Trinity River (California)
Trinity River Hoopa River | |
---|---|
Location | |
Country | United States |
State | California |
Physical characteristics | |
Source | Scott Mountains |
• location | Trinity County |
• coordinates | 41°19′53″N 122°33′9″W / 41.33139°N 122.55250°W[1] |
• elevation | 5,557 ft (1,694 m)[n 1] |
Mouth | Klamath River |
• location | Weitchpec |
• coordinates | 41°11′5″N 123°42′31″W / 41.18472°N 123.70861°W[1] |
• elevation | 190 ft (58 m)[1] |
Length | 165 mi (266 km) |
Basin size | 2,936 sq mi (7,600 km2)[2] |
Discharge | |
• location | Hoopa, about 12.5 mi (20.1 km) from the mouth[3] |
• average | 4,849 cu ft/s (137.3 m3/s)[3] |
• minimum | 162 cu ft/s (4.6 m3/s) |
• maximum | 231,000 cu ft/s (6,500 m3/s) |
Basin features | |
Tributaries | |
• left | New River |
Type | Wild, Scenic, Recreational |
Designated | January 19, 1981 |
The Trinity River (
The river is known for its once prolific runs of
The Trinity River is an important water source for irrigation and hydroelectricity generation, as well as a major center of recreational activities such as
Course
The Trinity River begins deep in the Scott Mountains, in Trinity County, at the confluence of High Camp Creek and Chilcoot Creek.[5] It flows south through a deep valley between the Trinity Mountains to the east and the Salmon Mountains/Trinity Alps to the west, picking up Coffee Creek, before entering Trinity Lake, a large reservoir created by the Trinity Dam. The East Fork and Stuart Fork of the Trinity River also flow into the reservoir along with many other tributaries.[6] Just below Trinity Dam is the smaller Lewiston Dam, which diverts part of the Trinity River through a hydroelectric plant to the Sacramento River Basin as part of the Central Valley Project, providing irrigation water to California's Central Valley.[7]
Below Lewiston Dam the Trinity River passes the towns of
At the confluence of the South Fork, the Trinity River turns sharply north, entering
The Trinity River is a predominantly rain-fed river, with the highest flows occurring between December and April and the lowest from August through October. The water level can rise quickly in the winter when large Pacific storms strike California's north coast. Almost no precipitation occurs in summer, when the primary source of flow is
Streamflow
The
The peak flow in 1964 was greatly attenuated by the Trinity Dam which had just started reservoir filling at the time, perhaps by as much as 100,000 cubic feet per second (2,800 m3/s).[10] However, the record-breaking rains of that winter swelled tributaries below the dam and contributed to a crest fully 20 feet (6.1 m) higher than the second highest peak, recorded in December 1955.[3][11]
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
The other USGS gages are located at Coffee Creek (above Trinity Lake),[13] below Lewiston Dam,[14] above[15] and below[16] Douglas City, at Junction City,[17] at Helena,[18] and at Burnt Ranch.[19]
Watershed
The Trinity River's 2,936-square-mile (7,600 km2)
The overall climate is Mediterranean, with cool, wet winters and hot, dry summers.[22] Annual precipitation over the Trinity River watershed averages 57 inches (1,400 mm). Precipitation ranges from 37 inches (940 mm) in lowlands around Weaverville and Hayfork, to as high as 85 inches (2,200 mm) in some mountain ranges close to the coast.[21] The high rainfall combined with the rugged geography results in extremely fast runoff and a high risk of flooding during winter storms. Large volumes of rocks and sediment carried by floods are spread along the rivers forming wide alluvial channels. In general, human activities such as mining and road construction have increased the rate of erosion within the watershed and consequentially the amount of sediment carried into the rivers. Dam building has had the opposite effect, by blocking natural sediment sources to a long section of the Trinity River. Both have had notable impacts on river geomorphology, altering the development of riparian zones and fish habitat.[23]
The Trinity River watershed borders several major California drainage basins; these are the
About 86 percent of the Trinity River watershed is in Trinity County. As of the 2010 census, the population of Trinity County was 13,786. With a
Geology
The lands that make up the Trinity River basin today began to take shape over 200 million years ago by the collision of several exotic
The Klamath Mountains, which make up the eastern part of the watershed are quite young in geologic terms, no more than 2 or 3 million years old.[27] The present shape of the mountains was highly influenced by underground volcanic activity, which created batholiths, domes of igneous rock formed by cooled magma. They raised the elevation of the terrain above and created the widespread granite and diorite formations found in the area today.[27] The higher mountains, including the Trinity Alps – the highest range in northwest California – were also sculpted by glaciation during successive Ice Ages, the last of which ended roughly 10,000 years ago. Glacial erosion produced numerous granite outcroppings, tarns, cirques and knife-edged ridges. Remnants of these glaciers, or "glacierets", are still extant in the higher valleys.[26][27]
The Coast Ranges pass through the western part of the Trinity River Basin and consist of even younger rock formations, chiefly the
History
Native Americans
An archaeological site on the Trinity River at Cox Bar, with spear points dating from 3000–6000 BC, has some of the oldest evidence of human habitation in Northern California. This site is believed to be part of the early Borax Lake Pattern culture.[33] Archaeological evidence in the Whiskeytown area also indicates human presence as early as 5000 BC, although it is uncertain at what point the ancestors of modern Native American tribes arrived here.[34]
The
: 9Since about 1000 A.D. the lower Trinity River has been inhabited by the Natinixwe, now known as the
The Hupa lived in the fertile Hoopa Valley along the Trinity River and the Hyampom Valley on the South Fork – some of the few flat lands in a region otherwise dominated by rugged mountains. A Yurok village called Weitspus stood at the site of present-day Weitchpec at the confluence of the Trinity and Klamath Rivers.
The Tsnungwe people, also known as the South Fork Hupa, lived pre-contact in the South Fork of the Trinity River area and Burnt Ranch/New River area. After the Gold Rush of 1849, many years of battles occurred between the Trinity River Indians and the miners/soldiers. Most surviving Tsnungwe were taken to the Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation. By 1900, a Tsnungwe community had re-established around the ancient principal village of łe:lding at the mouth of the South Fork of the Trinity River. The tribe is still surviving there today and is recognized by both Humboldt County and Trinity County. The federal government considers the Tsnungwe to be a "previously recognized" tribe. The Tsnungwe Council is working towards having their federally recognized tribal status restored.[42]
The
The abundant salmon, steelhead and sturgeon runs in the Trinity River were central to the lives of indigenous peoples along the entire length of the river. Fishing provided their primary sustenance as well as goods for trade. Prior to the arrival of Europeans, native peoples took as much as 2,000,000 pounds (910,000 kg) of salmon from the Trinity River each year.[44] Native peoples also made meal of berries, seeds and acorns, and hunted game animals such as deer and elk that were drawn to the Trinity River.
Due to their proximity to trade routes in and around the Central Valley, the Wintu came into frequent contact with European explorers, traders and settlers. These initial meetings were peaceful, but the Wintu population – along with many other Central Valley tribes – were decimated by a malaria epidemic in the 1830s, accidentally introduced by
The Chimariko also suffered heavily when European prospectors entered the region in the 19th century searching for gold. After clashing with the Europeans, many members of the tribe were dispersed to Shasta territory or killed. Some returned to the Trinity River in the late 19th century, after the gold seekers had left. People of Chimariko ancestry continue to live in the region, although the tribe functionally no longer exists.[43]: 62
Because of the geographic isolation of their homeland, the Hupa had few interactions with early European explorers, although they later came in conflict with miners looking for gold. Even after California became a US state in 1850, the Hupa continued to live on their traditional lands and were eventually granted a reservation here in 1876. They are the only Native American group in California to retain most of their original territory; today, the
Explorers
Jedediah Smith's expedition to northwestern California in 1828 were some of the first Europeans to set foot in the Trinity River country. After departing from the Sacramento Valley Smith passed over the Klamath Mountains and arrived at what is probably now Hayfork Creek on April 18. They followed the creek to the South Fork and from there to the Trinity River and the Klamath River. After following the Klamath to the Pacific, they traveled north towards Oregon, thus becoming the first white men to travel from inland California to coastal Oregon.[46]: 501 Smith and his party traded with the Hupas and Yuroks in the area and their encounters were generally friendly. Early maps of the area label the South Fork, the lower Trinity and the lower Klamath as "Smith's River". The name was later applied to the Smith River further north, which Smith also crossed on the same expedition.[46] Harrison Rogers, a member of Smith's party, called the Trinity "Indian Scalp River" although the reason for this name is unknown.[47]: 294
The Old Trinity Trail, which crosses the mountains between Redding and Weaverville (approximately where State Route 299 is today) was used by Native Americans for generations before Europeans came to the area. Hudson's Bay Company fur trappers may have used this route in search of beaver as early as the 1830s and 1840s;[46] trapping was common in the area until about 1845.[33] The trail pioneered by Smith was also used by fur trappers, including mountain man Ewing Young in 1832. Today part of the trail also forms the route of California State Route 36.[46] Major Pierson B. Reading (for whom the present city of Redding is named) explored the upper Trinity area in 1845 and is credited with the modern name of the river. Reading mistakenly thought that the Trinity flowed west to empty into the Pacific Ocean at Trinidad Bay. In 1849 prospectors confirmed the actual path of the river to flow into what, twenty years earlier had been called "Smith's River"; however, Reading's name stuck.[48]: 14
Gold Rush
In July 1848, not too long after James Marshall's famous gold find at
Mining activity was initially concentrated in the eastern (upper) valleys of the Trinity River around Weaverville, as the hostile Native Americans and treacherous gorges around Burnt Ranch precluded the transport of rations and equipment to places further west. For about two decades the area was extremely productive, second only to the
The Great Flood of 1862 largely obliterated the placer mining claims along this part of the Trinity River,[10] spurring prospectors to push west, establishing a pack trail to the area around the New River and the South Fork of the Trinity. In fact, the New River was named thusly for being a "new" river to explore for gold.[49] Although the river gold petered out by the 1870s, lode gold was discovered in the 1880s in the mountains above the Trinity River country. Because hard rock mining was required to access the gold bearing veins, new industries such as iron forges and stamp mills prospered in the region.[49]
Another profitable way to access gold was hydraulic mining operations, which sprang up across the Trinity River country starting in the 1860s. At one point, there were 307 hydraulic mines in Trinity County alone, of which 145 were "fully operational", all of which depended on the use of pressurized water to demolish hillsides in search of gold bearing ore.[10] This had an enormous impact on the landscape – leveling forests, carving huge gullies and burying streambeds under dozens of feet of sediment – which still characterizes the area today.[51] Elaborate flume, reservoir and tunnel systems were built to supply the massive quantities of water required by these "hydraulicking" operations.
The La Grange Mine which began operating in 1862 on Oregon Gulch, a small creek that flows into the Trinity, was the biggest hydraulic mine in California, covering over 3,000 acres (1,200 ha).[51] Tailings washed from this single mine buried the valley, the creek and the entire town of Oregon Gulch (which had been purchased by the mine owners in anticipation of this) under a staggering 110 million cubic yards (84,000,000 m3) of sediment.[10] This is equal to thirty times the volume of the Great Pyramid of Giza.[52]
Post-Gold Rush settlement
In 1884 the California legislature banned hydraulic mining as the flow of tailings from hydraulic mines in the Sierra Nevada was silting up the
Although most of the miners left, either to return home or settle elsewhere, some stayed to work in the ranching and logging industries that became the economic mainstay of the Trinity River area. Some also continued to search for gold long after the major deposits were gone; even today, recreational gold panning remains a popular activity along the Trinity.[55] One Mr. Jorstad who had been mining in the Trinity River country since the 1930s, continued to live in a small cabin at Pfeiffer Flat on the North Fork until his death in 1989.[48]: 15 Jorstad's cabin was an important rest stop for miners, hunters, hikers and fishermen along the North Fork for many years; it remains as a historical site maintained by the Forest Service.[56]
Although settlers had been farming and ranching in the Trinity River valley since the beginning of the gold rush, the number greatly increased after the gold rush when miners decided to settle down and homestead in the area. One of the major ranching areas was the wide valley known as Trinity Meadows, which is now flooded by Trinity Lake.
Commercial logging had also been operating for years in the Trinity River country, but most of the timber produced was used locally. After
Central Valley Project
As early as the 1930s, the state of California had floated the idea of diverting water from the rainy north to support irrigation in the fertile, but dry
As the 1950s began, demand on the Colorado River – which forms the border of California and Arizona and provided most of Southern California's water – was moving toward unsustainable levels. The Bureau of Reclamation restarted its surveys of the Trinity River basin as part of a larger proposal to move water from northern to southern parts of the state, and compensate for the shortages on the Colorado. The United Western Investigation, in 1951, proposed the damming of nearly every river in the North Coast region of California, chiefly the Trinity, Klamath and Eel.[61]: 265–271 The Ah Pah Dam would have flooded the canyons of the Klamath and Trinity Rivers to form the largest reservoir in California. These grandiose plans culminated in the Pacific Southwest Water Plan of 1964, which sought to comprehensively link the water systems of California and the rest of the Colorado River Basin. One of the key projects was an aqueduct to transport North Coast water to the Imperial Valley, reducing its reliance on water from the Colorado River.[62] However, with the exception of the upper Trinity River project, none of these dam and diversion projects were ever realized.
The Trinity River project was first drafted on October 1, 1951, and authorized by Congress on January 2, 1953, as the Trinity River Division of the Central Valley Project. In 1955 Congress authorized an annual diversion of 704,000 acre-feet (0.868 km3) of water (56 percent of total flow) from the Trinity River, stating that the water could be exported "without detrimental effect on the fishery resources" of the Trinity.[63] In 1957 the Bureau of Reclamation revised the export volume to 865,000 acre-feet (1.067 km3).[64] Construction of Trinity Dam started in 1956 and was completed on December 23, 1963. The reservoir was originally named "Clair Engle Lake" to commemorate United States Senator Clair Engle, who played a crucial role in shepherding the Trinity bill through Congress; however, the name proved unpopular with locals, and it was changed to Trinity Lake in 1997.[65][66]
Trinity Dam, an earth embankment structure 538 feet (164 m) high, was the tallest embankment dam in the world at its completion in 1962 (it was surpassed by
The filling of the reservoir flooded the town of Trinity Center, one of the original main population centers of Trinity County, as well as the smaller communities of Stringtown and Minersville. Residents of the Trinity River valley were heavily opposed to the dam, but they had no recourse against eminent domain used by the federal government (although property owners were paid for their land). Many buildings in Trinity Center were moved to a new location on the western shore of the reservoir. The dam blocked salmon runs to 109 miles (175 km) of habitat in the upper Trinity River basin, destroying the fishing economy that had sustained local people for generations.[72]
Other residents welcomed the dam project for the economic benefits it would bring via hydropower and tourism, as the gold mining industry that had long supported the region was greatly diminished by the 1950s. By 1986 tourism in the Trinity River country accounted for 50–75 percent of business in the summer and 25 percent in the winter.[20] Many locals remained "so bitter about the dam that they tore down signs and misdirected tourists" for many years after the dam was built.[73]
Ecology
With the exception of rocky alpine regions in the highest mountains, the Trinity River watershed is almost entirely forested. Mixed coniferous (fir and pine) forests dominate the landscape at elevations of up to 6,000 feet (1,800 m). Common tree species include
The
Beaver also inhabit the Trinity River watershed although their numbers were much higher before fur trappers came to the area. In 1828, the
The Trinity River was once known for its prolific
Forest and river habitats in the watershed have been heavily affected by human activities ever since Gold Rush mining began in the 1800s. Commercial logging has caused mountain slopes to become more prone to erosion; even in areas that are no longer logged and have seen secondary forest growth, abandoned logging roads pose a serious erosive threat. Grazing of livestock has also degraded grasslands and exposed soils to runoff. This has resulted in river channels becoming clogged and confined by sediment, harming salmon and steelhead populations by burying gravel bars used by these fish for spawning.[31][80] Along the South Fork, this problem has been exacerbated by the inherently unstable rocks and soils of the Franciscan formation, causing mass wasting events that dump sediment into streams.
After the Trinity and Lewiston Dams were complete, the Bureau of Reclamation did not adhere to the water export limits set in the project's authorization, diverting 72 percent of the total river flow[64] and as much as 90 percent at certain times.[63] On the main stem, dam construction has greatly reduced the capacity of the river to wash away excess sediment. The annual chinook salmon run has dropped by almost 80 percent since the 1950s.[78] In 2002, 65,000 adult salmon perished in a fish kill on the lower Trinity and Klamath rivers (the fish were mostly of Trinity stock).[81]
The Trinity River Division has also indirectly caused environmental impacts in other parts of California. Because no aqueduct or pipeline linking to the Imperial Valley or Colorado Basin was ever built, Trinity River water was and still is used in the Central Valley for irrigation. Most of it was used to develop new irrigation in the 600,000-acre (240,000 ha) Westlands Water District on the western side of the San Joaquin Valley,[82] which contains soils laced with salt and selenium.[81] In the 1980s, water run-off from the Westlands district contributed to the highly publicized contamination of Kesterson Reservoir, part of the agricultural drainage system and a significant refuge for birds and wildlife.[83]
After the completion of Lewiston Dam in 1963, the Bureau of Reclamation constructed the Trinity River Fish Hatchery to raise young steelhead, coho and chinook salmon.[84] The primary purpose of the hatchery was to compensate for the loss of 109 miles (175 km) of anadromous fish habitat above Lewiston Dam. The hatchery is operated by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife to produce returns of 7,500 coho, 6,000 spring chinook, 70,000 fall chinook and 22,000 steelhead each year.[85] In 2014, the California Fish Hatchery Review Project found that Trinity Hatchery raised coho were out-competing wild stocks. The hatchery has since been required to carefully time releases of young fish in order to reduce the risk of competition.[86]
Restoration efforts
After an environmental impact statement in 1991 the Bureau of Reclamation was required to make greater releases to the Trinity River below Lewiston Dam. On December 19, 2000, the Department of the Interior signed a Record of Decision (ROD) officially re-allocating Central Valley Project water for environmental purposes. This modified flow regime officially began in water year 2005.[87] Prior to this, annual releases to the Trinity River ranged from 150 to 300 cubic feet per second (4.2 to 8.5 m3/s), or about 109,000 to 217,000 acre-feet (134,000,000 to 268,000,000 m3) each year, with the exception of occasional flood water discharges. The ROD increases the minimum dam release to 368,600 acre-feet (0.4547 km3) or about 510 cubic feet per second (14 m3/s), even in "critically dry" years, with even greater releases made during years of normal and above average precipitation. These restrictions would reduce the Trinity River diversions about 28 percent on average; however, the impacts on the Central Valley Project as a whole would be far less, only about 1–4 percent. In addition, the project will periodically release high flows up to 11,000 cubic feet per second (310 m3/s) to simulate historic flooding and sediment transport conditions.[23]
In 2015 Humboldt County won a lawsuit against the Westlands Water District for an extra 50,000 acre-feet (62,000,000 m3) of water from the Trinity River for in-stream flows. Previously, the Bureau of Reclamation had included this sum in the water released for fishery management. Although this means more water for the Trinity River, no provision was made for commensurately reducing Central Valley Project water diversions, increasing the risk that Trinity Lake could be drained to "dead pool" in drought years.[81]
Water year type |
Trinity River release |
Trinity Release volume |
Max. CVP diversion |
Pct. flow released to river |
---|---|---|---|---|
Critically Dry | 509 ft3/s (14 m3/s) |
368,600 acre.ft (0.45 km3) |
85,400 acre.ft (0.11 km3) |
81% |
Dry | 625 ft3/s (18 m3/s) |
452,600 acre.ft (0.56 km3) |
358,400 acre.ft (0.44 km3) |
56% |
Normal | 892 ft3/s (25 m3/s) |
646,500 acre.ft (0.80 km3) |
459,100 acre.ft (0.56 km3) |
58% |
Wet | 968 ft3/s (27 m3/s) |
701,000 acre.ft (0.86 km3) |
900,000 acre.ft (1.11 km3) |
44% |
Extremely Wet | 1,125 ft3/s (32 m3/s) |
815,200 acre.ft (1.01 km3) |
1,525,800 acre.ft (1.88 km3) |
35% |
Construction crews have also worked to rehabilitate the river channel below the dam by clearing out mining debris and excess brush. However, these activities have been criticized by some environmental groups as too heavy-handed.[88] The California Water Impact Network stated channel rehabilitation was "an activity equivalent to a clear-cut on a Wild and Scenic River." Bulldozing of the riverbanks to clear space for juvenile salmon habitat has harmed steelhead spawning grounds, impacted public access and allowed the spread of invasive plant species.[89] Between 2005 and 2011, restoration work cost a total of $36 million.[88]
Recreation
The Trinity River and many of its tributaries have been part of the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System since 1981. The main stem is designated from a point 100 yards (91 m) below Lewiston Dam to the confluence with the Klamath River. The North Fork and New River are designated from the boundary of the Trinity Alps Wilderness to the mouth, and the South Fork from State Route 36 to the mouth. A total of 44 miles (71 km) are classified as "wild", 39 miles (63 km) as "scenic" and 120 miles (190 km) as "recreational".[90] The South Fork is the largest river in California without a single dam along its length.[91] Although fish populations have declined since the early 1900s, fishing for salmon and steelhead has recovered on many parts of the river.[92] The Trinity is known as one of the best steelhead streams in the western United States and is home to both wild and hatchery fish.[93]: 111–116 The California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) has developed a safe eating advisory for fish caught in the Trinity River based on levels of mercury or PCBs found in local species.[94][95]
The Trinity is a popular whitewater rafting and kayaking river. Dam releases for fish restoration have incidentally increased the amount of water available for boating year-round. The river has three main whitewater runs, all known for their scenery and wildlife. The Pigeon Point section, alongside Highway 299, contains
Recreational gold panning is another pastime along the Trinity. However, many streams in the area are located on private property, or are part of existing placer mining claims.[99] Claims in the area are administered by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM).[55] Because the Trinity River flows through a patchwork of private and public lands, the BLM and Forest Service maintain 14 designated locations for river access between Lewiston and Pigeon Point (just below Helena).[100]
See also
References
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- ^ a b "Diversion Facilities & Operations". Trinity River Restoration Program. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
- ^ a b "Summary of Volume and Diversion of Trinity River Water" (PDF). CALFED Bay-Delta Program. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
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- ^ Hartridge, Anne M. "Salmon Medicine: Federal Trust, the ESA, and the Trinity River" (PDF). University of California Davis. Retrieved December 13, 2016.
- ^ Jones, Carolyn (September 12, 2011). "Anger lingers over towns flooded by Trinity Dam". SFGate. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
- ^ a b c "Upper Trinity River Watershed Analysis" (PDF). U.S. Forest Service. March 2005. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
- ^ "Shasta-Trinity National Forest". College of the Siskiyous. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
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- ^ William H. Ashley; Jedediah S. Smith; Harrison G. Rogers (1918). The Ashley-Smith explorations and the discovery of a central route to the Pacific. p. 246. Retrieved July 31, 2011.
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- ^ a b c Stokely, Tom (February 2015). "Federal Legal Opinion Favors Humboldt County's Claim on Trinity Water". Northcoast Environmental Center. Retrieved October 3, 2016.
- ^ Stokely, Tom. "The Trinity River: A Triumph of Science over Politics - For Now" (PDF). County of Trinity. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
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- ^ Curtis, Jennifer A.; Guerrero, Timothy M. (May 13, 2015). "Geomorphic Mapping to Support River Restoration on the Trinity River Downstream from Lewiston Dam, California, 1980–2011". U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved December 7, 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Arthur, Damon (December 1, 2011). "Trinity River advocates denounce restoration; network claims project poses harm to salmon". Redding Record Searchlight. Retrieved December 7, 2016.
- ^ "Trinity River "Restoration" Program Brought into Question in Coalition Letter". Environmental Protection Information Center. January 23, 2014. Retrieved December 7, 2016.
- ^ "Trinity River, California". National Wild and Scenic Rivers System. Retrieved December 7, 2016.
- ^ "South Fork Trinity River Population" (PDF). Final SONCC Coho Recovery Plan. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. September 2014. Retrieved December 7, 2016.
- ^ "Are Steelhead & Salmon Returning To The Trinity River?". California Trout. December 7, 2011. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
- ISBN 978-1-934753-03-3.
- ^ "California Fish Advisory Map". OEHHA. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
- ^ Admin, OEHHA (December 30, 2014). "Trinity River upstream of Trinity Lake". OEHHA. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
- ^ "Boating on the Trinity Wild & Scenic River" (PDF). U.S. Forest Service. June 2012. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
- ^ "Trinity River Burnt Ranch Gorge". California Creeks. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
- ^ "Whitewater & Scenery". California Whitewater. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
- ^ "Gold Panning - When Trinity Turned to Gold". Visit Trinity. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
- ^ "Wild and Scenic Trinity River Public Access Map" (PDF). U.S. Bureau of Land Management. Retrieved December 14, 2016.
Notes
Further reading
- Palmer, Tim (2012). Field Guide to California Rivers. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-95219-5.