Tonarigumi
The Neighborhood Association (隣組, Tonarigumi) was the smallest unit of the national mobilization program established by the Japanese government in World War II. It consisted of units consisting of 10-15 households organized for fire fighting, civil defense and internal security. [1]
History and development
Neighborhood mutual-aid associations existed in Japan since before the
The government also found the tonarigumi useful for the maintenance of
Tonarigumi were also organized in territories occupied by Japan for the same purposes, including
Later in the Pacific War the tonarigumi received basic military training to serve as observers for enemy planes over cities or suspicious boats along the coasts. In the final stages of war the Imperial government intended the tonarigumi to form a secondary militia in the case of enemy invasion. Some tonarigumi took part in combat in Manchukuo, northern Chōsen and Karafuto in the closing days of the Pacific War.
Formally abolished in 1947 by the
See also
- Barangay
- Coastwatchers (Allied Forces)
- Great Japan Youth Party
- Rukun warga and rukun tetangga, modern administrative divisions of Indonesian descended from the tonarigumi
References
- Cook, Haruko Taya; Theodore F. Cook (1992). Japan at War: An Oral History. New York: The New Press. ISBN 9781565840393.
- Dear, I.C.B.; M.R.D. Foot (2002). The Oxford Companion to World War II. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860446-7.
- Pekkanen, Robert (2006). Japan's Dual Civil Society. Members without advocates. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-5429-2.
- Schwartz, Frank J; ISBN 0-521-53462-3.
Notes
- ^ Dear, The Oxford Companion to World War II
- ^ Pekkanan, Japan's dual civil society. Members without advocates
- ^ Cook, Japan at War: An Oral History
- ^ "Roles of Tonarigumi to Promote Participatory Development in Indonesia: Case of Three Villages in Purbalingga District, Central Java Province". Tokyo, Japan. 2014.
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(help) - ^ Dear, The Oxford Companion to World War II
- ^ Pharr, The State of Civil Society in Japan