Transport in Jakarta
Transport in Jakarta | |
---|---|
private automobile, bicycle, pedestrian |
As a metropolitan area of about 30 million people, Jakarta has a variety of transport systems.[1] Jakarta was awarded 2021 global Sustainable Transport Award (STA) for integrated public transportation system.[2]
The city prioritized development of road networks, which were mostly designed to accommodate private vehicles.
There are many bus terminals in the city, from where buses operate on numerous routes to connect neighborhoods within the city limit, to other areas of
As of September 2023, Jakarta's public transport service coverage has reached 86 percent, which is targeted to Increase to 95 percent. Rapid transit in
Privately owned bus systems like
The city administration has undertaken a project to build about 500 kilometers of bicycle lanes. As of June 2021, Jakarta already has 63 kilometers of bicycle lanes, and another 101 kilometers will be added by the end of the year 2021.[7][8]
Indonesia's busiest and Jakarta's main seaport Tanjung Priok serves many ferry connections to different parts of Indonesia. The old port Sunda Kelapa only accommodate pinisi, a traditional two-masted wooden sailing ship serving inter-island freight service in the archipelago. Muara Angke is used as a public port to Thousand Islands (Indonesia), while Marina Ancol is used as a tourist port.[9]
As of 2015, about 1.4 million commuters travel into the city center from the outskirts of Jakarta. Based on the survey, 58 percent of these commuters use motorcycles, 12.8 percent use cars and only 27 percent use public transportation. The city's 9.5% average annual growth rate of motorized vehicles far exceeds the 0.01% increase in road length between 2005 and 2010. As of 2010, public transportation in Jakarta serves only 56% of commuter trips. [12]
Road transport
Streets and highways
During the Dutch colonial era, a structured road network connecting most major cities throughout Java was developed as a part of the Java Great Post Road by former Governor-General H.W. Daendels. The network was built in the early 19th century, and although the network was later expanded to a great extent, it could not keep up with the rapidly increasing numbers of motorized vehicles, resulting in highly congested traffic.[1][13] The city prioritized development of road networks, which were mostly designed to accommodate private vehicles.[3]
A notable feature of Jakarta's present road system is the toll road network. Composed of an inner and outer ring road and six toll roads radiating outwards, the network provides inner as well as outer city connections. Jakarta Outer Ring Road 2 is an under-construction toll road encircling greater Jakarta area, parallel with Jakarta Outer Ring Road (JORR 1).
The six radiating toll roads are:
- Prof. Dr. Ir. Soedijatmo Toll Road linking to Soekarno–Hatta International Airport
- Merakin the west
- Jakarta–Serpong Toll Road linking to Serpong
- Ciawiin the south
- Jakarta–Cikampek Toll Road linking to Bekasi and Cikampek in the east
The city's 9.5% average annual growth rate of motorized vehicles far exceeded the 0.01% increase in road length between 2005 and 2010.[citation needed] In 2018, over 13 million motorcycles and 4.4 million cars used the roads of Jakarta.[14] In 2019, there were about 88 million movements per day in the
Throughout the years, several attempts have been made to reduce traffic congestion on Jakarta's main arteries. Implemented solutions include a 'three-in-one' rush-hour law, during which cars with fewer than three passengers are prohibited from driving on the main avenues. However, "car jockeys" were paid by commuters to ride into the center of the city to permit the use of three-in-one roads.[18] Another example is the ban on trucks passing main avenues during the day.[19] In 2016, 'odd-even' policy was introduced which designated cars with either odd or even-numbered registration plates on a particular day.[20] This aims to function as a transitional measure to alleviate traffic congestion until the future introduction of Electronic Road Pricing which would be more effective.[21]
Due to the city's acute gridlock, the Jakarta administration has decided to implement Electronic Road Pricing in 10 districts: Tanah Abang, Menteng, Setiabudi, Tebet, Matraman, Senen, Gambir, Tambora, Sawah Besar and Taman Sari.[22] The ERP is planned to be implemented in the three-in-one zone and along Jl. Rasuna Said. The ERP system is expected to be operational by 2019 along with the opening of the Jakarta MRT.[23] Implementation of the ERP system is planned to take place in two phases; the first will be for vehicles moving from the Senayan traffic circle to the Hotel Indonesia traffic circle while the second will be installed from the HI traffic circle to Jl. Medan Merdeka Barat.[24]
Bus service
There are many bus terminals in the city, from where buses operate on numerous routes to connect neighborhoods within the city limit, to other areas of
Traditional transports
In 1966, an estimated 160 thousand pedicabs (becak) operated in the city; as much as 15% of Jakarta's total workforce was engaged in becak driving. In 1971, becaks were banned from major roads, and shortly thereafter the government attempted a total ban, which substantially reduced their numbers but did not eliminate them. A campaign to eliminate them succeeded in 1990 and 1991, but during the economic crisis of 1998, some returned amid less effective government attempts to control them.[26] Becaks were banned because they caused traffic congestion and they were seen as the exploitation of humans by other humans.[27] Becaks were replaced by bemo, betor, helicak, minicar, and bajaj.[27] In 2018, Governor Anies Baswedan attempted to allow becaks again because of a political contract with becak drivers during his campaign.[28] Most cycle rickshaw drivers in the 1980s were former landless agricultural laborers from rural areas of Java.[26] As of March 2018[update], there are about 1,500 becaks in Jakarta.[29]
Taxi cab
Plenty of taxi cabs are available in the city. Many companies operate & maintain pools of different model of cars in their own brands.
Motorcycle taxi/ojek
Although ojek are not an official form of public transport, they can be found throughout Indonesia and in Jakarta. They are especially useful when navigating crowded urban roads, narrow alleyways, heavy traffic and cramped locations that larger vehicles cannot reach. Most of the ojeks are operated by Gojek and Grab, in Indonesia called ojek online. Gojek was founded in 2011 so that ojek drivers who had been working with unpredictable income could operate professionally with better income, and its app was created in 2015.[35]
Bicycle
There are bicycle taxis (ojek sepeda ontel) in the
Intercity Rail
Long-distance railways and local tram services were first introduced during the Dutch colonial era. While the trams were replaced with buses in the post-colonial era, long-distance railways continued to connect the city to its neighboring regions as well as cities throughout the island of Java. Main terminus for long distance train services are Gambir and Pasar Senen. High-speed railways are planned connecting Jakarta-Bandung and Jakarta-Surabaya.
High speed rail
The Whoosh (short for Waktu Hemat, Operasi Optimal, Sistem Hebat, lit. '"Timesaving, Optimal Operation, Excellent System"')
Rapid transit
At present rapid transit in
Symbol | Name | Began Operation | Last Extension | Terminus | No. of Stations | Length (km) |
Type | Depots | Operator | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rail-based | ||||||||||
Tanjung Priok Line | 5 December 2011[a] | 21 December 2015 | Jakarta Kota |
Tanjung Priok |
4 | 15.4 km | S-train ) |
Bukit Duri
Depok Bogor Manggarai |
KAI Commuter | |
Cikarang Loop Line | 5 December 2011[a] | 28 May 2022 | Kampung Bandan | Cikarang | 25 | 45.4 km | ||||
Bogor Line | 5 December 2011[a] | 28 May 2022 | Jakarta Kota |
Bogor |
27 | 54.8 km | ||||
Rangkasbitung Line | 5 December 2011[a] | 1 April 2017 | Tanah Abang |
Rangkasbitung |
17 | 72.8 km | ||||
Tangerang Line | 5 December 2011[a] | - | Duri |
Tangerang |
11 | 19.3 km | ||||
Soekarno-Hatta Line |
31 December 2017 | 8 September 2019 | Manggarai |
Soekarno-Hatta |
5 | 54.3 km | Airport rail link | Manggarai | ||
North-South Line | 24 March 2019 | - | Bundaran HI | Lebak Bulus | 13 | 15.7 km | Rapid transit | Lebak Bulus | MRT Jakarta | |
Southern Line | 1 December 2019 | - | Pegangsaan Dua | Velodrome | 6 | 5.8 km | Light metro |
Pegangsaan Dua | LRT Jakarta | |
Cibubur Line | 28 August 2023 | - | Dukuh Atas | Harjamukti | 12 | 25.9 km | Jati Mulya | KAI(LRT Division) | ||
Bekasi Line | 28 August 2023 | - | Dukuh Atas | Jati Mulya | 14 | 29.5 km | ||||
Bus rapid transit trunk lines | ||||||||||
Corridor 1 | 1 February 2004 | - | Blok M |
Stasiun Kota | 22 | 15.48 km | Bus rapid transit | Cawang Kayu Putih Klender Cijantung Ciputat Pegangsaan Dua Cakung Pesing Pulo Gadung Pinang Ranti Cibubur Rawa Buaya Petukangan Selatan |
Transjakarta | |
Corridor 2 | 15 January 2006 | - | Monumen Nasional | Pulo Gadung | 24 | 17.88 km | ||||
Corridor 3 | 15 January 2006 | - | Kalideres | Monumen Nasional | 14 | 16.14 km | ||||
Corridor 4 | 27 January 2007 | - | Pulo Gadung | Galunggung | 17 | 11.90 km | ||||
Corridor 5 | 27 January 2007 | - | Ancol | Kampung Melayu | 18 | 13.58 km | ||||
Corridor 6 | 27 January 2007 | ca. 2009 | Ragunan | Galunggung | 20 | 15.90 km | ||||
Corridor 7 | 27 January 2007 | - | Kampung Rambutan | Kampung Melayu | 14 | 12.57 km | ||||
Corridor 8 | 21 February 2009 | - | Lebak Bulus | Pasar Baru | 26 | 25.33 km | ||||
Corridor 9 | 31 December 2010 | - | Pinang Ranti | Pluit | 26 | 31.57 km | ||||
Corridor 10 | 31 December 2010 | - | Tanjung Priok | PGC (Cililitan) | 22 | 19.11 km | ||||
Corridor 11 | 28 December 2011 | 28 December 2016 | Kampung Melayu | Pulo Gebang |
16 | 13.86 km | ||||
Corridor 12 | 14 February 2013 | - | Pluit | Tanjung Priok | 24 | 23.30 km | ||||
Corridor 13 | 13 August 2017 | 12 November 2018 | Ciledug | Tegal Mampang | 15 | 14.18 km | ||||
Corridor 14 | 10 November 2023 | - | Pasar Senen | Jakarta International Stadium | 9 | 9.7 km | ||||
Planned/under construction lines | ||||||||||
JIS Line | TBD | - | Jatinegara | Tanjung Priok
|
TBD | S-train )
|
Bukit Duri
Depok Bogor Manggarai |
KAI Commuter | ||
North-South Line extension | TBD | - | Bundaran HI | Ancol Marina | Rapid transit | Ancol Marina | MRT Jakarta | |||
East-West Line | TBD | - | Karang Tengah | Ujung Menteng | Rorotan | |||||
Outer Ring Line | TBD | - | Fatmawati | Kampung Rambutan | Kampung Rambutan | |||||
Northern Line | TBD | - | Pegangsaan Dua | Rajawali | Light metro
|
Pegangsaan Dua | LRT Jakarta | |||
Cibubur Line extension | TBD | - | Dukuh Atas | Senayan | Jati Mulya | KAI(LRT Division) | ||||
Harjamukti | Baranangsiang | |||||||||
Bekasi Line extension | TBD | - | Dukuh Atas | Soekarno-Hatta
|
Bus rapid transit
Greater Jakarta Commuter Rail
Major rail stations on the commuter line are Jakarta Kota, Jatinegara, Tanah Abang, Duri, Pasar Senen, Manggarai and Sudirman. As a transit station, Manggarai railway station is the busiest station in Indonesia, with more than 100,000 passengers boarding and alighting each day.[55] Though during rush hours, the number of passengers greatly exceeds the system's capacity, and crowding is common.
Jakarta MRT
After a long planning and years of delay,
Jakarta LRT
Jakarta LRT is a
Greater Jakarta LRT
Greater Jakarta LRT (LRT Jabodebek) is a light rapid transit system. The light rail transit (LRT) project was launched to replace the previously abandoned monorail project.[64] The groundbreaking ceremony was held on 9 September 2015, with the first phase of the construction will connect Harjamukti in Depok with Dukuh Atas in downtown Central Jakarta, passing through Cawang intersection. This phase will be 42.1 kilometers (26.2 miles) long, which includes 18 stations, and the line was operational on August 28, 2023 after multiple delays.[65][66]
Airport rail link
Jak Lingko
Air
A second airport,
Waterway
Sea
Jakarta's main seaport
The port is also an important employer in the area, with more than 18,000 employees who provide services to more than 18,000 ships every year. The Port of Tanjung Priok has 20 terminals:
Muara Angke Port is used as a public port to Thousand Islands. In December 2011, Muara Angke Port was renovated for Rp 130 billion ($14.4 million) in a 3 hectare area.[76] The port serves three water transport routes as of 2020:[77]
Route | Stops |
---|---|
Route 1 | Muara Angke – Untung Jawa Island – Lancang Island – Payung Island – Tidung Island |
Route 2 | Muara Angke – Untung Jawa Island – Pari Island – Panggang Island – Pramuka Island |
Route 3 | Muara Angke – Kelapa Island – Sabira Island |
Another ports in Jakarta include the old port of Sunda Kelapa and Marina Ancol Port. Sunda Kelapa Port only accommodate pinisi, a traditional two masted wooden sailing ship serving inter-island freight service in the archipelago. Marina Ancol Port is used as a tourist port, serves speed boat routes to various islands across Thousand Islands.
River
On 6 June 2007, the city administration introduced the Waterway (officially Angkutan Sungai), a new river boat service along the Ciliwung River.[13][78] Due to varying water levels during the dry and wet seasons in addition to heavy water pollution that comes with water from upstream during rain, the service was closed.[79]
See also
Notes
- ^ The railway does not enter Bandung City proper
- Vientiane-Boten railway with speed of 160 kilometres per hour (99 mph) would be classified as semi-high speed rail.
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