Shirley Chisholm

Shirley Anita Chisholm (

Shirley Anita St. Hill was born to immigrant parents on November 30, 1924, in Brooklyn, New York City. She was of Afro-Guyanese and Afro-Barbadian descent.^[10] She had three younger sisters,^[11] two born within three years of her and one later.^[12] Her father, Charles Christopher St. Hill, was born in British Guiana^[13] before moving to Barbados.^[12] He arrived in New York City via Antilla, Cuba, in 1923.^[13] Her mother, Ruby Seale, was born in Christ Church, Barbados and arrived in New York City in 1921.^[14]

Charles St. Hill was a laborer who worked in a factory that made burlap bags and as a baker's helper. Ruby St. Hill was a skilled seamstress and domestic worker who experienced the difficulty of working outside the home while simultaneously raising her children.^[15][16] As a consequence, in November 1929, when Shirley turned five, she and her two sisters were sent to Barbados on the MS Vulcania to live with their maternal grandmother, Emaline Seale.^[16] Shirley later said, "Granny gave me strength, dignity, and love. I learned from an early age that I was somebody. I didn't need the black revolution to teach me that."^[17] Shirley and her sisters lived on their grandmother's farm in the Vauxhall village in Christ Church, where Shirley attended a one-room schoolhouse.^[18] She returned to the United States in 1934, arriving in New York on May 19 aboard the SS Nerissa.^[19] As a result of her time in Barbados, Shirley spoke with a West Indian accent throughout her life.^[11] In her 1970 autobiography, Unbought and Unbossed, she wrote: "Years later I would know what an important gift my parents had given me by seeing to it that I had my early education in the strict, traditional, British-style schools of Barbados. If I speak and write easily now, that early education is the main reason."^[20] In addition, she belonged to the Quaker Brethren sect found in the West Indies, and religion became important to her; however, later in life, she attended services in a Methodist church.^[21] As a result of her time on the island, and despite her U.S. birth, she always would consider herself a Barbadian American.^[22]

Beginning in 1939, she attended

She earned her Bachelor of Arts from Brooklyn College in 1946, majoring in sociology and minoring in Spanish^[25] (a language that she would employ at times during her political career).^[26] She won prizes for her debating skills^[15] and graduated cum laude.^[27] During her time at Brooklyn College, she was a member of Delta Sigma Theta sorority and the Harriet Tubman Society.^[28] As a member of the Harriet Tubman Society, she advocated for inclusion (specifically in terms of the integration of black soldiers in the military during World War II), the addition of courses that focused on African-American history and the involvement of more women in the student government.^[29] However, this was not her first introduction to activism or politics. Growing up, she was surrounded by politics, as her father was an avid supporter of Marcus Garvey's and a dedicated supporter of the rights of trade union members.^[29] She saw her community advocate for its rights as she witnessed the Barbados workers' and anti-colonial independence movements.^[29]

She met Conrad O. Chisholm in the late 1940s.^[30] He had migrated to the United States from Jamaica in 1946, and he later became a private investigator who specialized in negligence-based lawsuits.^[31] They married in 1949 in a large West Indian-style wedding.^[31] She subsequently suffered two miscarriages, and, to their disappointment, the couple would have no children;^[32] although, in the view of scholar Julie Gallagher, it is possible that her career goals played a role in this outcome as well.^[33]: 395

After graduating from college, Chisholm began working as a teacher's aide at the Mt. Calvary Child Care Center in Harlem.

From 1953 to 1954, she was director of the Friend in Need Nursery,[35] located in Brownsville, Brooklyn,^[15] and then, from 1954 to 1959, she was director of the Hamilton-Madison Child Care Center,^[35] located in Lower Manhattan.^[15] At the latter, there were 130 children between the ages of three and seven, and 24 employees reported to her.^[35] From 1959 to 1964, she was an educational consultant for the Division of Day Care in New York City's Bureau of Child Welfare.^[15] There, she was in charge of supervising ten day-care centers as well as starting up new ones.^[36] She became an authority on early education and child-welfare issues.^[15]

Chisholm entered the world of politics in 1953, when she joined Wesley "Mac" Holder's effort to elect Lewis Flagg Jr. to the bench as the first black judge in Brooklyn.^[33]: 395 The Flagg election group later transformed into the Bedford–Stuyvesant Political League (BSPL).^[33]: 395 The BSPL pushed candidates to support civil rights, fought against racial discrimination in housing, and sought to improve economic opportunities and services in Brooklyn.^[33]: 395 Chisholm eventually left the group around 1958 after clashing with Holder over Chisholm's push to give female members of the group more input in decision-making.^{[33]: 395–396}

She also worked as a volunteer for white-dominated political clubs in Brooklyn, like the Brooklyn Democratic Clubs and the League of Women Voters.^[37][38] With the Political League, she was part of a committee that chose the recipient of its annual Brotherhood Award.^[39] She also was a representative of the Brooklyn branch of the National Association of College Women.^[40] Furthermore, within the political organizations that she joined, Chisholm sought to make meaningful changes to the structure and make-up of the organizations, specifically the Brooklyn Democratic Clubs, which resulted in her being able to recruit more people of color into the 17th District Club and, thus, local politics.^[29]

In 1960, Chisholm joined a new organization, the Unity Democratic Club (UDC), led by former Flagg campaign member Thomas R. Jones.^[33]: 396 The UDC's membership was mostly middle class, racially integrated, and included women in leadership positions.^[33]: 396 Chisholm campaigned for Jones, who lost the election for an assembly seat in 1960, but ran again two years later and won, becoming Brooklyn's second black assemblyman.^{[33]: 396–397}

State legislator

After Jones accepted a judicial appointment rather than seek reelection, Chisholm sought to run for his seat in the New York state assembly in 1964.^[33]: 397 Chisholm faced resistance based on her sex, with the UDC hesitant to support a female candidate.^[33]: 397 Chisholm chose to appeal directly to women, including using her role as Brooklyn branch president of Key Women of America to mobilize female voters.^[33]: 398 Chisholm won the Democratic primary in June 1964.^[33]: 398 She then won the seat in December with over 18,000 votes over Republican and Liberal Party candidates, neither of whom received more than 1,900 votes.^[33]: 398

Chisholm was a member of the New York State Assembly from 1965 to 1968, sitting in the 175th, 176th and 177th New York State Legislatures. By May 1965, she had already been honored in a "Salute to Women Doers" affair in New York.^[42] One of her early activities in the Assembly was to argue against the state's literacy test requiring English, holding that just because a person "functions better in his native language is no sign a person is illiterate".^[43] By early 1966, she was a leader in a push by the statewide Council of Elected Negro Democrats for black representation on key committees in the Assembly.^[44]

Her successes in the legislature included getting unemployment benefits extended to domestic workers.^[45] She also sponsored the introduction of a SEEK program (Search for Education, Elevation and Knowledge) to the state, which provided disadvantaged students with the chance to enter college while receiving intensive remedial education.^[45]

In August 1968, she was elected as the Democratic National Committeewoman from New York State.^[46]

U.S. House of Representatives

Initial election

In 1968, Chisholm ran for the U.S. House of Representatives from New York's 12th congressional district, which, as part of a court-mandated reapportionment plan, had been significantly redrawn to focus on Bedford–Stuyvesant and was thus expected to result in Brooklyn's first black member of Congress.^[48] (Adam Clayton Powell Jr. had, in 1945, become the first black member of Congress from New York City as a whole.) As a result of the redrawing, the white incumbent in the former 12th, Representative Edna F. Kelly, sought reelection in a different district.^[49] Chisholm announced her candidacy around January 1968 and established some early organizational support.^[48] Her campaign slogan was "Unbought and unbossed".^[46][50] In the June 18 Democratic primary, Chisholm defeated two other black opponents, State Senator William S. Thompson and labor official Dollie Robertson.^[49] In the general election, she staged an upset victory^[11] over James Farmer, the former director of the Congress of Racial Equality, who was running as a Liberal Party candidate with Republican support, winning by an approximately two-to-one margin.^[46] Chisholm thereby became the first black woman elected to Congress,^[46] and she was the only woman in the first-year class that year.^[51]

Early terms

Speaker of the House

Initially, Chisholm only hired women for her office; half of them were black.[1] In later years, she did hire some men for both her Washington office and the one in her Brooklyn district.^[53] Chisholm said that she had faced much more discrimination during her New York legislative career because she was a woman than for her race.^[1]

In 1971, Chisholm served as a founding member of both the Congressional Black Caucus and the National Women's Political Caucus.^[11][54] In January 1971, Chisholm was one of 74 U.S. representatives to co-sponsor the House version of the Health Security Act, a bipartisan universal healthcare bill that supported the creation of a government health insurance program to cover every person in America.^[55]

In May 1971, Chisholm and fellow New York Congresswoman

Chisholm began exploring her candidacy in July 1971 and formally announced her presidential bid on January 25, 1972,

Chisholm skipped the initial March 7 New Hampshire contest, instead focusing on the March 14 Florida primary, which she thought would be receptive due to its "blacks, youth, and a strong women's movement".[1] But, due to organizational difficulties and Congressional responsibilities, she only made two campaign trips there and ended with 3.5 percent of the vote for a seventh-place finish.^[1][61] Chisholm had difficulties gaining ballot access, but campaigned or received votes in primaries in fourteen states.^[1] Her largest number of votes came in the June 6 California primary, where she received 157,435 votes for 4.4 percent and a fourth-place finish, while her best percentage in a competitive primary came in the May 6 North Carolina contest, where she got 7.5 percent for a third-place finish.^[61] Overall, she won 28 delegates during the primaries process itself.^[1][62] Chisholm's base of support was ethnically diverse and included the National Organization for Women. Betty Friedan and Gloria Steinem attempted to run as Chisholm delegates in New York.^[1] Altogether, during the primary season, she received 430,703 votes, which was 2.7 percent of the total of nearly 16 million cast and represented seventh place among the Democratic contenders.^[61] In June, Chisholm became the first woman to appear in a United States presidential debate.^[63]

At the 1972 Democratic National Convention in Miami Beach, Florida, there were still efforts taking place by the campaign of former Vice President Hubert Humphrey to stop the nomination of Senator George McGovern for president. After that failed and McGovern's nomination was assured, as a symbolic gesture, Humphrey released his black delegates to Chisholm.^[64] This, combined with defections from disenchanted delegates from other candidates, as well as the delegates that she had won in the primaries, gave her a total of 152 first-ballot votes for the presidential nomination during the July 12 roll call.^[1] (Her precise total was 151.95.^[61]) Her largest support overall came from Ohio, with 23 delegates (slightly more than half of them white),^[65] even though she had not been on the ballot in the May 2 primary there.^[1][61] Her total gave her fourth place in the roll-call tally, behind McGovern's winning total of 1,728 delegates.^[61] Chisholm said that she ran for office "in spite of hopeless odds ... to demonstrate the sheer will and refusal to accept the status quo".^[30]

It is sometimes stated that Chisholm won a primary in 1972, or won three states overall, with New Jersey, Louisiana and Mississippi being so identified.^[66] None of these fit the usual definition of winning a plurality of the contested popular vote or delegate allocations at the time of a state primary, caucus or state convention. In the June 6 New Jersey primary, there was a complex ballot that featured both a delegate-selection vote and a non-binding, non-delegate-producing "beauty contest" presidential preference vote.^[67] In the delegate-selection vote, Democratic front-runner McGovern defeated his main rival at that point, Humphrey, and won the large share of available delegates.^[67] Of the Democratic candidates, only Chisholm and former North Carolina governor Terry Sanford were on the statewide preference ballot.^[67] Sanford had withdrawn from the contest three weeks earlier.^[68] In that non-binding preference tally, which the Associated Press described as "meaningless",^[69] Chisholm received the majority of votes:^[67] 51,433, which was 66.9 percent.^[61] During the actual balloting at the national convention, Chisholm received votes from only 4 of New Jersey's 109 delegates, with 89 going to McGovern.^[61]

In the May 13 Louisiana caucuses, there was a battle between forces of McGovern and Alabama governor George Wallace; nearly all of the delegates chosen were those who identified as uncommitted, many of them black.^[70] Leading up to the convention, McGovern was thought to control 20 of Louisiana's 44 delegates, with most of the rest uncommitted.^[71] During the actual roll call at the national convention, Louisiana passed at first, then cast 18.5 of its 44 votes for Chisholm, with the next-best finishers being McGovern and Senator Henry M. Jackson with 10.25 each.^[61][65] As one delegate explained, "Our strategy was to give Shirley our votes for sentimental reasons on the first ballot. However, if our votes would have made the difference, we would have gone with McGovern."^[65] In Mississippi, there were two rival party factions that each selected delegates at their own state conventions and caucuses: "regulars", representing the mostly white state Democratic Party, and "loyalists", representing many blacks and white liberals.^[71][72] Each slate professed to be largely uncommitted, but the regulars were thought to favor Wallace and the loyalists McGovern.^[72] By the time of the national convention, the loyalists were seated following a credentials challenge, and their delegates were characterized as mostly supporting McGovern, with some support for Humphrey.^[71] During the convention, some McGovern delegates became angry about what they saw as statements from McGovern that backed away from his commitment to end U.S. involvement in Southeast Asia, and cast protest votes for Chisholm as a result.^[73] During the actual balloting, Mississippi went in the first half of the roll call, and cast 12 of its 25 votes for Chisholm, with McGovern coming next with 10 votes.^[61]

During the campaign, the German filmmaker Peter Lilienthal shot the documentary film Shirley Chisholm for President for the German television channel ZDF.^[74]

Later terms

Chisholm created controversy when she visited rival and ideological opposite George Wallace in the hospital soon after his shooting in May 1972, during the presidential primary campaign. Several years later, when Chisholm worked on a bill to give domestic workers the right to a minimum wage, Wallace helped gain votes from enough Southern congressmen to push the legislation through the House.^[75]

From 1977 to 1981, during the

Throughout her tenure in Congress, Chisholm worked to improve opportunities for inner-city residents.^{[33]: 393, 402–403} She supported spending increases for education, health care and other social services.^[33]: 403 She was very concerned with instances of discrimination against women, especially those against impoverished women.^[27] She also focused on land rights for Native Americans.^[27]

In the area of national security and foreign policy, Chisholm worked for the revocation of

She was a forceful advocate for the Equal Rights Amendment, believing that the initial value of passing it would be in the social and psychological effects that it would have more than any economic or legal impact.^[79] She did not want the amendment modified to incorporate a provision that would permit laws that purportedly protected the health and safety of women, saying such a modification would continue a traditional avenue of discrimination against women.^[80] Regarding a specific argument made along these lines, that the amendment would require women to be subject to the draft, Chisholm was unperturbed, saying that if there was a draft, women could serve, and that some larger, stronger women might perform better in infantry roles than some smaller, weaker men.^[81]

At the same time, Chisholm was aware of how much of

Chisholm's first marriage ended in a divorce, which was granted on February 4, 1977, in the Dominican Republic.^[82] Later that year, on November 26,^[82] she married Arthur Hardwick Jr., a former New York State Assemblyman whom Chisholm had known when they both served in that body and who was now a Buffalo, New York, liquor-store owner.^[15] The ceremony was held in a Buffalo-area hotel.^[82] She indicated that while her legal name was now Hardwick, she would continue to use Chisholm in politics.^[82] She began spending some of her time in Buffalo, which brought some political criticism that she was being inattentive to her district.^[83]

By the mid- to late-1970s, there was growing dissatisfaction with Chisholm among some liberals in New York state and city politics who felt that Chisholm too often sided with Democratic party bosses over liberal, black or feminist challengers.

External videos
Shirley Chisholm Memorial Service, Congressional Black Caucus, February 15, 2005, C-SPAN[88]

After leaving Congress in January 1983, Chisholm made her home in Williamsville, New York, a suburb of Buffalo.^[89][90] Wanting to resume her career in education, she had hoped to be named a college president, in particular of Medgar Evers College in Brooklyn or of City College of New York in Manhattan, but past political opponents were influential in the selection processes and she received neither post.^[91] Similarly, a move to make her New York City Schools Chancellor was blocked by teachers-union head, and longtime foe, Albert Shanker, and she withdrew from consideration for that position.^[91]

However, she was offered a dozen possible teaching positions at colleges.^[91] She accepted being named to the Purington Chair at the all-women Mount Holyoke College in Massachusetts, a position that she held for the next four years.^[92] She was not a member of any particular department, but was able to teach classes in a variety of areas;^[93] those previously holding the professorship included W. H. Auden, Bertrand Russell and Arna Bontemps.^[89] When questioned why she would want to teach at an institution with mostly affluent whites as students, she replied that she enjoyed the challenge of exposing them to both her feminist viewpoint and her background and experiences.^[94] In addition, during this time, she spent the Spring 1985 semester as a visiting professor at the historically black women's Spelman College in Atlanta.^[21] At Spelman, she taught classes titled "Congress, Power and Politics", where she sought to engage students in questions about representative government, and "History of the Black Woman in America".^[21]

In 1984, Chisholm and C. Delores Tucker co-founded an organization initially known as the National Black Women's Political Caucus. This was established during the vice presidential campaign of Geraldine Ferraro. African-American women from various political organizations convened to set forth a political agenda emphasizing the needs of women of African descent. Chisholm was chosen as its first chair.^[95] Creation of the group represented a split with an earlier organization, the National Black Women's Political Leadership Caucus, which had been co-founded by Tucker in 1971. Following a protest by the earlier group, the new one changed its name to the National Political Congress of Black Women,^[96] later simplified to the National Congress of Black Women.^[97][98]

During those years, she continued to give speeches at colleges, by her own count visiting over 150 campuses since becoming nationally known.^[90] She told students to avoid polarization and intolerance: "If you don't accept others who are different, it means nothing that you've learned calculus."^[90] Continuing to be involved politically, she traveled to visit different minority groups and urge them to become a strong force at the local level.^[90] She campaigned for Jesse Jackson during his 1984 and 1988 presidential campaigns.^[99] In 1990, Chisholm, along with 15 other black women and men, formed African-American Women for Reproductive Freedom.^[100]

Her husband, Arthur Hardwick, died in August 1986.

Chisholm died on January 1, 2005, at her home in

In 2014, the first biography of Chisholm for an adult audience was published, Shirley Chisholm: Catalyst for Change, by Brooklyn College history professor Barbara Winslow, who was also the founder and first director of the Shirley Chisholm Project. Until then, only several juvenile biographies had appeared.[108]

Chisholm's speech "For the Equal Rights Amendment", given in 1970, is listed as number 91 in American Rhetoric's Top 100 Speeches of the 20th Century (listed by rank).^[109][6]

Monuments

The Shirley Chisholm Project on Brooklyn Women's Activism (formerly known as the Shirley Chisholm Center for Research) exists at Brooklyn College to promote research projects and programs on women and to preserve Chisholm's legacy.^[110] The Chisholm Project also houses an archive as part of the Chisholm Papers in the college library Special Collections.^[111][112]

In January 2018, Governor Andrew Cuomo announced his intent to build the Shirley Chisholm State Park, a 407-acre (165 ha) state park along 3.5 miles (5.6 km) of the Jamaica Bay coastline, adjoining the Pennsylvania Avenue and Fountain Avenue landfills south of Spring Creek Park's Gateway Center section. The state park was dedicated to Chisholm that September.^[113][114] The park opened to the public on July 2, 2019.^[115]

In April 2023, the Vauxhall Primary School in Christ Church, Barbados, which was built in 1976 to replace the school where Chisholm received her elementary education, was renamed the Shirley Chisholm Primary School. The renaming ceremony was attended by Chisholm's relatives, and a plaque was unveiled by Barbados Prime Minister Mia Mottley, the island's first female premier. The school's Shirley Chisholm Memorial Garden contains a bust of Chisholm and a colorful mural showcasing her achievements.^[116]

A memorial monument of Chisholm is planned for the entrance to Prospect Park in Brooklyn by Parkside Avenue station, designed by artists Amanda Williams and Olalekan Jeyifous.^[117] After four years of delays and revisions, the project gained approval from the New York City Public Design Commission during 2023.^[118]

Political

Chisholm's legacy came into renewed prominence during the

Chisholm has been a major influence on other women of color in politics, among them California Congresswoman Barbara Lee, who stated in a 2017 interview that Chisholm had a profound impact on her career.^[119] Lee had worked for Chisholm's 1972 presidential campaign.^[26]

By the time of the 50th anniversary of Chisholm entering Congress, The New York Times was headlining "2019 Belongs to Shirley Chisholm", saying that "Chisholm was a one-woman precursor to modern progressive politics" and that she was "enjoying a resurgence of interest 14 years after her death".^[47]

Chisholm has also inspired Vice President Kamala Harris,^[120] who recognized Chisholm's presidential campaign by using similar typography and red-and-yellow color scheme in her own 2020 presidential campaign's promotional materials and logo.^[121] Harris launched her presidential campaign 47 years to the day after Chisholm's presidential campaign.^[122]

In popular culture

Actress

In November 2020, Danai Gurira was cast as Shirley Chisholm in The Fighting Shirley Chisholm, directed by Cherien Dabis, about her 1972 run for president.^{[125][126][127]} However, as of 2024, the film had not appeared,^[128] and it was still considered to be in development.^[129]

Another film, Shirley, was announced in February 2021, with Regina King as Chisholm and John Ridley directing.^[130] Also announced in the cast were Lance Reddick, Lucas Hedges, Amirah Vahn, André Holland, Christina Jackson, Michael Cherrie, Dorian Missick, W. Earl Brown and Terrence Howard.^[131] Shirley was released on Netflix in March 2024.^[128]

Chisholm was also heavily featured in Mel Brooks's 2023 satirical television series History of the World, Part II, played by Wanda Sykes. Segments throughout the series loosely detailed Chisholm's presidential bid stylized as episodes of Shirley!, a fictional 1970s sitcom. The episodes "starred" other members of Chisholm's family and friends, including Conrad Chisholm (Colton Dunn), Florynce Kennedy (Kym Whitley) and Ruby Seale (Marla Gibbs).^[132]

Honors and awards

American honors

• President Barack Obama at a ceremony in the White House.^[133]
  – November 2015.
• William L. Dawson Award by the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation^[134]
  – 1982

• In 1974, Chisholm was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Laws degree by Aquinas College and was their commencement speaker.^[135]
• In 1975, Chisholm was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Laws degree by Smith College.^[136]
• In 1981, Chisholm was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Laws degree by Mount Holyoke College.^[137]
• In 1996, Chisholm was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Laws Degree by Stetson University, in Deland, Florida.^[138]

Other recognition

• In 1991, Chisholm was the commencement speaker at
  East Stroudsburg University in East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, where she received the first-ever conferred honorary doctorate from the university. An annual ESU student award was created in her honor.^[139]
• In 1993, she was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.^[140]
• In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante included Shirley Chisholm on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans.
• On January 31, 2014, the Shirley Chisholm
  Forever Stamp was issued.^[141]
  It is the 37th stamp in the Black Heritage series of U.S. stamps.
• The Shirley Chisholm Living-Learning Community at Mount Holyoke College in South Hadley, Massachusetts is a residential hall floor where students of African descent can choose to live.^[142]

Books

Chisholm wrote two autobiographies:

• Chisholm, Shirley (1970). Unbought and Unbossed. Houghton Mifflin.
  ISBN 978-0-395-10932-8
  • Chisholm, Shirley (2010). Scott Simpson (ed.). Unbought and Unbossed: Expanded 40th Anniversary Edition. Take Root Media.
    ISBN 978-0-9800590-2-1
• Chisholm, Shirley (1973). The Good Fight. Harper Collins.
  ISBN 978-0-06-010764-2

• List of African-American United States representatives
• Politics of New York City
• United States House of Representatives
• Women in the United States House of Representatives

Explanatory notes

Citations

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p} Freeman, Jo (February 2005). "Shirley Chisholm's 1972 Presidential Campaign". University of Illinois at Chicago Women's History Project. Archived from the original on November 11, 2014.
2. ISBN 978-0-8130-6948-7
   . Retrieved August 22, 2023.
3. S2CID 142146607
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4. S2CID 259517966
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5. ISBN 978-0-8147-3312-7
   , retrieved August 22, 2023
6. ^ ^{a b} Eidenmuller, Michael E. (August 10, 1970). "Shirley Chisholm – For the Equal Rights Amendment (Aug 10, 1970)". American Rhetoric. Archived from the original on October 21, 2015. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
7. ^ "Shirley Chisholm, "For the Equal Rights Amendment," Speech Text". Voices of Democracy. Retrieved August 22, 2023.
8. S2CID 259517966
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9. JSTOR 41067044
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10. ^ Brooks-Bertram and Nevergold, Uncrowned Queens, p. 146.
11. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} Moran, Sheila (April 8, 1972). "Shirley Chisholm's running no matter what it costs her". The Free Lance-Star. Fredericksburg, Virginia. Associated Press. p. 16A. Archived from the original on October 18, 2020. Retrieved August 21, 2020.
12. ^ ^{a b} Winslow, Shirley Chisholm, pp. 7–8.
13. ^ ^{a b} "New York Passenger Lists, 1850 -1957 [database on-line]". United States: The Generations Network. April 10, 1923. Archived from the original on October 7, 2009. Retrieved July 20, 2008.
14. ^ "New York Passenger Lists, 1820–1957 [database on-line]". United States: The Generations Network. March 8, 1921. Archived from the original on October 7, 2009. Retrieved July 7, 2008.
15. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m} Barron, James (January 3, 2005). "Shirley Chisholm, 'Unbossed' Pioneer in Congress, Is Dead at 80". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 7, 2021. Retrieved February 12, 2017.
16. ^ ^{a b} Winslow, Shirley Chisholm, p. 9.
17. ^ Lesher, Stephan (June 25, 1972). "The Short, Unhappy Life of Black Presidential Politics, 1972" (PDF). The New York Times Magazine. p. 12. Archived from the original on December 7, 2021. Retrieved June 15, 2018.
18. ^ Winslow, Shirley Chisholm, pp. 10–12.
19. ^ "New York Passenger Lists, 1820–1957 [database on-line]". United States: The Generations Network. May 19, 1934. Archived from the original on October 7, 2009. Retrieved July 20, 2008.
20. ^ Chisholm, Unbought and Unbossed, pp. 7–8.
21. ^
    Newspapers.com
    .
22. ^ Winslow, Shirley Chisholm, p. 5.
23. ^ Shirley Chisholm, Unbought and Unbossed: Expanded 40th Anniversary Edition, Take Root Media, 2010, p. 38.
24. ^ ^{a b} Winslow, Shirley Chisholm, p. 21.
25. ^ Winslow, Shirley Chisholm, pp. 22, 24.
26. ^ ^{a b} "Before Hillary Clinton, there was Shirley Chisholm", Rajini Vaidyanathan BBC News, Washington, January 26, 2016.
27. ^
    Newspapers.com
    .
28. ^ "Shirley Chisholm | C-SPAN.org". www.c-span.org. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved April 30, 2020.
29. ^ ^{a b c d} mosesm (May 24, 2012). "Shirley Chisholm, CUNY and U.S. History". PSC CUNY. Archived from the original on April 20, 2020. Retrieved March 8, 2020.
30. ^ ^{a b c d e} "Shirley Chisholm, first black woman elected to Congress, dies". USA Today. Associated Press. January 2, 2005. Archived from the original on July 6, 2012. Retrieved September 11, 2017.
31. ^ ^{a b c} "Conrad Chisholm Content To Be Candidate's Husband". Sarasota Journal. Associated Press. February 29, 1972. p. 3B. Archived from the original on October 16, 2020. Retrieved August 21, 2020.
32. ^ Winslow, Shirley Chisholm, pp. 27–28, 34.
33. ^
    S2CID 140827104
    .
34. ^ ^{a b c} Winslow, Shirley Chisholm, p. 26.
35. ^ ^{a b c} Winslow, Shirley Chisholm, p. 28.
36. ^ Winslow, Shirley Chisholm, p. 34.
37. ^ Moran, Sheila (April 8, 1972). "Shirley Chisholm's running no matter what it costs her". The Free Lance–Star. Fredericksburg, Virginia. Associated Press. p. 16A. Archived from the original on October 18, 2020. Retrieved August 21, 2020.
38. ^ mosesm (May 24, 2012). "Shirley Chisholm, CUNY and U.S. History". PSC CUNY. Archived from the original on April 20, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
39. Newspapers.com
    .
40. Newspapers.com
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41. ^ Winslow, Shirley Chisholm, p. 44. See also Chisholm, Unbought and Unbossed, pp. 70–71.
42. Newspapers.com
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43. Newspapers.com
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General and cited references

• Brooks-Bertram, Peggy; Nevergold, Barbara A. (2009). Uncrowned Queens, Volume 3: African American Women Community Builders of Western New York. In Commemoration of the Centennial of the Niagara Movement. Buffalo, New York.
  ISBN 978-0-9722977-2-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
  )
• Winslow, Barbara (2014). Shirley Chisholm: Catalyst for Change. Lives of American Women. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
  ISBN 978-0-8133-4769-1
  .

Attribution

This article incorporates material from the

Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License but not under the GFDL

.

Further reading

• Fitzpatrick, Ellen (2016). The Highest Glass Ceiling: Women's Quest for the American Presidency. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
  LCCN 2015045620
  .
• Howell, Ron (2018). Boss of Black Brooklyn: The Life and Times of Bertram L. Baker. Bronx, New York: Fordham University Press.
  OCLC 1073190427
  .

External links

Wikiquote has quotations related to Shirley Chisholm.

• Appearances on C-SPAN
• Finding Aid for the Shirley Chisholm '72 Collection held by the Brooklyn College Library Archives and Special Collections
• Video of Shirley Chisholm declaring presidential bid, January 25, 1972 on
  YouTube
• Shirley Chisholm's oral history Video excerpts at The National Visionary Leadership Project
• Shirley Chisholm at the National Women's History Museum

• United States Congress. "Shirley Chisholm (id: C000371)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
• Chisholm speech on the Equal Rights Amendment
• Chisholm '72 – Unbought & Unbossed PBS American Documentary | POV documentary by Shola Lynch
• Chisholm '72 – Unbought & Unbossed Women Make Movies documentary by Shola Lynch
• Feature on Shirley Chisholm, with writing from Gloria Steinem and video clips from Chisholm '72 Unbought & Unbossed, by the International Museum of Women.

New York State Assembly
Preceded by Thomas Jones	Member of the New York Assembly from King's 17th district 1965	Constituency abolished
New constituency	Member of the New York Assembly from the 45th district 1966	Succeeded by Max Turshen
Preceded by Herbert Marker	Member of the New York Assembly from the 55th district 1967–1968	Succeeded by Thomas Fortune
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by Edna Kelly	Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York's 12th congressional district 1969–1983	Succeeded by Major Owens
Party political offices
Preceded by Patsy Mink	Secretary of the House Democratic Caucus 1977–1981	Succeeded by Geraldine Ferraro