- Anderson, Jervis (1997). Bayard Rustin: Troubles I've seen. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 978-0-06-016702-8.
- Bernstein, Carl (February 24, 1992). "The holy alliance: Ronald Reagan and John Paul II; How Reagan and the Pope conspired to assist Poland's Solidarity movement and hasten the demise of Communism". Time (U.S. ed.). pp. 28–35.
- Carson, Clayborne (1981). In struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-44727-1.
- Cartledge, Connie L. (2009). "Tom Kahn papers: A finding aid to the collection in the Library of Congress" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. MSS85310.
- ISBN 0-226-14269-8
- Domber, Gregory F. (2008). Supporting the revolution: America, democracy, and the end of the Cold War in Poland, 1981–1989 (Ph.D. dissertation (12 September 2007), ISBN 9781469618517.
- ISBN 0-553-37212-2.
- Hardesty, Rex (28 March 1992). "Tom Kahn obituary". PR Newswire. News release from the "AFL–CIO International [Affairs Department]". Washington. Archived from the original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
- Horowitz, Rachelle (2005). "Tom Kahn and the fight for democracy: A political portrait and personal recollection". Archived from the original on March 3, 2011.
- Horowitz, Rachelle (Winter 2007). "Archive: The Life of Tom Khan" (PDF). Democratiya (Merged with Dissent in 2009). 11: 204–251. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-20.
- ISBN 978-1-55753-551-1.
- ISBN 0-465-03197-8.
- ISBN 1-58648-036-7.
- Kahn, Tom (2007) [1973]. "Max Shachtman: His ideas and his movement" (PDF). Democratiya (Merged with Dissent in 2009). 11 (Winter): 252–259. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-20.
- Kahn, Tom; Podhoretz, Norman (Summer 2008). "How to support Solidarnosc: A debate" (PDF). Democratiya (Merged with Dissent in 2009). 13. sponsored by the Committee for the Free World and the League for Industrial Democracy, with introduction by Midge Decter and moderation by Carl Gershman, and held at the Polish Institute for Arts and Sciences, New York City in March 1981: 230–261. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-20.
- Kastor, Elizabeth (12 August 1992). "A death in the office: AIDS took Tom Kahn. For his co-workers, the pain goes on". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. p. C1. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
- Miller, James (1987). Democracy is in the streets: From Port Huron to the siege of Chicago (1994 ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-19725-1.
- Commentary Magazine. Retrieved 15 June 2007.
- Phelps, Christopher (January 2007). "A neglected document on socialism and sex (Appendix reprinting: H. L. Small, "Socialism and sex", Young Socialist (Winter 1952) p. 21)". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 16 (1): 1–13. .
- Puddington, Arch (July 1992). "A hero of the cold war". The American Spectator. 25 (7): 42–44.
- Puddington, Arch (2005). "Surviving the underground: How American unions helped Solidarity win". American Educator (Summer). American Federation of Teachers. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
- Puddington, Arch (2005k). Lane Kirkland: Champion of American labor. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 73, 134, 176, 182, 186, and 206. ISBN 0-471-41694-0.
- Sale, Kirkpatrick (1973). SDS (PDF). Vintage Books. ISBN 0-39471-965-4. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2012-05-14.
- Saxon, Wolfgang (1 April 1992). "Tom Kahn, leader in labor and rights movements, was 53". New York Times.
- Shevis, James M. (1981). "The AFL-CIO and Poland's Solidarity". World Affairs. 144 (1, Summer). World Affairs Institute: 31–35. JSTOR 20671880.
- Thiel, Rainer (2010). "U.S. democracy assistance in the Polish liberalization process 1980-1989 (Chapter 6)". Nested games of external democracy promotion: The United States and the Polish liberalization 1980–1989. VS Verlag. pp. 179–235, especially 204 and 231. ISBN 978-3-531-17769-4.
- Wattenberg, Ben (22 April 1992). "A man whose ideas helped change the world". Baltimore Sun. Syndicated: (Thursday 23 April 1993). "Remembering a man who mattered". The Indiana Gazette p. 2 (pdf format). Retrieved 19 November 2011.
Further reading
- Chenoweth, Eric (Summer 1992). "The gallant warrior: In memoriam Tom Kahn" (PDF). Uncaptive Minds: A Journal of Information and Opinion on Eastern Europe. 5 (2 (issue 20)). Washington DC: Institute for Democracy in Eastern Europe (IDEE): 5–16. ISSN 0897-9669. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2015-10-19.
- Chenoweth, Eric (October 2010). "AFL-CIO support for Solidarity: Political, financial, moral". Washington DC: Institute for Democracy in Eastern Europe (IDEE).
External links
Photographs
- Picture of Tom Kahn—with Rachelle Horowitz, James Farmer (CORE leader), and Ernest Green—at 1964 World's Fair, protesting poverty, before their arrest. in Levine, Daniel (2000). Bayard Rustin and the civil rights movement. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. p. 352. ISBN 0-8135-2718-X.
- Tom Kahn with Donald Slaiman of Social Democrats, USA Archived 2011-07-13 at the Wayback Machine.