Ukrainians in Poland

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Ukrainians in Poland
Orthodox Christianity, Greek Catholicism
Related ethnic groups
Ukrainians in Lithuania

Ukrainian refugees left the territory of Ukraine, of which more than 5.4 million people fled to neighbouring Poland.[7][8]

Cultural life

Polish census of 1931
Ukrainian and Ruthenian language in the Second Polish Republic

During the Polish People's Republic, the Ukrainian Social and Cultural Society (USKT) was the sole legal organ for Ukrainians in Poland.[9] Since 1990, the main Ukrainian organizations in Poland include the Association of Ukrainians in Poland (Związek Ukraińców w Polsce), the successor to the USKT, and several others:

  • Association of Ukrainians of
    Podlasie
    (Związek Ukraińców Podlasia),
  • Ukrainian Society of Lublin (Towarzystwo Ukraińskie w Lublinie),
  • Kyivan Rus Foundation of St. Volodymyr, pictured (Fundacja św. Włodzimierza Chrzciciela Rusi Kijowskiej),
  • Association of Ukrainian Women (Związek Ukrainek),
  • Ukrainian Educators' Society of Poland (Ukraińskie Towarzystwo Nauczycielskie w Polsce),
  • Ukrainian Medical Society (Ukraińskie Towarzystwo Lekarskie),
  • Ukrainian Club of Stalinist Political Prisoners (Stowarzyszenie Ukraińców – Więźniów Politycznych Okresu Stalinowskiego),
  • Ukrainian Youth Association "ПЛАСТ" (Organizacja Młodzieży Ukraińskiej "PŁAST"),
  • Ukrainian Historical Society (Ukraińskie Towarzystwo Historyczne),
  • Association of Independent Ukrainian Youth (Związek Niezależnej Młodzieży Ukraińskiej).

The most important periodicals published in Ukrainian language include: Our Voice (Nasze Słowo) weekly, and Над Бугом і Нарвою (Nad Buhom i Narwoju) bimonthly.[8]

The most important Ukrainian festivals and popular cultural events include: Festival of Ukrainian Culture in Sopot ("Festiwal Kultury Ukraińskiej" w Sopocie), Youth Market in Gdańsk ("Młodzieżowy Jarmark" w Gdańsku), Festival of Ukrainian Culture of Podlasie (Festiwal Kultury Ukraińskiej na Podlasiu "Podlaska Jesień"), Bytowska Watra, Spotkania Pogranicza in Głębock,[10] Days of Ukrainian Culture in Szczecin and Giżycko (Dni Kultury Ukraińskiej), Children Festival in Elbląg (Dziecięcy Festiwal Kultury w Elblągu), Na Iwana, na Kupała in Dubicze Cerkiewne, Festival of Ukrainian Children Groups in Koszalin (Festiwal Ukraińskich Zespołów Dziecięcych w Koszalinie), Noc na Iwana Kupała in Kruklanki, Ukrainian Folklore Market in Kętrzyn (Jarmark Folklorystyczny "Z malowanej skrzyni"), Under the Common Skies in Olsztyn (Pod wspólnym niebem), and Days of Ukrainian Theatre (Dni teatru ukraińskiego) also in Olsztyn.[8]

History and trends

Main article: History of the Ukrainian minority in Poland

Since World War II

After the quashing of the

repatriation of Ukrainians from Poland to the Soviet Union, the Polish People's Republic decided to relocate them internally. The Polish People's Army and Ministry of Public Security forcibly relocated them to northern and western Poland during Operation Vistula, settling them in the former Recovered Territories ceded to Poland at the Tehran Conference of 1943.[11]

A total of 27,172 people declared Ukrainian nationality in the

Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (11,881), followed by the West Pomeranian (3,703), Subcarpathian (2,984) and Pomeranian Voivodeships (2,831).[8] Kenan Adam[clarification needed] (recognized in Poland as a distinct ethnic group) regard themselves as members of the Ukrainian nation, while others distance themselves from Ukrainians.[8]

Economic migration

Ukrainian Settlement Permits and Temporary Residence Permits since Poland's EU accession[12]
 Permits / Year   2004   2005   2006   2007   2008   2009   Total 
 Permanent Settlement Permits 1,905  1,654  1,438  1,609  1,685  1,280  9,571 
 Temporary Residence Permits 8,518  8,304  7,733  7,381  8,307  8,489  48,736 
 Grand total 58,303 
 Source: EU Membership Highlights Poland's Migration Challenges, Warsaw

Since 1989, following the

immigration to Poland more difficult for people from Belarus, Russia and Ukraine. Nevertheless, Ukrainians consistently receive the most settlement permits and the most temporary residence permits in Poland (see table).[12] As a result of the Eastern Partnership, Poland and Ukraine have reached a new agreement replacing visas with simplified permits for Ukrainians residing within 30 km (19 mi) of the border. Up to 1.5 million people would benefit from this agreement which took effect on July 1, 2009.[13] In 2017 the visa requirements were finally abolished for short stays of up to 90 days.[14]

After 2014, more Ukrainians from eastern Ukraine, more men, and more younger Ukrainians have been working in Poland.[15]

The overwhelming majority of applications for temporary residence are accepted. As a result, Ukrainians constituted 25% of the entire immigrant population of Poland in 2015.[16]

In January 2016 the

Ukrainian Ambassador to Poland, Andrii Deshchytsia, noted that Ukrainian professionals enjoy a good reputation in Poland, and in spite of their growing numbers, Polish-Ukrainian relations remain very good.[17]

According to the NBP, 1.2 million Ukrainian citizens worked legally in Poland in 2016.[18] 1.7 million short-term work registrations were issued to them in 2017 (an eightfold increase compared to 2013).[5] Ukrainian workers stay in Poland an average of 3–4 months.[19]

The number of permanent residence permits increased from 5,375 in 2010 to 33,624 (14 September 2018), while the number of temporary residence permits increased from 7,415 to 132,099 over the same time period.[6]

About 102,000 Ukrainian citizens received Karta Polaka,[20] of whom some 15,500 obtained permanent residence permits in the period from 2014 to March 2018.[21]

Refugees

See also:
2022 Ukrainian refugee crisis and Refugees in Poland

Following the

2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
newly arriving refugees may apply under the standard EU asylum procedure or receive emergency temporary protection.

In 2022, Poland took in almost 1.5 million Ukrainian refugees. The migration resulted in a 50% rise in the population of Rzeszów, the largest city in south-eastern Poland. Warsaw's population increased by 15%, Kraków's by 23%, and Gdańsk's by 34%.[26][27][28][29] Ukrainian refugees have the legal right to reside and work across the European Union. They are also entitled to the same benefits as Poles, including health insurance, free public education, and child allowance.[30][31][32] Before the war, the presence of Ukrainians on the Polish labor market was significant. It has been presumed that employing several hundred thousand more people should not be a problem (this is already partially corroborated by the fact that nearly 150,000 newly arrived war refugees have entered the Polish labor market). However, such an outlook can be overly optimistic.

The recent influx consists primarily of women with children, whereas prior to the war, Ukrainians in Poland were predominantly employed in male-dominated occupations. Thus, there may be disparities between the available talents and the requirements of the labor market. This will necessitate a very high level of training and retraining opportunities tailored to the Ukrainian professional profile. Additional measures will be required to prevent threats such as workplace exploitation, abuse, and sexual harassment, which are to be expected given the magnitude of the phenomenon and the limited bargaining power of war refugees.

In the short term, due to the uniqueness of the situation, tensions can be easily avoided, but they are expected to emerge in the medium and long term. Especially people using public services may experience a deterioration in the standard of living due to the presence of war refugees who will also be entitled to state support. A similar situation may also take place in the labor market, with possible adverse effects, particularly on the local scale. These risks should be identified, monitored and addressed through well-tailored public policies, including communication campaigns.

Less than a month after the invasion, the Polish government established the Aid Fund, run by

Bank Gospodarstwa Krajowego, which funds all actions and programs aimed at assisting and integrating Ukrainian refugees.[33][34][35]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Populacja cudzoziemców w Polsce w czasie COVID-19".
  2. ^ "Ludność. Stan i struktura demograficzno-społeczna. Narodowy Spis Powszechny Ludności i Mieszkań 2011" (PDF). Warsaw: GUS. 2013. p. 268.
  3. ^ Przynależność narodowo-etniczna ludności – wyniki spisu ludności i mieszkań 2011. GUS. Materiał na konferencję prasową w dniu 29. 01. 2013. p. 3. Retrieved 2013-03-06.
  4. ^ a b "2 млн украинцев работают в Польше — МИД Польши". delo.ua (in Ukrainian). 2 December 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
  5. ^ a b Shotter, James; Huber, Evon (10 July 2018). "Polish companies target Ukrainian workers as consumers". ft.com. FINANCIAL TIMES. Retrieved 14 September 2018.
  6. ^ a b "Maps and statistics of migrants and Polish migration services". migracje.gov.pl. Urząd do Spraw Cudzoziemców (The Office for Foreigners). Retrieved 14 September 2018. (daily updated)
  7. ^ "Refugees fleeing Ukraine (since 24 February 2022)". UNHCR. 2022.
  8. ^
    Polish Ministry of Internal Affairs and Administration
    . Retrieved September 9, 2007.
  9. ^ Trukhan, Myroslav. "Ukrainian Social and Cultural Society". Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
  10. ^ "Watra - spotkania pogranicza". Miasto I Gmina Pieniężno (in Polish). Retrieved 7 May 2016.
  11. ISBN 978-0-385-51569-6
    .
  12. ^ a b Krystyna Iglicka, Magdalena Ziolek-Skrzypczak, Ludwig Maximilian (University of Munich) (September 2010). "EU Membership Highlights Poland's Migration Challenges". Center for International Relations, Warsaw. Retrieved August 19, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ "Sikorski: umowa o małym ruchu granicznym od 1 lipca". Gazeta Wyborcza. 2009-06-17. Retrieved 2009-06-17.
  14. ^ "European Commission - Statement".
  15. ^ "A new wave of Ukrainian migration to Poland | | Central European Financial Observer". financialobserver.eu. 19 January 2017. Retrieved 2018-01-29.
  16. ^ a b Katarzyna Kunicka (October 19, 2015). "Ukraiński Świat. W Polsce mieszka 400 tys. Ukraińców" [According to Ukraiński Świat (formed in Warsaw during Euromaidan), 400,000 Ukrainians live in Poland]. Greenpoint Media 2015. Archived from the original on October 21, 2015 – via Internet Archive, October 21, 2015. Ukraiński Świat jest ostatnią deską ratunku dla uciekających przed przemocą na Ukrainie do Polski, a także dla tych, którzy po powrocie do domu narażeni są na problemy gospodarcze. Raport, opublikowany 21 lipca przez Urząd do Spraw Cudzoziemców w Polsce pokazuje 50-krotny wzrost ukraińskich wniosków o status uchodźcy. Od 2013 do 2014 roku wnioski o pobyt czasowy wzrosły dwukrotnie, z 13,000 do 29,000. Wskaźnik ten cały czas rośnie: w ciągu pierwszych siedmiu miesięcy 2015 roku wyniósł ponad 32,000.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  17. ^ PAP/Zespół wPolityce.pl (21 January 2016). "Ambasador Ukrainy: Milion Ukraińców w Polsce to migranci ekonomiczni". Wschodnik : Portal Informacyjny Aktualności z Ukrainy.
  18. ^ "Ukraińcy na dobre rozgościli się na polskim rynku pracy. Zarabiają tyle co Polacy, na Wschód wysyłają miliardy złotych". forbes.pl (in Polish). 8 March 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2018.
  19. ^ "Ukraińcy spędzają w Polsce średnio 3-4 miesiące". bankier.pl (in Polish). 14 August 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2018.
  20. ^ "Karta Polaka ma objąć wszystkie osoby polskiego pochodzenia oraz wszystkie środowiska polonijne". rp.pl (in Polish). Rzeczpospolita. 3 April 2019. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
  21. ^ "Karta Polaka – rośnie liczba zezwoleń na pobyt stały". udsc.gov.pl (in Polish). UDSC. 10 May 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
  22. ^ Rasmussen, Pia. "2015 Annual Session Helsinki". www.oscepa.org. Archived from the original on 2015-07-08. Retrieved 2015-07-09.
  23. ^ PAP (28 August 2015). ""We can build European security together"". Office of the President of Poland. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
  24. ^ a b Relacja Pawła Buszko z Kijowa (IAR) (4 September 2015). "Prezydent Ukrainy dziękuje Polsce za solidarność i zaprasza Andrzeja Dudę". Polskie Radio. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
  25. ^ Ukraine Today (25 July 2015). "Joint Military Brigade: Ukraine, Poland, Lithuania sign framework agreement". uatoday.tv. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
  26. ^ "A solidarity package helps Poland integrate Ukrainian refugees". European Investment Bank. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
  27. S2CID 249460341. This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the CC BY 4.0
    license.
  28. ^ "Rzeszow and other Polish cities welcome millions of Ukrainian refugees - Eurocities". eurocities.eu. 2022-03-21. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
  29. ^ "Polish cities feel the strain of helping Ukrainian refugees". POLITICO. 2022-06-02. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
  30. ^ "A solidarity package helps Poland integrate Ukrainian refugees". European Investment Bank. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
  31. ^ "Policies to support refugees from Ukraine". Eurofound. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
  32. ^ "Housing support for Ukrainian refugees in receiving countries". OECD. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
  33. ^ "A solidarity package helps Poland integrate Ukrainian refugees". European Investment Bank. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
  34. ^ "Poland: Funding from the EC to support those arriving from Ukraine | European Website on Integration". ec.europa.eu. 28 October 2022. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
  35. ^ "Aid Fund". BGK. Archived from the original on 2023-01-27. Retrieved 2023-01-27.

Further reading
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