Koszalin
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Koszalin (pronounced [kɔˈʂalʲin] ⓘ; Kashubian: Kòszalëno; German: Köslin,[2] pronounced [kœsˈliːn]) is a city in northwestern Poland, in Western Pomerania. It is located 12 kilometres (7 miles) south of the Baltic Sea coast, and intersected by the river Dzierżęcinka. Koszalin is also a county-status city and capital of Koszalin County of West Pomeranian Voivodeship.
In 2010 Piotr Jedliński was elected the eleventh mayor of Koszalin, and is still serving as of 2023[update].[3]
History
Human settlement in Koszalin dates back to prehistoric times. Various traces of human settlement of the
Middle Ages
The territory became part of the emerging Polish state under
In 1214,
On 23 May 1266, Kammin bishop Hermann von Gleichen granted a charter to the village, granting it Lübeck law, local government, autonomy and multiple privileges to attract German settlers from the west.[7] When in 1276 the bishops became the sovereign in neighboring Kołobrzeg, they moved their residence there, while the administration of the diocese was done from Koszalin.[6] In 1278 a Cistercian monastery was established, which took care of the local parish church and St. Mary chapel on Chełmska Hill.[8]
The city obtained direct access to the Baltic Sea when it gained the village of Jamno (1331), parts of Lake Jamno, a spit between the lake and the sea and the castle of Unieście in 1353. Thence, it participated in the Baltic Sea trade as a member of the Hanseatic League (from 1386),[8] which led to several conflicts with the competing seaports of at Kołobrzeg and Darłowo. From 1356 until 1417/1422, the city was part of the Duchy of Pomerania-Wolgast. In 1446 Koszalin fought a victorious battle against the nearby rival city of Kołobrzeg.[8] In 1475 a conflict between the city of Koszalin and the Pomeranian duke Bogislaw X broke out, resulting in the kidnapping and temporary imprisonment of the duke in Koszalin.[8]
Modern Age
As a result of German colonization, the town became mostly German-speaking, putting indigenous Slavic speakers at disadvantage.[8] In 1516 local Germans enforced a ban on buying goods from Slavic speakers.[9] It was also forbidden to accept native Slavs to craft guilds, which indicates ethnic discrimination.[8]
In 1531 riots took place between supporters and opponents of the
Now renamed Cöslin as part of the
The town became part of the German Empire in 1871 during the unification of Germany. The railroad from Stettin through Cöslin and Stolp (Słupsk) to Danzig was constructed from 1858 to 1878. A military cadet school created by Frederick the Great in 1776 was moved from Kulm (Chełmno) to the city in 1890. The Kösliner Zeitung was as a local newspaper published in Köslin.
After the
After World War II
On 4 March 1945, the city was captured by the Red Army. Under the border changes forced by the Soviet Union in the post-war Potsdam Agreement, Koszalin became part of Poland as part of the so-called Recovered Territories. The city's German population that had not yet fled was expelled to the remainder of post-war Germany in accordance to the Potsdam Agreement. The city was resettled by Poles and Kashubians, many of whom had been expelled from Polish territory annexed by the Soviets.[18]
As early as March 1945 a Polish police unit was established, consisting of former
Initially, Koszalin was the first post-war regional capital of Polish Western Pomerania, before the administration finally moved to Szczecin in February 1946, after which the region was named the Szczecin Voivodeship.[8] In 1950 this voivodeship was divided into a truncated Szczecin Voivodeship and Koszalin Voivodeship. In years 1950-75 Koszalin was the capital of the enlarged Koszalin Voivodeship sometimes called Middle Pomerania due to becoming the fastest growing city in Poland. In years 1975-98 it was the capital of the smaller Koszalin Voivodeship. As a result of the Local Government Reorganization Act (1998) Koszalin became part of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship (effective 1 January 1999) regardless of an earlier proposal for a new Middle Pomeranian Voivodeship covering approximately the area of former Koszalin Voivodeship (1950–75).
In 1991, Koszalin was visited by Pope John Paul II.[21] On the fifth anniversary of his visit, his monument was unveiled in the city center.[21]
Landmarks
The city borders on Chełmska Hill (
Koszalin's most distinctive landmark is the
Other city landmarks include the Park of the Dukes of Pomerania (Park Książąt Pomorskich), the Koszalin Museum, the main post office, the 16th-century Wedding Palace and the Culture Centre 105 (Centrum Kultury 105).
The city also has monuments dedicated to Polish national heroes:
-
Observation tower on Góra Chełmska
-
Koszalin Museum
-
The new building of the Koszalin Philharmonic
-
A historic villa on Zwycięstwa Street
-
Park of the Dukes of Pomerania (Park Książąt Pomorskich)
-
Memorial stone dedicated toKazimierz Pułaskiin the Amphitheater Park
Climate
The climate is oceanic (Köppen: Cfb) with some humid continental characteristics (Dfb), usually categorized if the 0 °C isotherm is used (for the same classification). Being in Western Pomerania and near the Baltic Sea, it has a much more moderate climate than the other large Polish cities. The summers are warm and practically never hot as in the south and the winters are often more moderate than the northeast and east, although still cold, yet it is not as mild as Western Europe. Daily averages below freezing point can be found in January and February, while in the summer they are between 15 and 16 °C, relatively cool. The average annual precipitation is 704 mm, distributed during the year. Koszalin is one of the sunniest cities in the country.[24][25][26]
Climate data for Koszalin (Wilkowo), elevation: 33 m, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 13.2 (55.8) |
17.7 (63.9) |
23.3 (73.9) |
28.2 (82.8) |
31.2 (88.2) |
35.6 (96.1) |
36.4 (97.5) |
37.1 (98.8) |
33.9 (93.0) |
27.3 (81.1) |
18.8 (65.8) |
13.6 (56.5) |
37.1 (98.8) |
Mean maximum °C (°F) | 8.9 (48.0) |
10.0 (50.0) |
16.1 (61.0) |
22.8 (73.0) |
26.9 (80.4) |
29.4 (84.9) |
30.4 (86.7) |
30.3 (86.5) |
24.9 (76.8) |
19.4 (66.9) |
13.2 (55.8) |
9.6 (49.3) |
32.5 (90.5) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 2.5 (36.5) |
3.5 (38.3) |
7.0 (44.6) |
12.8 (55.0) |
17.1 (62.8) |
20.1 (68.2) |
22.4 (72.3) |
22.5 (72.5) |
18.2 (64.8) |
12.7 (54.9) |
7.1 (44.8) |
3.5 (38.3) |
12.5 (54.5) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 0.3 (32.5) |
0.9 (33.6) |
3.3 (37.9) |
8.0 (46.4) |
12.3 (54.1) |
15.6 (60.1) |
17.9 (64.2) |
17.9 (64.2) |
14.0 (57.2) |
9.3 (48.7) |
4.8 (40.6) |
1.6 (34.9) |
8.8 (47.8) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −1.9 (28.6) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
0.2 (32.4) |
3.8 (38.8) |
7.8 (46.0) |
11.3 (52.3) |
13.7 (56.7) |
13.8 (56.8) |
10.4 (50.7) |
6.4 (43.5) |
2.6 (36.7) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
5.5 (41.9) |
Mean minimum °C (°F) | −11.4 (11.5) |
−9.6 (14.7) |
−6.5 (20.3) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
0.9 (33.6) |
5.7 (42.3) |
9.1 (48.4) |
8.5 (47.3) |
4.4 (39.9) |
0.0 (32.0) |
−3.6 (25.5) |
−8.1 (17.4) |
−14.4 (6.1) |
Record low °C (°F) | −26.7 (−16.1) |
−26.7 (−16.1) |
−18.7 (−1.7) |
−10.1 (13.8) |
−3.9 (25.0) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
2.6 (36.7) |
2.3 (36.1) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
−6.1 (21.0) |
−14.0 (6.8) |
−19.7 (−3.5) |
−26.7 (−16.1) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 52.4 (2.06) |
40.1 (1.58) |
46.0 (1.81) |
33.8 (1.33) |
54.3 (2.14) |
76.4 (3.01) |
90.2 (3.55) |
88.8 (3.50) |
74.7 (2.94) |
66.0 (2.60) |
56.1 (2.21) |
59.2 (2.33) |
738.2 (29.06) |
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 5.1 (2.0) |
5.5 (2.2) |
3.4 (1.3) |
0.3 (0.1) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.4 (0.2) |
1.4 (0.6) |
3.8 (1.5) |
5.5 (2.2) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 17.37 | 15.74 | 13.57 | 11.23 | 13.10 | 13.17 | 14.57 | 14.60 | 13.90 | 16.13 | 16.30 | 18.77 | 178.44 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0 cm) | 11.1 | 10.8 | 5.3 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 2.0 | 7.2 | 36.9 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
85.7 | 83.4 | 78.9 | 72.8 | 74.2 | 76.3 | 77.4 | 77.1 | 80.4 | 83.7 | 87.5 | 87.9 | 80.5 |
Average dew point °C (°F) | −3 (27) |
−2 (28) |
0 (32) |
3 (37) |
7 (45) |
11 (52) |
14 (57) |
13 (55) |
10 (50) |
6 (43) |
4 (39) |
0 (32) |
5 (41) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 44.7 | 67.8 | 132.2 | 203.4 | 262.7 | 256.8 | 259.2 | 233.2 | 166.5 | 111.1 | 50.6 | 32.4 | 1,820.6 |
Source 1: Institute of Meteorology and Water Management[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020),[35][36][37] Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015)[38] |
Sports
- basketball team, playing in the Polish Basketball League(the top division)
- Polish Ekstraklasa Women's Handball League: 3rd place in 1st league in 2003/2004 season; promoted to Premiership in 2004/2005 season.
- Gwardia Koszalin - football team, currently playing in the fourth Polish division.
- Bałtyk Koszalin - football team, currently playing in the fourth Polish division
- Tennis - Bałtyk Koszalin
- Rugby - Rugby Club Koszalin
- Motorsport - Klub Motor Sport Koszalin
- American Football - Korsarze Koszalin
Film festival
The city has organised an annual
Major corporations
- Zakład Energetyczny Koszalin SA
- Brok Brewery SA
- NordGlass AutoGlass
- TWIP Foundation
Education
- Koszalin University of Technology (Politechnika Koszalińska)
- Baltic College (Bałtycka Wyższa Szkoła Humanistyczna)
- Air Force training center (Centrum Szkolenia Sił Powietrznych im. Romualda Traugutta)
- Koszalin University of Humanities (Koszalińska Wyższa Szkoła Nauk Humanistycznych)
- State Higher Vocational School in Koszalin (Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa w Koszalinie)
- Major Seminary of the Diocese of Koszalin-Kolobrzeska in Koszalin (Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne Diecezji Koszalińsko-Kołobrzeskiej w Koszalinie)
- Team State School of Music (Zespół Państwowych Szkół Muzycznych im. Grażyny Bacewicz)
- School Arts Team (Zespół Szkół Plastycznych im. Władysława Hasiora)
- 1st. High School Stanisława Dubois (Dubois or colloquially Dibulec)
- 2nd. High School Władysława Broniewskiego (colloquially Bronek)
- 5th. High School Stanisława Lema (Jedności)
- 6th. High School Cypriana Norwida (Podgórna)
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1740 | 2,535 | — |
1782 | 2,933 | +15.7% |
1791 | 3,071 | +4.7% |
1794 | 3,286 | +7.0% |
1812 | 3,802 | +15.7% |
1816 | 4,636 | +21.9% |
1831 | 6,541 | +41.1% |
1843 | 8,114 | +24.0% |
1852 | 9,398 | +15.8% |
1861 | 11,303 | +20.3% |
1900 | 20,417 | +80.6% |
1925 | 28,810 | +41.1% |
1940 | 33,587 | +16.6% |
1950 | 22,011 | −34.5% |
1960 | 44,410 | +101.8% |
1970 | 65,200 | +46.8% |
1980 | 93,460 | +43.3% |
1990 | 108,697 | +16.3% |
2000 | 108,899 | +0.2% |
2010 | 107,948 | −0.9% |
2020 | 106,235 | −1.6% |
source [41] |
Notable people
- Daniel Liczko (1615–1662), Sergeant of the Dutch colonial army in New Amsterdam
- Ewald Christian von Kleist (1715–1759), poet and cavalry officer [42]
- Rudolf Clausius (1822–1888), physicist and mathematician and a founder of thermodynamics [43]
- Karl Adolf Lorenz (1837–1923), conductor, composer and music pedagogue
- Hans Richert (1869–1940), school reformer
- Hans Grade (1879–1946), aviation pioneer
- Fritz von Brodowski (1886–1944), German army general, controversially killed while in French custody during WWII
- Georg Wendt (1889–1948), politician, member of the SPD and SED
- Friedrich-Karl Burckhardt (1889–1962), World War I flying ace
- NSDAPpolitician
- Paul Dahlke (1904–1984), stage and film actor
- Heinz Pollay (1908–1979), dressage horse rider, competed in the 1936 and 1952 Summer Olympics
- Martin Ruhnke (1921–2004), musicologist
- Hans-Joachim Preil (1923–1999), actor and comedian
- Leslie Brent (1925–2019), immunologist and zoologist
- Waltraud Nowarra (1940–2007), chess player
- Vladimir Berdnikov (born 1946), painter and glass artist
- Mirosław Okoński (born 1958), footballer, played 418 pro games and 29 for Poland
- Kuba Wojewódzki (born 1963), journalist, TV personality, drummer and comedian
- Mirosław Trzeciak (born 1968), footballer, director of sport development of Legia Warszawa
- Marcin Horbacz (born 1974), modern pentathlete, competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics
- Adam Sztaba (born 1975), composer, music producer, conductor, arranger and pianist
- Maciej Stachowiak (born 1976), software engineer at Apple Inc.
- Kasia Cerekwicka (born 1980), pop singer
- Marzena Diakun (born 1981), conductor
- Jakub Różalski (born 1981), artist and illustrator
- Paweł Spisak (born 1981), equestrian, competed at the 2004, 2008, 2012 and 2016 Summer Olympics
- Sebastian Mila (born 1982), Polish professional footballer
- Schwesta Ewa (born 1984), musician, moved to Germany as a child
- Joanna Majdan(born 1988), chess player
- Kacper Kozłowski (born 2003), Polish professional footballer
Twin towns – sister cities
- Albano Laziale, Italy
- Bourges, France
- Fuzhou, China
- Gladsaxe, Denmark
- Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
- Kristianstad, Sweden
- Lida, Belarus
- Neubrandenburg, Germany
- Neumünster, Germany
- Schwedt, Germany
- Seinäjoki, Finland
- Tempelhof-Schöneberg (Berlin), Germany
- Trakai, Lithuania
See also
References
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- ^ "Vertreibung von Kriegskindern: Schweigen, um zu überleben" (in German). MDR. 6 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ^ "Interview with Mr. Piotr Jedliński, Mayor of Koszalin, Poland". CEOWORLD Magazine. Archived from the original on 25 April 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
- ^ Labuda, Gerard (1993). "Chrystianizacja Pomorza (X–XIII stulecie)". Studia Gdańskie (in Polish). Vol. IX. Gdańsk-Oliwa. p. 47.
- ^ "Historia Koszalina, Serwis Urzędu Miejskiego w Koszalinie". Retrieved June 8, 2019.
- ^ ISBN 3-406-54986-1
- ^ Charles Higounet. Die deutsche Ostsiedlung im Mittelalter (in German). p. 149.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Kalendarium 750 lat Koszalina, Muzeum w Koszalinie" (in Polish). Retrieved June 9, 2019.
- ^ Hieronim Kroczyński, Kołobrzeg zarys dziejów, Wyd. Poznańskie, Poznań, 1979, p. 27 (in Polish)
- ISBN 3-525-55451-6
- ^ p.37, Dornberger
- ISBN 83-85003-97-5.
- ISBN 978-83-8229-411-8.
- ^ a b Piotr Polechoński (15 December 2012). "Czas wojny w Koszalinie. Ilu Polaków tu wtedy było?". Głos Koszaliński (in Polish). Retrieved 26 June 2021.
- ^ "Les Kommandos". Stalag IIB Hammerstein, Czarne en Pologne (in French). Retrieved 20 March 2020.
- ^ "Gefängnis Köslin". Bundesarchiv.de (in German). Retrieved 26 June 2021.
- ^ Leszek Laskowski, Pomniki Koszalina, Koszalin 2009, p. 104 (in Polish)
- ^ W. Seidel: Das Land und Volk der Kassuben. In: Preußische Provinzialblätter N.F. 2 (1852), p. 104.
- ^ a b c d "Kalendarium Koszalina z lat 1945-1950, Muzeum w Koszalinie" (in Polish). Retrieved June 8, 2019.
- ^ Laskowski, p. 114
- ^ a b Laskowski, p. 7
- ^ Laskowski, p. 46-47
- ^ Laskowski, p. 8, 14-17, 44-45, 63
- ^ "Koszalin (12105) - WMO Weather Station". NOAA. Retrieved December 26, 2018. Archived December 27, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Engel, Pamela. "MAP: Here's Where You Should Move If You Want The Most Sunshine". Business Insider. Retrieved 2018-12-26.
- ^ "Koszalin climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Koszalin weather averages - Climate-Data.org". en.climate-data.org. Retrieved 2018-12-26.
- ^ "Średnia dobowa temperatura powietrza". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
- ^ "Średnia minimalna temperatura powietrza". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
- ^ "Średnia maksymalna temperatura powietrza". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
- ^ "Miesięczna suma opadu". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 9 January 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
- ^ "Liczba dni z opadem >= 0,1 mm". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
- ^ "Średnia grubość pokrywy śnieżnej". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
- ^ "Liczba dni z pokrywą śnieżna > 0 cm". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
- ^ "Średnia suma usłonecznienia (h)". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
- ^ "Koszalin Absolutna temperatura maksymalna" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. 6 April 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
- ^ "Koszalin Absolutna temperatura minimalna" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. 6 April 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
- ^ "Koszalin Średnia wilgotność" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. 6 April 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
- ^ "Climate & Weather Averages in Koszalin". Time and Date. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
- ^ ""The Youth and Film" - The Festival of Film Debuts in Koszalin". Polish Film Institute. Archived from the original on 6 December 2023. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
- ^ "30 years of "Młodzi i Film" in Koszalin". Culture.pl. Archived from the original on 6 December 2023. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
- ^ "Koszalin (Zachodniopomorskie) » mapy, nieruchomości, GUS, noclegi, szkoły, regon, atrakcje, kody pocztowe, wypadki drogowe, bezrobocie, wynagrodzenie, zarobki, tabele, edukacja, demografia".
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). 1911. .
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 06 (11th ed.). 1911. .
- ^ "Miasta partnerskie". koszalin.pl (in Polish). Koszalin. Retrieved 2021-03-28.
External links
- Official City Authorities site
- Technical University of Koszalin Archived 2021-05-03 at the Wayback Machine
- ChefMoz Dining Guide
- Koszalin in Your Wonder Beautiful Place
- KoszalinCity.pl (in Polish)