South Sumatra
South Sumatra
Sumatera Selatan | |
---|---|
Province of South Sumatra | |
Int$ 14,361 (PPP) | |
- Growth | 5.23%[5] |
HDI | 0.716 (23rd) – high |
Website | sumselprov |
South Sumatra (
History
Pre-history
South Sumatra has been settled by humans since the
Srivijaya
Around 7th century AD, an ancient
In the 7th century, the Chinese noted that there were two kingdoms namely Malayu and Kedah that were part of the Srivijaya empire.[13]
The Srivijaya empire had existed since 671 according to the notes of the Chinese Buddhist monk Yijing. From the Kedukan Bukit inscription in 682, this empire became known under the leadership of Dapunta Hyang. That he departed on the siddhayatra holy journey to "take blessings", and led 20,000 soldiers and 312 people on board with 1,312 soldiers on foot from Minanga Tamwan to Jambi and Palembang. The Kedukan Bukit Inscription is reputed to be the oldest inscription written in Malay. Experts argue that the writer of this inscription adapted Indian orthography.[14]
Based on the Kota Kapur Inscription dated from 686 CE that is found on the island of Bangka, this empire has dominated the southern part of Sumatra, the islands of Bangka and Belitung, to Lampung. This inscription also mentions that Emperor Sri Jayanasa launched a military expedition to punish the Bhumi Jawa kingdom who were not loyal to Srivijaya, this event coincided with the collapse of Tarumanagara in West Java and Holing (Kalingga) in Central Java, which was most likely due to Sriwijaya's attack. It is also possible that the Bhumi Jawa kingdom mentioned in the inscription is referring to the Kingdom of Tarumanegara.[15] Srivijaya continued to grow and succeeded in controlling the maritime trade routes in the Straits of Malacca, the Sunda Strait, the South China Sea, the Java Sea and the Karimata Strait.
The expansion of this kingdom into
Based on historical records from Arabia, Srivijaya was called Sribuza. In 955 CE, Al Masudi, a traveler and classical Arab historian wrote about Srivijaya, describing it as a large kingdom that was rich, with many soldiers. Srivijaya's produced camphor, agarwood, cloves, sandalwood, nutmeg, cardamom and gambier.[16] Another note from a Persian expert named Abu Zaid Hasan who received information from Sujaimana, an Arab trader, that the empire was well-advanced in the field of agriculture. Abu Zaid wrote that the kingdom of Zabaj (another Arabic name for Srivijaya) had fertile land and extensive power to the other side of the sea.[17]
Srivijaya controlled the maritime trade route in Southeast Asia throughout the 10th century, but at the end of the century the
The kingdom of Medang succeeded in capturing Palembang in 992 for a while, but later the Medang forces were successfully repelled by Srivijaya forces. The Hujung Langit inscription of 997 mentions a Javanese attack on Sumatra. This series of attacks from Java ultimately failed because Java failed to establish a foothold in Sumatra. Capturing the capital city of Palembang was not enough because the Sriwijaya spread itself in several port cities in the Malacca Strait. The Srivijaya emperor, Sri Cudamani Warmadewa, escaped out of the capital and traveled around regaining its strength and reinforcements from his allies and subordinate kings and succeeded in repelling the Javanese navy.
In 1025, the empire was defeated by the
According to the Chinese
Srivijaya remained a formidable sea power until the 13th century.
After being conquered by the Majapahit in 1375 AD, the Palembang region was made a vassal of the Majapahit Empire, under the leadership of Hayam Wuruk. The government in Palembang was handed over to a regent who was appointed directly by the Majapahit. However, internal problems in the Majapahit Empire distracted them from the conquered territories, causing the Palembang region to be controlled by traders from China. Until the Majapahit regained control of Palembang after sending a commander named Arya Damar.
Palembang Sultanate
By the late 15th century, Islam has spread throughout the region, replacing Buddhism and Hinduism as the dominant religion. Around the early 16th century, Tomé Pires, an adventurer from Portugal, said that Palembang had been led by an appointed patih (regent) from Java who was later referred to the Demak Sultanate and participated in attacking Malacca, which at that time had been controlled by the Portuguese. In 1659, Sri Susuhunan Abdurrahman proclaimed the establishment of the Palembang Sultanate. The Sultanate of Palembang stood for almost two centuries, from 1659 to 1825. Sultan Ratu Abdurrahman Kholifatul Mukminin Sayidul Iman, or Sunan Cinde Walang, was the first king of the Sultanate of Palembang.
The reign of Sultan Muhammad Bahauddin (1776–1803) was known as the golden era of the Palembang Sultanate, the sultanate's economy increased sharply because of trade, including with the
As the Dutch East India Company increased its influence in the region, the Sultanate started to decline and lost its power. During Napoleonic Wars in 1812, the sultan at the time, Mahmud Badaruddin II rejected British claims to suzerainty. The British, under Stamford Raffles responded by attacking Palembang, sacking the court, and installing sultan's more cooperative younger brother, Najamuddin to the throne. The Dutch attempted to recover their influence at the court in 1816, but Sultan Najamuddin was uncooperative with them. An expedition launched by the Dutch in 1818 and captured Sultan Najamudin and exiled him to Batavia. A Dutch garrison was established in 1821, but sultan attempted an attack and a mass poisoning to the garrison, which were intervened by the Dutch. Mahmud Badaruddin II was exiled to Ternate, and his palace was burned to the ground. The Sultanate was later abolished by the Dutch and direct colonial rule was established.[26]
Japanese occupation and independence
Southern Sumatra was occupied by the Japanese on January 15, 1942, after the
Post-independence division of the province
On 12 September 1950, South Sumatra province was established with a territory much larger than it is today, as it encompassed the southern third of
Geography
South Sumatra has an area of 91,592.43 square kilometres (35,364.03 sq mi) and is located on the island of Sumatra, western Indonesia which lies south of the equator at 1–4 degrees south and 102–108 degrees east. The province is bordered by Jambi to the north, Lampung to the south and Bengkulu to the west, while in the east the Bangka Strait separates the province and the island-province of Bangka Belitung Islands.
On the east coast the land consists of swamps and brackets which are affected by tides. Its vegetation is in the form of palmate plants and mangrove. A little more western is a vast lowland. Far to the west near the border of Bengkulu and Jambi lies the Bukit Barisan mountains, which divides South Sumatra and is a mountainous area with an altitude of 900 to 1,200 metres (3,000 to 3,900 ft) above sea level. Barisan Hill consists of the summit of Mount Seminung (1,964 metres or 6,444 feet asl), Mount Dempo (3,159 metres or 10,364 feet asl), Mount Patah (1,107 metres or 3,632 feet asl), and Mount Bungkuk (2,125 metres or 6,972 feet asl). To the west of Bukit Barisan is a slope. In the Bukit Barisan valley there are areas of rubber, oil palm, and agriculture plantations, especially coffee, tea and vegetables. Mount Dempo is the highest point in the province.
South Sumatra has large rivers that can be navigated, but currently, because of the silting process, cannot be navigated by large ships. Most of the rivers have flows from the Bukit Barisan mountains, except the Mesuji, Lalan and Banyuasin River. Most water from the South Sumatra section of Bukit Barisan mountains flows eastwards into Bangka Strait as Musi River, with Ogan, Komering, Lematang, Kelingi, Lakitan, Rupit River and Rawas River are its major tributaries. A few rivers in South Sumatra flow westwards into Indian Ocean, for example Manna River in Pagaralam and Tanjung Sakti.
In January 2020, two islands in South Sumatra, Betet Island and Gundul Island, were submerged as a result of climate change, and four other islands were close to being submerged.[29]
The province is home to several nature reserves, including Isau-Isau Wildlife Reserve.[30]
Climate
As in most other province of Indonesia, South Sumatra has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen climate classification Af) bordering on a tropical monsoon climate. The climate is very much dictated by the surrounding sea and the prevailing wind system. It has high average temperature and high average rainfall. Throughout the year the province is only affected by two seasons, namely the rainy season and the dry season. The air temperature varies from 24.7 to 32.9 degrees Celsius with air humidity levels ranging from 82% to 88%. The relative rainy season falls from October to April. Variation in rainfall ranges from 2,100 to 3,264 millimetres (83 to 129 in). December is the month with the most rainfall while the drier season usually occurs from June to September.
The climate in South Sumatra is similar to other regions in Indonesia, only known for two seasons, namely the dry season and the rainy season. From June to September southeast winds flow from Australia with relatively less water vapor, resulting in a drier season. Conversely in December to March many wind currents contain water vapor from Asia and the Pacific Ocean during the rainy season. Such conditions occur every half year after passing the transition periods in between April–May and October–November.
Climate data for Palembang | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 30.8 (87.4) |
31.2 (88.2) |
31.5 (88.7) |
32.1 (89.8) |
32.4 (90.3) |
31.9 (89.4) |
31.8 (89.2) |
32.1 (89.8) |
32.5 (90.5) |
32.6 (90.7) |
31.9 (89.4) |
31.1 (88.0) |
31.8 (89.3) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.8 (80.2) |
27.1 (80.8) |
27.2 (81.0) |
27.7 (81.9) |
28.0 (82.4) |
27.4 (81.3) |
27.0 (80.6) |
27.2 (81.0) |
27.5 (81.5) |
27.7 (81.9) |
27.4 (81.3) |
27.0 (80.6) |
27.3 (81.2) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 22.9 (73.2) |
23.0 (73.4) |
23.0 (73.4) |
23.4 (74.1) |
23.6 (74.5) |
22.9 (73.2) |
22.3 (72.1) |
22.4 (72.3) |
22.5 (72.5) |
22.9 (73.2) |
23.0 (73.4) |
23.0 (73.4) |
22.9 (73.2) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 277 (10.9) |
262 (10.3) |
329 (13.0) |
263 (10.4) |
213 (8.4) |
122 (4.8) |
104 (4.1) |
107 (4.2) |
120 (4.7) |
186 (7.3) |
274 (10.8) |
366 (14.4) |
2,623 (103.3) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 169 | 118 | 130 | 150 | 174 | 127 | 130 | 149 | 118 | 160 | 132 | 120 | 1,677 |
Source 1: Climate-Data.org[31] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst[32][33] |
Governors
Administrative divisions
The capital of South Sumatra province is
An eleventh Regency - Empat Lawang - was formed on 2 January 2007 from part of Lahat Regency. Two new regencies have subsequently been created by the splitting of existing ones — Penukal Abab Lematang Ilir from part of Muara Enim Regency on 14 December 2012, and North Musi Rawas from part of Musi Rawas Regency on 10 June 2013. All thirteen regencies and the four cities are listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census[34] and 2020 Census,[7] together with the official estimates as at mid 2023.[1] However, it was stated late in that the east-central part of Muara Enim Regency was to be split off to form a fourteenth regency - Rambang Lubai Lematang; no statistics relating to this latest division are yet available.
Kode Wilayah |
Name of City or Regency |
Area in km2 |
Pop'n Census 2010 |
Pop'n Census 2020 |
Pop'n Estimate mid 2023 |
Capital | HDI[35] 2014 Estimates |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
16.01 | Ogan Komering Ulu Regency | 4,797.06 | 324,045 | 367,603 | 379,130 | Baturaja | 0.662 (Medium) |
16.02 | Ogan Komering Ilir Regency | 18,359.04 | 727,376 | 769,348 | 797,429 | Kayu Agung |
0.638 (Medium) |
16.03 | Muara Enim Regency | 7,383.90 | 551,202 | 612,900 | 633,779 | Muara Enim |
0.650 (Medium) |
16.04 | Lahat Regency | 5,311.74 | 369,974 | 430,071 | 444,949 | Lahat |
0.645 (Medium) |
16.05 | Musi Rawas Regency | 6,350.10 | 356,076 | 395,570 | 407,694 | Muara Beliti | 0.631 (Medium) |
16.06 | Musi Banyuasin Regency | 14,266.26 | 561,458 | 622,206 | 644,386 | Sekayu | 0.649 (Medium) |
16.07 | Banyuasin Regency | 11,832.99 | 750,110 | 836,914 | 874,210 | Pangkalan Balai | 0.632 (Medium) |
16.08 | East Ogan Komering Ulu Regency (Ogan Komering Ulu Timur) |
3,370.00 | 609,982 | 649,853 | 668,035 | Martapura | 0.667 (Medium) |
16.09 | South Ogan Komering Ulu Regency (Ogan Komering Ulu Selatan) |
5,493.94 | 318,428 | 424,190 | 426,687 | Muaradua | 0.619 (Medium) |
16.10 | Ogan Ilir Regency | 2,666.09 | 380,904 | 416,549 | 431,043 | Indralaya | 0.644 (Medium) |
16.11 | Empat Lawang Regency | 2,256.44 | 221,176 | 333,622 | 342,178 | Tebing Tinggi | 0.631 (Medium) |
16.12 | Penukal Abab Lematang Ilir Regency | 1,840.00 | 165,474 | 194,900 | 202,681 | Talang Ubi | 0.598 (Low) |
16.13 | North Musi Rawas Regency (Musi Rawas Utara) |
6,008.55 | 169,432 | 188,861 | 195,962 | Rupit | 0.613 (Medium) |
16.71 | Palembang City | 369.22 | 1,455,284 | 1,668,848 | 1,706,371 | Palembang | 0.760 (High) |
16.72 | Pagar Alam City | 633.66 | 126,181 | 143,844 | 147,836 | Pagaralam | 0.647 (Medium) |
16.73 | Lubuklinggau City | 401.50 | 201,308 | 234,166 | 242,976 | Lubuklinggau | 0.728 (High) |
16.74 | Prabumulih City | 251.94 | 161,984 | 193,196 | 200,673 | Prabumulih | 0.722 (High) |
Demographics
Ethnic groups
The province has no clear ethnic dominance, though the indigenous Musi-speaking Palembang have a plurality, followed by the Javanese, most of whom have been recent migrants from Java as part of the government-sanctioned transmigration project created to balance the population, especially from the highly overpopulated Java island; as a result, Javanese is also widely spoken and understood, especially in areas with a high population of transmigrant, for example Belitang. Forming the next largest group is the other Malayic-speaking populations as well as the Komering, a distinct Malayo-Polynesian people related to the native Lampungese from neighboring Lampung. Minangkabau, Chinese, and Sundanese also form minorities in the province.
Palembang people are the majority in this province, divided into two groups: Wong Jeroo is a descendant of nobility and is slightly lower than the courtiers from the past kingdom based in Palembang, and Wong Jabo is a commoner. An expert on the origin of Palembang people who are also descendants of the king, admitted that the Palembang people was the descendant of Arabs, Chinese, Javanese and other ethnic groups in Indonesia. Palembang people itself has two different languages, namely Baso Palembang Alus and Baso Palembang Sari-Sari. The Palembang people still lives in a house built on water. The architectural model of the Palembang house which is most typical is the rumah limas which is mostly erected on stilts on the water to protect from flooding that continues to occur until now. In the Musi river area, Palembang people often offer their wares on boats.
Komering is one of the tribes or cultural regions in South Sumatra, which is along the
The Semendo people live in the Semendo District,
Language
While
Palembang Malay consists of two register, first is the everyday language that is used almost by everyone in the city or also called the bahasa pasar (market language). Secondly is the polite and formal style (Bebaso), which is used by limited circles, such as sultans and nobility. Usually spoken by and for people who are respected or who are older. As used by children to parents, daughter-in-law to parents-in-law, students to teachers, or between speakers of the same age as the purpose of mutual respect, because Bebaso means to speak politely and subtly.
However, migrants often use their local language as a daily language, such as
Indonesian is generally used as a second language and also as the language of education and for official purposes.
Religion
The people of the province, as with other parts of Sumatra with the exception of Bangka Belitung and
As of 2022[update], Islam is the largest religion in South Sumatra, being practised by 97.59% of the population. Minority religions are Christianity (
Culture
Like most other provincial cultures on the island of
In all corners of Indonesia, various South Sumatran cultures are well-known, even popular with many people. An example is the rumah limas traditional house, this house has been adopted by many people in various regions because the construction is not complicated. In addition, songket weaving is also a distinctive fabric favored by many people. The South Sumatran signature food, Pempek, can not only be found in the city of Palembang and the surrounding area, but also has spread throughout Indonesia as well as neighbouring countries such as Singapore and Malaysia.
Traditional house
The rumah limas traditional house has an area of between 400 and 1000 square meters. The whole house, resting on wooden pillars that were slung on the ground. The rumah limas is divided into several parts, namely the main room pangkeng (bedroom), and pawon (kitchen). The main room is located at the top level and right under the limas roof. In this room there is an amben or a conference room. This room is located in the center of the rumah limas, both for customary and decorative purposes. The pangkeng section is a bedroom. This section of space is on the right or left side. To enter the pangkeng room, it must be done by passing a box-shaped door cover. The box serves as a storage area for various tools.
On the back is the pawon. pawon is part of the kitchen of this traditional house. The word pawon is actually not only known in South Sumatra. The Javanese people, besides adapting the Limas house shape, also recognize the word pawon to mention the position of the kitchen in their home.
Traditional clothes
South Sumatra's traditional clothes are known by the name Aesan gede, symbolizing greatness, and Aesan paksangko which that symbolizes the elegance of the people of South Sumatra. These traditional clothes are usually only used during traditional wedding ceremonies. With the understanding that this marriage ceremony is a big ceremony. By using Aesan Gede or Aesan Paksangko as a bridal costume it means something very elegant because the bride and groom are portrayed as kings and queens. The difference between Aesan Gede and Aesan Paksongko patterns, if detailed as follows; Pink Gede style combined with golden color. Both colors are believed to reflect the majesty of the Sriwijaya nobles. Especially with the glittering of complementary jewelry and the crown of Aesan Gede, bungo cempako, kembang goyang, and the standard kelapo. Then they are combined with dodot clothes and lepus songket cloth patterned in silver for the Aesan Paksangkong. For men using gold embroidered songket lepus, robes of gold flower motifs, songket sling, sleeves, and golden songkok worn on the head. And for women using lotus, red noble brackets studded with golden star flowers, lepus songket cloth embroidered with gold, and headdress in the form of Aesan Paksangkong crown. Also not to forget the clothes decorating clothes such as jewelry with golden images, stand-by dress, rocking flowers, and kenango flowers.
Traditional dance
Tanggai dance or tari Tangga is a traditional dance from South Sumatra that is also dedicated to welcoming honored guests. In contrast to Gending Sriwijaya dance, Tanggai dance is performed by five people wearing local clothing such as songket, dodot, pending, necklaces and other decorations. This dance is a combination of graceful motion with typical regional clothing. This dance describes the people of Palembang who are friendly and respectful, respecting and loving guests visiting their area.
Tenun songket dance or tarian tenun songket is a reflection of the daily lives of housewives and young women in South Sumatra. In their daily lives, housewives and young women do work in the form of songket weaving which is a special fabric of their region. Aside from being an effort to preserve traditional dances, this dance is at the same time as a promotion of their regional special fabrics, namely songket.
Traditional weapon
The first traditional South Sumatra weapon and often a cultural icon of the province is the trident, or locally known as trisula. This spear is shaped like a wooden spear with 3 sharp eyes at the end. The spear length is as high as an adult, which is around 180 cm and used to be used by Srivijaya royal warriors as the main weapon. Kris is not only used by the people of Java. Some other sub-ethnic Malays also recognize this type of weapon in their culture, including the people of South Sumatra. Although it has the same shape, the South Sumatra kris has its own characteristics. The number of curves or curves is always an odd number between 7 and 13 with a wide angle. That is why the typical South Sumatra kris tends to be longer and taper. Skin is a traditional South Sumatra weapon which is thought to originate from acculturation of local culture to the culture of Chinese traders and East Asia in the past. This weapon looks like a typical West Sumatra Kerambit, but is smaller in size and has 2 sharp blades.
Transport
Many forms of transportations are available in the province. As a province traversed by several large rivers, the people of South Sumara also recognize the importance water transport, which is called ketek. This ketek serves river crossings through various piers along the Musi, Ogan and Komering Rivers.
There are three public operational airports in the province, with the
South Sumatra also has three main ports namely Boom Baru, Port 36 Ilir and Tanjung Api-Api. These three ports serve passenger transportation using ferries to Muntok (Bangka) and Batam. Currently the Tanjung Api-Api Port is being built which serves the transportation of passengers and goods in and out of South Sumatra.
-
ThePalembang Light Rail Transit serving passengers from the Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II International Airport to the Palembangcity center
-
Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II International Airport is the busiest and largest airport of the province, and the main point of entry to the capital city of Palembang.
-
A local bus in South Sumatra
-
An intercity train bound for Palembang ready for departure at Lubuklinggau railway station
In addition, there are several railway lines in the province. Kertapati railway station in Palembang is the largest station in the province. It serves trains to and from Lubuklinggau and Bandar Lampung in Lampung province, and also smaller towns such as Baturaja, Lahat and Prabumulih. Currently, the railway only terminates in Lubuklinggau, but there is a plan to construct a railway to Bengkulu, which would allow to boost passengers movement and economic growth.[37] Moreover, a railway from Palembang to Betung in Jambi is also in the planning stage, which would be connected further to Riau and North Sumatra.[38] Overall, these projects would form the backbone of the Trans-Sumatra Railway.[39]
The
Currently, the only toll road in South Sumatra is the 22 km Palembang-Indralaya toll road. However, in the masterplan of the Trans-Sumatra Toll Road, the province would be connected by toll roads to other provinces like Bengkulu, Jambi and Lampung. Construction of the Bakauheni-Bandar Lampung-Palembang toll-road is predicted to be finished by late 2019,[41] while the Palembang-Betung-Jambi toll-road and the Lubuklinggau-Bengkulu toll-road is still in planning stage.[42]
Economy
There are five sectors that support economic growth in South Sumatra, such as the processing industry, mining, agriculture, construction, and large and retail trade, and the development of the Tanjung Api-Api Special Economic Zones (KEK), South Sumatra's economic growth is also supported by tourism.
The coal deposits of South Sumatra amount to 22.24 billion tons or 48.45 percent of the total national reserves. The province also has 4.18 trillion standard cubic feet of natural gas and 757.4 standard cubic feet of natural oil.[44]
However, the agricultural sector is still the cornerstone of employment in South Sumatra compared to other sectors with absorption reaching 1.9 million people. This figure is in accordance with the potential of the area which has an area of around 774 thousand hectares of agriculture. The potential of agricultural resources in South Sumatra is quite prominent with annual production of rice reaching 4.2 million tons, corn production reaching 289 thousand tons, soybeans production reaching 16 thousand tons, palm oil production reaching 2.718 million tons, coffee (dry beans) production reaching 135.2 thousand tons, coconut production reaching 65 thousand tons. In addition to the agricultural sector, the other two sectors also absorb labor, namely the large and retail trade sector, car and motorcycle repair and the processing industry. In the trade sector there are 688,000 workers, and the processing industry reaches 279,300 people.[45]
The economy of South Sumatra in the second quarter of 2017 continued to show improvement compared to previous quarters. The realization of economic growth in South Sumatra in the second quarter of 2017 was 5.24% (YoY), higher than the first quarter of 2017 of 5.13% (YoY). From the demand side, the component of foreign exports is still the main pillar of economic growth. This was mainly supported by improvements in the prices of superior commodities in South Sumatra, namely rubber and coal. In addition, export performance was driven by improvements in the economic conditions of the main destination countries for South Sumatra's exports, including the United States, China and Europe. On the other hand, an increase in export performance has no impact on increasing household consumption. The slowdown in household consumption is estimated to be caused by the consumption pattern of people experiencing a shift. The community began to reduce tertiary needs reflected in the decline in the consumption index of durable goods. Meanwhile, in the second quarter of 2017 government consumption declined due to some government projects still in the auction stage.[46]
Cuisine
The South Sumatran cuisine or also known as the Palembang cuisine is the cuisine of the city of
-
Pempek (fish cake) Kapal Selam and Kriting, simmered with Kuah Cuko
-
LaksanPalembang, fish cake similar to pempek served in rich coconut milk-based soup, and sprinkled with crispy fried shallot
-
A bowl of Tekwan
-
Mie celor Palembang
Spices are also generally included although not as liberally as its same-island counterpart. Palembang cuisine is noted by its preference for the sour and sweet flavour,[48] as evidenced in pindang fish soup, strong-smelling tempoyak-based dish made from fermented durian, and also kuah cuko spicy sweet vinegar sauce of pempek fishcake. Those dishes are popular fare and often associated with the city.[49]
Sports
South Sumatra, especially the city of Palembang is notable as the host city
Football is regarded as the most popular sport in South Sumatra. Sriwijaya F.C is the only active professional football club in South Sumatra and is widely followed across the province, especially in its home city Palembang. During its home matches, the stadium often flooded with fans wearing yellow shirts on south stands, green shirts on north stands, and black shirts on east stands, representing three main ultras of the club. Badminton, basketball, volleyball and futsal also get wide attention in the city. Besides Sriwijaya F.C., notable sport teams in Palembang are BSB Hangtuah (basketball) and Palembang Bank Sumsel Babel (volleyball). Indonesian badminton players Mohammad Ahsan and Debby Susanto are also from Palembang.[58][59]
See also
References
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- ^ "Sensus Penduduk 2010 Provinsi Sumatera Selatan Menurut Agama Yang dianut" [2010 South Sumatra Census]. sp2010.bps.go.id (in Indonesian). 2010.
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- ^ "Prehistoric artifacts found in S. Sumatra".
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- ^ ISBN 9789814155670.
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- ISBN 978-979-543-708-6.
- ^ Wade, Geoffrey (2009). "An Early Age of Commerce in Southeast Asia, 900–1300 CE" (PDF). www.eastwestcenter.org. p. 252. Retrieved 16 January 2013.
- ^ a b Sucipto 2009, p. 30.
- ^ Munoz 2006, p. 150.
- ^ Early kingdoms of the Indonesian archipelago and the Malay Peninsula by Paul Michel Munoz p.161
- ^ Cengage Advantage Books: The Earth and Its Peoples by Richard Bulliet, Pamela Crossley, Daniel Headrick, Steven Hirsch, Lyman Johnson p.182
- ^ Sastri K. A. N., (1935). The Cholas. University of Madras.
- ^ Sucipto 2009, p. 29.
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