United Nations Parliamentary Assembly
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|
Abbreviation | UNPA |
---|---|
Type | Proposed Organ of the United Nations |
Legal status | Proposed |
In regards to the United Nations, the Campaign for a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly is a "global network of parliamentarians, non governmental organizations, and scholars" that advocates for representatives, not only states, to have "a direct and influential role in global policy."[1]
This is done with the proposed creation of the United Nations Parliamentary Assembly. The United Nations has six organizations currently.
The
Timeline
This section may contain information not important or relevant to the article's subject. |
This section may be too long to read and navigate comfortably. (September 2023) |
1920s
The idea was raised at the founding of the League of Nations in the 1920s and again following the end of World War II in 1945,but remained dormant throughout the Cold War.
The
The commission proposes that this Network "would be similar in initial composition to the Parliamentary Network on the World Bank and International Monetary Fund and the Parliamentary Conference on the World Trade Organization".[6] Proposals for a parliamentary assembly in the global organization of nations date back to at least the 1920s, when League of Nations founders considered (and rejected) plans to include a people's assembly as part of the league's structure.[7]
League and UN founding documents include few mechanisms for direct participation by citizens or legislators, aside from
1940s
On 16 October 1945, before the
In the post-
Democracy in general had spread; in 2003, Freedom House counted 121 electoral democracies, compared to 66 in 1987[17] and 30 in 1975 (although by the mid-2000s, the trend appeared to have stagnated).[18] The rapidly integrating European Union, a unique supranational body whose European Parliament was gradually growing in power, provided an example to the world of how a multi-nation parliament can evolve and function.[19]
The World Trade Organization and similar organizations generated great concern as they seemed to be gaining more influence and control over trade disputes, yet were not accountable to the people;[20] U.S. President Bill Clinton argued, "We must insist that international trade organizations be open to public scrutiny instead of mysterious, secret things subject to wild criticism."[21] A "new diplomacy" seemed to be taking shape in which NGOs and governments cooperated to create new global institutions such as the International Criminal Court.[22] U.S. Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy Chairman Harold C. Pachios of Preti, Flaherty, Beliveau & Pachios noted:[23]
From the time governments were organized until very recently, diplomacy involved conveying a message to another government, usually delivered by a government official–an ambassador–to a representative of a foreign government, and the response of foreign government officials. The interrelationship of countries was generally governed by these exchanges of messages between governments, and these exchanges were customarily secret. The information revolution which occurred in the last half of the 20th century, particularly in the last decade of the 20th century, dramatically changed all of that. Now it is ordinary citizens of countries who more often than not govern the relations among nations.
1990s - 2000s
In early 1993, the
On 8 February 2005, on the initiative of the Committee for a Democratic UN (today Democracy Without Borders), 108 Swiss Parliamentarians signed an open letter to the Secretary-General calling for the establishment of just such a body.
In April 2007, international NGOs launched the International Campaign for a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, the principal current movement for the establishment of a UNPA.[32] Its secretariat is led by Democracy Without Borders.[33] Over 150 civil society groups and nearly 1,500 parliamentarians from all over the world are taking part in the Campaign.[34] As of June 2017, CUNPA's appeal was endorsed by thousands of signatories from over 150 countries, among them hundreds of parliamentarians, civil society leaders, leading academics and distinguished individuals such as former UN Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali, the President of the Pan-African Parliament, Gertrude Mongella, Academy Award winner Emma Thompson, SF-author Sir Arthur C. Clarke and Edgar Mitchell, former NASA astronaut and sixth human being to walk on the Moon.[35]
On 25 September 2007, the statement by H.E. Mr.
One of the most influential and well-known pro-UN organizations,
Name | 1st session | Direct el. | N. |
Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe | 1949 | N/A | |
European Parliament | 1952 | 1979 | |
Assembly of WEU
|
1955 | N/A | |
NATO Parliamentary Assembly | 1955 | N/A | [41] |
Parliamentary Assembly of OSCE
|
1992 | N/A | [42] |
Arab Parliament | 2001 | N/A | |
Pan African Parliament
|
2004 | N/A | [43] |
Mercosur Parliament | 2007 | N/A | [44] |
According to
2010s
On 9 February 2010, a resolution of an international conference of sitting and former judges of the supreme courts of over 30 countries that took place in Lucknow, India, called for a revision of the United Nations Charter and for the establishment of a world parliament.[46]
In 2013, the
2020s
In July 2018, the European Parliament adopted a recommendation to the European Council endorsing a proposal for the establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly.[48]
Supporters have set forth possible UNPA implementations, including promulgation of a new treaty; creation of a UNPA as a subsidiary body of the UN General Assembly; and evolution of a UNPA from the Inter-Parliamentary Union or another non-governmental organization.
Several proposals for apportionment of votes have been raised to address disparities in population and economic power of UN members.
CUNPA advocates initially giving the UNPA advisory powers and gradually increasing its authority over the UN system.
Implementation
Five options for creating a UN Parliamentary Assembly have been proposed in various assessments. Alfred-Maurice de Zayas, the United Nations Independent Expert on the Promotion of a Democratic and Equitable International Order summarizes several options as:[49]
Amending the UN Charter
Establishing the UNPA as a subsidiary body of the UN General Assembly
The
Nongovernmental organization of democratically elected legislators.
Parliamentarians for Global Action, however, have suggested a non-governmental organization of democratically elected legislators, which they claim would have the advantage of not requiring the cooperation of (sometimes dictatorial) national governments or world parliamentary organizations with dictatorial members, so only democratic legislators, parliaments and countries would be represented.[57] Dieter Heinrich critiqued this approach by saying, "If it did succeed on any scale, it would divert resources from pressuring governments on thousands of specific issues, which citizens are good at, into the operation of a pan-global institutional structure, which citizens' groups are ill equipped to do...And the resulting assembly would always be of doubtful legitimacy (who does it really represent?) and of unlikely value as an evolutionary starting point for a real world parliament."[58]
Stand-alone treaty
Andrew Strauss of the
Use and/or transform the Inter-Parliamentary Union
The
Powers
The CUNPA proposes that the UNPA begin as a consultative body whose powers could be augmented as it evolved into a directly elected assembly: "Step by step, it should be provided with genuine rights of information, participation and control vis-à-vis the UN and the organizations of the UN system."
This is often accomplished in the form of a 'non-democratic' additional house in the parliamentary structure. Thus, in Britain, the necessity of compromise of the 'common people' with the powers and interests of the armed and titled nobility necessitated a bicameral system incorporating the
But there is some opposition to the idea of an empowered global parliament. A 2007
Herbert W. Briggs points out that while a UNPA could be established as a UNGA subsidiary body without any changes to
According to
Proposals to give the UNGA legislative power–including the "
Legitimacy and accountability
Proponents claim that one of the main purposes for the creation of a UNPA is enhancing UN accountability and legitimacy. The
Former
A
A significant practical obstacle to a completely democratically elected and representative UNPA is that, in contrast to the situation in which the European Parliament functions, a significant number of UN members, including populous countries such as China are not electoral democracies.[87] In the past, bodies such as the United Nations Commission on Human Rights were criticized for being dominated by abusive regimes.[88] If UNPA representatives were to be drawn from member nations' parliaments, it could create legitimacy concerns since some national legislatures are regarded as a rubber stamp for the rulers' decrees.[89]
Some global parliament proponents, such as Prof. Lucio Levi, propose starting a federation limited to democracies: "Though the democratization of states all over the world hasn’t been completed, this does not preclude starting the democratization of the UN. Six Western European countries founded the European Community, starting its democratization without waiting for the democratization of the institutions of all the European states."[90] UNA-USA's Jeff Laurenti notes the problems associated with excluding undemocratic countries from membership: "It is one thing to deny membership to a few small "rogue" dictatorships. It is quite another to exclude China, the vast majority of Arab countries, and two-thirds of Africa, and imagine that the resulting body can have a formal consultative or oversight role with United Nations agencies, be part of UN-sponsored negotiations on multilateral conventions (the real work of international legislating), or pass on the resolutions of UN political bodies."[39]
UNPA proponents frequently counter by pointing out that most of the world's countries are democratic.[84]
Funding
Heinrich argues, "It is essential that the salary and travel costs of UN parliamentarians should be paid by the institution of the UN Parliamentary Assembly from its own budget (which would be part of the UN budget), and not by the national governments individually. This is both to assure the independence of the UNPA politicians in their service to the UN and to assure equality of participation."
A 1993 Parliamentarians for Global Action survey showed that a strong majority of parliamentary respondents thought that the public would support the idea of a UN Parliamentary Assembly, but they were less sure the public would be prepared to finance it. The analysis pointed out, "The possibility of a greater financial burden to support an enlarged UN is unlikely to evoke support unless it can be demonstrated that the return on investment is significant. Citizens are often known to express lofty globalist sentiments when questioned on general principles, and to surrender them when costs or trade offs are concerned."[93] A 1995 United Nations University report claimed, "it is difficult to see how the Parliamentary Assembly would be able to pay for the salaries and travel of what could be over 1,000 representatives; this proposal could increase the duplication and waste that already exist within multilateral bodies."[94]
Direct election vs. appointment by national parliaments
A UNPA might begin as an inter-parliamentary institution–an assembly of parliamentarians from their respective countries' legislatures–and then change to a directly elected body. This would be similar to the evolution of the European Parliament. Beginning with the European Common Assembly's founding in 1952, MEPs were appointed by each of the Member States' national parliaments; in 1979, direct election was instituted.[95] Canadian diplomat and politician Douglas Roche, in his book The Case for a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, analyses the tradeoffs between the two choices.[84] Roche explains that a UNPA based on existing parliamentarians may be easier to establish, because it avoids several hurdles, such as decisions on electoral cycles, a universally acceptable electoral body, legitimacy of elections, and so on: "A body comprising national parliamentarians has the 'stamp of approval' built-in. National parliamentarians can claim electoral legitimacy in their own right. Admittedly, the credibility of domestic franchised can be called into question, but the trend toward democracy has been strengthening rapidly."[84]
National parliamentarians also generally have staff and money, which could ease the funding issues associated with forming a new world parliamentary assembly. Delegates to a directly elected UNPA, on the other hand, would have more time to devote to the global assembly, since its members would not be occupied with duties relating to their membership in their national legislature.[84] Heinrich points out strategic advantages of an indirectly elected UNPA: "Another advantage to basing representation in a UN Parliamentary Assembly on national parliaments is that it may engage parliamentarians as allies in the cause of getting the assembly established, and, later, helping to build the political will for its evolution. The experience of being a UN parliamentarian will galvanize many of these politicians into going home as advocates for the UN, including the need for strengthening and democratizing the UN Parliamentary Assembly itself."[58]
Heinrich also notes the possibility that national parliaments could appoint citizen representatives to the UNPA, similarly to how the
Apportionment of votes
System | Brazil | Indon. | U.S. | India | China |
Schwartzberg's weighted voting | 1.91% | 1.38% | 9.07% | 5.96% | 7.67% |
Provisional People's Assembly method | 2.22% | [i]1.71% | 6.15% | 5.64% | [ii]3.25% |
One person, one vote | 2.78% | 3.50% | 4.36% | 17.35% | 18.58% |
Penrose method | 1.84% | 2.05% | 2.34% | 4.60% | 4.89% |
Weighting by nominal GDP
|
3.04% | 1.15% | 22.45% | 2.65% | 13.40% |
One state, one vote | 0.52% | 0.52% | 0.52% | 0.52% | 0.52% |
A global parliamentary assembly could be structured to give populous states greater influence. The
the disparities in populations among members of the UN are so much greater than those of units represented in any national legislature as to make a second house analogous to the
House of Representatives, compared to Wyoming’s one, both have two seats in the Senate. But who would argue that Nauru should have as much power ... as China?
There are several alternate proposals for apportionment of votes among member nations:
Schwartzberg's weighted voting formula takes into account population (the democratic/demographic principle), contribution to the UN budget (the economic principle), and share of the total membership. The idea of weighting countries' votes according to their financial contribution to the organization is not unprecedented, as the World Bank, International Monetary Fund and other Bretton Woods institutions use this method.[98]
The Provisional People's Assembly's methodology gives each nation Population Seats based on a calculation that combines the Penrose method, which takes the square root of the millions of inhabitants of each country, Economic Seats equal to its portion of the world's total gross domestic product, and classification as Free, Partially Free, or Unfree by Freedom House.[99]
Under
Election standards
A directly elected UNPA might have common election standards if it follows the example of European Parliament (EP). The
See also
- Community of Democracies
- Global citizenship
- Global governance
- Cosmopolitan democracy
- Supranational union
- List of countries by population
- List of indices of freedom
- Reform of the United Nations
- World Federalism
- World Constitution and Parliament Association (WCPA)
- World Federalist Movement/Institute for Global Policy
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External links
- Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly
- Andreas Bummel. (2016). "Toward Global Political Integration: Time for a World Parliamentary Assembly." Great Transition Initiative.