Madeleine Albright
Madeleine Albright | |
---|---|
United States Ambassador to the United Nations | |
In office January 27, 1993 – January 21, 1997 | |
President | Bill Clinton |
Preceded by | Edward J. Perkins |
Succeeded by | Bill Richardson |
Personal details | |
Born | Marie Jana Korbelová May 15, 1937 Prague, Czechoslovakia |
Died | March 23, 2022 Washington, D.C., U.S. | (aged 84)
Citizenship |
|
Political party | Democratic |
Spouse | |
Children | 3, including Alice P. |
Parent |
|
Education | |
Awards | Presidential Medal of Freedom (2012) |
Signature | |
Madeleine Jana Korbel Albright
Born in Prague, Czechoslovakia, Albright immigrated to the United States after the 1948 communist coup d'état when she was eleven years old. Her father, diplomat Josef Korbel, settled the family in Denver, Colorado, and she became a U.S. citizen in 1957.[5][6] Albright graduated from Wellesley College in 1959 and earned a PhD from Columbia University in 1975, writing her thesis on the Prague Spring.[7] She worked as an aide to Senator Edmund Muskie from 1976 to 1978, before serving as a staff member on the National Security Council under Zbigniew Brzezinski. She served in that position until 1981 when President Jimmy Carter left office.[8]
After leaving the National Security Council, Albright joined the academic faculty of
Albright served as chair of the
Early life and career
Albright was born Marie Jana Körbelová in 1937 in the
When Marie Jana was born, her father was serving as a press-attaché at the Czechoslovak Embassy in Belgrade. The signing of the Munich Agreement in September 1938—and the German occupation of Czechoslovakia by Adolf Hitler's troops—forced the family into exile because of their links with Beneš.[17]
Josef and Anna
The family moved to Britain in May 1939. Here her father worked for Beneš's
After the defeat of the Nazis in the European theatre of World War II and the collapse of Nazi Germany and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, the Korbel family returned to Prague.[18] Korbel was appointed as press attaché at the Czechoslovakian Embassy in Yugoslavia, and the family moved to Belgrade—then part of Yugoslavia—which was governed by the Communist Party. Korbel was concerned his daughter would be exposed to Marxism in a Yugoslav school, and so she was taught privately by a governess before being sent to the Prealpina Institut pour Jeunes Filles finishing school in Chexbres, on Lake Geneva in Switzerland.[23] She learned to speak French while in Switzerland and changed her name from Marie Jana to Madeleine.[24]
The
Youth and young adulthood in the United States
Korbel's family emigrated from the United Kingdom on the
With the help of Philip Moseley, a Russian language professor at Columbia University in New York City, Korbel obtained a position on the staff of the political science department at the University of Denver in Colorado.[31] He became dean of the university's school of international relations, and later taught future U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice. The school was named the Josef Korbel School of International Studies in 2008 in his honor.[14]
Madeleine Korbel spent her teen years in
While home in Denver from Wellesley, Korbel worked as an intern for
The couple moved to Joseph's hometown of Chicago, Illinois, in January 1960. Joseph worked at the Chicago Sun-Times as a journalist, and Albright worked as a picture editor for Encyclopædia Britannica.[38] The following year, Joseph Albright began work at Newsday in New York City, and the couple moved to Garden City on Long Island.[39] That year, she gave birth to twin daughters, Alice Patterson Albright and Anne Korbel Albright. The twins were born six weeks premature and required a long hospital stay. As a distraction, Albright began Russian language classes at Hofstra University in the Village of Hempstead nearby.[39]
In 1962, the family moved to Washington, D.C., where they lived in Georgetown. Albright studied international relations and continued in Russian at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, a division of Johns Hopkins University in the capital.[40]
Joseph's aunt Alicia Patterson died in 1963, and the Albrights returned to Long Island with the notion of Joseph taking over the family newspaper business.
Career
Early career
Albright returned to Washington, D.C., in 1968, and commuted to Columbia for her doctor of philosophy, which she earned in 1975.
Albright joined the academic staff at
U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations
Albright was appointed
In
Also in 1996, after Cuban military pilots shot down two small civilian aircraft flown by the Cuban-American exile group Brothers to the Rescue over international waters, she announced at a UN Security Council meeting debating a resolution condemning Cuba: "This is not cojones. This is cowardice."[64] The line endeared her to President Clinton, who said it was "probably the most effective one-liner in the whole administration's foreign policy".[64] When Albright appeared at a memorial service for the deceased in Miami on March 2, 1996, she was greeted with chants of "libertad".[65][66]
In 1996, Albright entered into a secret pact with Richard Clarke, Michael Sheehan, and James Rubin to overthrow U.N. secretary-general Boutros Boutros-Ghali, who was running unopposed for a second term in the 1996 selection. After 15 U.S. peacekeepers died in a failed raid in Somalia in 1993, Boutros-Ghali became a political scapegoat in the United States.[67] They dubbed the pact "Operation Orient Express" to reflect their hope that other nations would join the United States.[68] Although every other member of the United Nations Security Council voted for Boutros-Ghali, the United States refused to yield to international pressure to drop its lone veto. After four deadlocked meetings of the Security Council, Boutros-Ghali suspended his candidacy and became the only U.N. secretary-general ever to be denied a second term. The United States then fought a four-round veto duel with France, forcing it to back down and accept Kofi Annan as the next secretary-general. In his memoirs, Clarke said that "the entire operation had strengthened Albright's hand in the competition to be Secretary of State in the second Clinton administration".[68]
Secretary of State
When Clinton began his second term in January 1997, following his re-election, he required a new Secretary of State, as incumbent Warren Christopher was retiring.[69] The top level of the Clinton administration was divided into two camps on selecting the new foreign policy. Outgoing Chief of Staff Leon Panetta favored Albright, but a separate faction went for different candidates such as Senator Sam Nunn of Georgia, Senator George J. Mitchell of Maine, and former Assistant Secretary of State Richard Holbrooke.[70] Albright orchestrated a campaign on her own behalf that proved successful.[71] When Albright took office as the 64th U.S. Secretary of State on January 23, 1997, she became the first female U.S. Secretary of State and the highest-ranking woman in the history of the U.S. government at the time of her appointment.[72] Not being a natural-born citizen of the U.S., she was not eligible as a U.S. presidential successor.[73]
During her tenure, Albright considerably influenced American foreign policy in
As Secretary of State, she represented the U.S. at the
According to several accounts,
In 1998, at the NATO summit, Albright articulated what became known as the "three Ds" of NATO, "which is no diminution of NATO, no discrimination and no duplication – because I think that we don't need any of those three "Ds" to happen".[82]
In February 1998, Albright partook in a town-hall style meeting at St. John Arena in Columbus where she, William Cohen, and Sandy Berger attempted to make the case for military action in Iraq. The crowd was disruptive, repeatedly drowning out the discussion with boos and anti-war chants. James Rubin downplayed the disruptions, claiming the crowd was supportive of a war policy.[83] Later that year, both Bill Clinton and Albright insisted that an attack on Saddam Hussein could be stopped only if Hussein reversed his decision to halt arms inspections.[84]
In an interview on
Albright became one of the highest level Western diplomats ever to meet
On January 8, 2001, in one of her last acts as Secretary of State, Albright made a farewell call to Kofi Annan and said that the U.S. would continue to press Iraq to destroy all its
Albright received the U.S. Senator
Post-Clinton administration
Following Albright's term as Secretary of State, Czech president Václav Havel spoke openly about the possibility of Albright succeeding him. Albright was reportedly flattered, but denied ever seriously considering the possibility of running for office in her country of origin.[89]
Albright was elected a Fellow of the
Albright accepted a position on the board of directors of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) in 2003.[93] In 2005, she declined to run for re-election to the board in the aftermath of the Richard Grasso compensation scandal, in which Grasso, the chairman of the NYSE board of directors, had been granted $187.5 million in compensation, with little governance by the board on which Albright sat.[94] During the tenure of the interim chairman, John S. Reed, Albright served as chairwoman of the NYSE board's nominating and governance committee. Shortly after the appointment of the NYSE board's permanent chairman in 2005, Albright submitted her resignation.[95] According to PolitiFact, Albright opposed the 2003 invasion of Iraq, although after the U.S. was committed to the war, she said she would support the President.[96]
Albright served on the board of directors for the
Albright guest starred on the television drama Gilmore Girls as herself on October 25, 2005.[101] She also made a guest appearance on Parks and Recreation, in the eighth episode of the seventh season.[102]
At the
Albright endorsed and supported Hillary Clinton in her 2008 presidential campaign.[106] Albright was a close friend of Clinton and served as an informal advisor on foreign policy matters.[107] On December 1, 2008, President-elect Barack Obama nominated then-Senator Clinton for Albright's former post of Secretary of State.[108]
During this period, she also served as a business consultant and brand ambassador for Herbalife,[109][110] a global multi-level marketing (MLM) corporation that develops and sells dietary supplements. The company is alleged to be a fraudulent pyramid scheme.[111][112]
In September 2009, Albright opened an exhibition of her personal jewelry collection at the
In August 2012, when speaking at an
Albright described
After 2016, Albright served as chair of Albright Stonebridge Group, a consulting firm,[123] and chair of the advisory council for The Hague Institute for Global Justice, which was founded in 2011 in The Hague.[124] She also served as an Honorary Chair for the World Justice Project (WJP).[125] The WJP works to lead a global, multidisciplinary effort to strengthen the rule of law for the development of communities of opportunity and equity.[126]
Investments
Albright was a co-investor with
Controversies
Sanctions against Iraq
On May 12, 1996, then-ambassador Albright defended UN
Whereas it was widely believed that the sanctions more than doubled Iraq's child mortality rate, research following the 2003 U.S.-led invasion of Iraq has shown that commonly cited data were fabricated by the Iraqi government and that "there was no major rise in child mortality in Iraq after 1990 and during the period of the sanctions".[137][138] Albright addressed the controversy at length in a 2020 memoir: "In fact, the producers of 60 Minutes were duped. Subsequent research has shown that Iraqi propagandists deceived international observers ... Per a 2017 article in the British Medical Journal of Global Health, the data 'were rigged to show a huge and sustained—and largely non-existent—rise in child mortality ... to heighten international concern and so get the international sanctions ended.' ... This is not to deny that UN sanctions contributed to hardships in Iraq or to say that my answer to Stahl's question wasn't a mistake. They did, and it was. ... U.S. policy throughout the 1990s was to prevent Iraq from reconstituting its most dangerous weapons programs. Short of another war, UN sanctions were the best means for doing so."[139]
Art ownership lawsuit
External videos | |
---|---|
Presentation by Michael Dobbs on Madeleine Albright: A Twentieth-Century Odyssey, May 14, 1999, C-SPAN |
Following The Washington Post's profile of Albright by Michael Dobbs, an Austrian man named Philipp Harmer launched legal action against Albright, claiming her father had illegally taken possession of artwork that belonged to his great-grandfather, Karl Nebrich.[140] Nebrich, a German-speaking Prague industrialist, abandoned some of the possessions in his apartment when ethnic Germans were expelled from the country after World War II under the Beneš decrees. His apartment, at 11 Hradčanská Street in Prague, was subsequently given to Korbel and his family. Harmer alleged that Korbel stole his great-grandfather's artwork. Counsel for Albright's family stated that Harmer's claim was unfounded.[140]
Allegations of hate speech against Serbs and war profiteering
In late October 2012, during a book signing in the Prague bookstore Palác Knih Luxor, Albright was visited by a group of activists from the Czech organization Přátelé Srbů na Kosovu (Friends of
Albright's involvement in the
Hillary Clinton campaign comment
Albright supported Hillary Clinton during her
Honorary degrees and awards
Albright held honorary degrees from Brandeis University (1996), Mount Holyoke College (1997),[149] the University of Washington (2002), Smith College (2003), Washington University in St. Louis (2003),[150] University of Winnipeg (2005), the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (2007),[151] Knox College (2008),[152] Bowdoin College (2013),[153] Dickinson College (2014),[154] and Tufts University (2015).[155]
In 1998, Albright was inducted into the
In 2020, Albright was named by Time magazine among the world's 100 powerful women who defined the last century.[160]
Albright was selected for the inaugural 2021 Forbes 50 Over 50; made up of entrepreneurs, leaders, scientists, and creators who are over the age of 50.[161]
Personal life
Albright married Joseph Albright in 1959.[33] The couple had three daughters before divorcing in 1982.[162] She had been raised Catholic, but converted to the Episcopal Church upon her marriage in 1959. Her parents had converted from Judaism to Catholicism in 1941, during her early childhood, after fleeing Czechoslovakia for England in 1939, to avoid anti-Jewish persecution before they immigrated to the U.S. They never discussed their Jewish ancestry with her later.[13]
When The Washington Post reported on Albright's Jewish ancestry shortly after she had become Secretary of State in 1997, Albright said that the report was a "major surprise".[163] Albright said that she did not learn until age 59[164] that both her parents were born and raised in Jewish families. As many as a dozen of her relatives in Czechoslovakia—including three of her grandparents—had been murdered in the Holocaust.[18][19][165]
In addition to English, Russian, and Czech, Albright spoke French, German, Polish, and Serbo-Croatian.[166] She also understood spoken Slovak.[167]
Albright mentioned her physical fitness and exercise regimen in several interviews. In 2006, she said she was capable of leg pressing 400 pounds (180 kg).[168][169] Albright was listed as one of the fifty best-dressed over 50s by The Guardian in March 2013.[170]
Death and funeral
Albright died from cancer in Washington, D.C., on March 23, 2022, at the age of 84.[171][172][173] Many political figures paid tribute to her, including U.S. presidents Jimmy Carter,[174] Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Barack Obama and Joe Biden, and former British prime minister Tony Blair.[130]
Her funeral, held at Washington National Cathedral on April 27, was attended by President Joe Biden, former presidents Barack Obama and Bill Clinton, former vice president Al Gore, and former secretaries of state Hillary Clinton and Condoleezza Rice,[175][176] as well as presidents Salome Zourabichvili of Georgia and Vjosa Osmani of Kosovo.[177]
Bibliography
- ISBN 1-4013-5962-0.
- ISBN 978-0-06-089257-9.
- Memo to the President Elect: How We Can Restore America's Reputation and Leadership. Harper Collins. 2008. ISBN 978-0-06-135181-5.
- Read My Pins: Stories from a Diplomat's Jewel Box. Harper Collins. 2009. ISBN 978-0-06-089918-9.
- ISBN 978-0-06-203031-3.
- ISBN 978-0-06-280218-7.
- Hell and Other Destinations: A 21st-Century Memoir. Harper. 2020. ISBN 978-0-06-280225-5.
See also
- List of female United States Cabinet members
- List of foreign-born United States Cabinet members
- List of people who have held multiple United States Cabinet-level positions
References
- ^ Sciolino, Elaine (July 26, 1988). "Dukakis's Foreign Policy Adviser: Madeleine Jana Korbel Albright". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 23, 2015. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
- ^ "Madeleine Albright Fast Facts". CNN. May 8, 2014. Archived from the original on September 30, 2020. Retrieved December 31, 2014.
- ^ Cohen, Roger. "Memory Goes to War". The New Republic. Archived from the original on December 31, 2014. Retrieved December 31, 2014.
- (PDF) from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved September 20, 2019 – via Academic Search Complete.
- ISBN 978-0-387-95940-5. Archivedfrom the original on October 9, 2021. Retrieved October 27, 2020.
- from the original on January 29, 2017. Retrieved March 20, 2019.
- from the original on April 26, 2019. Retrieved March 20, 2019.
- from the original on April 26, 2019. Retrieved March 20, 2019.
- ^ "Madeleine Albright: Georgetown's Treasured Professor Active as Ever". georgetown.edu. May 2018. Archived from the original on April 26, 2019. Retrieved March 20, 2019.
- ^ Cohen, Tom (May 29, 2012). "Albright, Dylan among recipients of Presidential Medal of Freedom". CNN. Archived from the original on September 2, 2021. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
- ^ a b "Board of Directors". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on November 3, 2010. Retrieved June 1, 2009.
- ^ "Biography at The Washington Post". The Washington Post. December 15, 1999. Archived from the original on May 17, 2008. Retrieved June 22, 2009.
- ^ a b c "Madeleine Albright's War Years". Tablet Magazine. April 26, 2012. Archived from the original on March 10, 2013. Retrieved December 31, 2014.
- ^ Dobbs, Michael (December 28, 2000). "Josef Korbel's Enduring Foreign Policy Legacy". The Washington Post. p. A05. Retrieved October 20, 2022.
- ^ Dobbs, Michael (February 9, 1997). "Out Of The Past". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 2, 2016. Retrieved December 8, 2015.
- ^ Baum, Geraldine (February 8, 1995). "A Diplomatic Core". Los Angeles Times. p. 3. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved December 8, 2015.
- ^ Albright 2003, pp. 8–9.
- ^ a b c d e Dobbs, Michael (February 4, 1997). "Albright's Family Tragedy Comes to Light". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 16, 2000. Retrieved October 19, 2022.
- ^ a b c "Voices on Antisemitism interview with Madeleine K. Albright". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. April 12, 2007. Archived from the original on April 26, 2019. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
- ^ Albright 2003, pp. 9–11.
- ^ Carlin, John (February 8, 1998). "Profile: She who knows tyranny; Madeleine Albright". The Independent. Archived from the original on November 20, 2014. Retrieved November 3, 2014.
- ^ Albright 2003, p. 9.
- ^ Albright 2003, p. 15.
- ^ Albright 2003, p. 4.
- ^ a b Albright 2003, p. 17.
- ^ "Passenger Manifest". The Statue of Liberty – Ellis Island Foundation. Archived from the original on December 31, 2014. Retrieved December 31, 2014.
- ISBN 0-8050-5659-9. Archivedfrom the original on October 22, 2014. Retrieved December 31, 2014.
- ^ Albright 2003, p. 18.
- ^ Albright 2003, pp. 19–20.
- ^ Knaus, Gerald (December 12, 2021). "Albright on hope – Europe whole and free – An award – Our deal in the Aegean". European Stabilization Initiative. Archived from the original on December 31, 2021. Retrieved March 23, 2022.
- ^ Albright 2003, p. 20.
- ^ Albright 2003, p. 24.
- ^ a b c Albright 2003, p. 47.
- ^ Albright 2003, p. 43.
- ^ Albright 2003, pp. 34–35.
- ^ Albright 2003, p. 36.
- ^ Albright 2003, p. 48.
- ^ Albright 2003, pp. 49–50.
- ^ a b Albright 2003, p. 52.
- ^ Albright 2003, p. 54.
- ^ Albright 2003, p. 55.
- ^ Albright 2003, p. 56.
- ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved March 29, 2022.
- ^ "In Memoriam: Madeleine Albright (1937–2022)". The Harriman Institute. Retrieved March 29, 2022.
- ^ Albright 2003, pp. 56, 59–60, 69–71.
- ^ Albright 2003, p. 57.
- ^ Albright 2003, p. 71.
- ^ Albright 2003, pp. 63–66.
- ^ Albright 2003, p. 65.
- ^ a b Scott, A. O. (April 25, 1999). "Madeleine Albright: The Diplomat Who Mistook Her Life for Statecraft". Slate. Archived from the original on September 7, 2011. Retrieved April 9, 2009.
- ^ a b Albright 2003, p. 91.
- ^ Albright 2003, p. 92.
- ^ Albright 2003, pp. 94, 514.
- ^ Albright 2003, p. 99.
- ^ Albright 2003, p. 100.
- ^ Albright 2003, pp. 102–104.
- ^ Albright 2003, p. 127.
- ^ Albright 2003, p. 131.
- ^ Albright 2003, p. 207.
- ^ Albright 2003, p. 147.
- ISBN 978-0-7867-1510-7. Archivedfrom the original on March 18, 2015. Retrieved June 17, 2015.
- ^ a b Albright 2003, pp. 150–151.
- Frontline. Ghosts of Rwanda. PBS. April 1, 2004. Archivedfrom the original on February 26, 2007. Retrieved February 14, 2007.
- ^ a b "Albright's Personal Odyssey Shaped Foreign Policy Beliefs". The Washington Post. December 6, 1996. Archived from the original on August 16, 2000. Retrieved October 19, 2022.
- ^ Albright 2003, pp. 205–206.
- ^ "Exile pilots brave foul weather, mourn comrades". CNN. March 2, 1996. Archived from the original on September 30, 2000. Retrieved October 19, 2022.
- ^ Goshko, John M. (February 16, 2016). "Boutros Boutros-Ghali, U.N. secretary general who clashed with U.S., dies". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 16, 2016. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
- ^ ISBN 0-7432-6024-4.
- Newspapers.com.
- ^ Blood 1997, pp. 12–17.
- ^ Blood 1997, pp. 25–34.
- ^ "Biography: Madeleine Korbel Albright". Office of the US Secretary of State. Archived from the original on February 4, 2016. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
- ^ Roos, Dave (April 19, 2021). "Presidential Succession: How the 'Designated Survivor' Fits In". History. Archived from the original on March 2, 2022. Retrieved March 23, 2022.
- ^ Blood 1997, p. 158.
- ^ Albright 2003, p. 182.
- ^ Blood 1997, pp. 105–106.
- ^ "U.S. to Boycott Seating of New Hong Kong Legislature". CNN. June 10, 1997. Archived from the original on January 28, 1999. Retrieved October 19, 2022.
- ^ Hermann, Burkely (January 20, 2022). "National Security and Climate Change: Behind the U.S. Pursuit of Military Exemptions to the Kyoto Protocol". Briefing Book # 784. National Security Archive. Archived from the original on January 23, 2022. Retrieved March 9, 2022.
- ^ "Before Bombings, Omens and Fears". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 16, 2018. Retrieved June 1, 2009.
- ^ PBS Documentary
- ISBN 978-0-7432-6640-6. Archivedfrom the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved October 27, 2020.
- ^ "News from the USIA Washington File". Federation of American Scientists. Archived from the original on June 17, 2015. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
- ^ "CNN – U.S. policy on Iraq draws fire in Ohio – February 18, 1998". CNN. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
- ^ "Hussein seeks 'just' solution to standoff". CNN. November 13, 1998. Archived from the original on January 17, 2007. Retrieved June 21, 2007.
- ^ Middle East International No 571, March 27, 1998; p.6
- ^ "Frontline: Kim's Nuclear Gamble: Interviews: Madeleine Albright". PBS. March 27, 2003. Archived from the original on March 28, 2009. Retrieved June 1, 2009.
- ^ "U.S. Will Maintain Pressure on Iraq, Albright Says". United States Diplomatic Mission to Italy. January 8, 2001. Archived from the original on June 5, 2009. Retrieved June 1, 2009.
- ^ "National – Jefferson Awards Foundation". Archived from the original on November 24, 2010. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
- ^ "EUROPE | Albright Tipped for Czech Presidency". BBC News. February 28, 2000. Archived from the original on April 6, 2008. Retrieved June 1, 2009.
- ^ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 10, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
- Bloomberg BusinessWeek. 2008. Archived from the originalon August 23, 2009. Retrieved December 28, 2008.
- Albright Capital Management. March 18, 2016. Archived from the original(PDF) on November 29, 2016. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
- ^ "NYSE Nominates Ex-Secretary of State". Los Angeles Times. May 2, 2003. Archived from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved March 23, 2022.
- ^ Andrew Countryman; Tribune staff reporter (February 19, 2005). "NYSE includes 3 new names for board". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved March 23, 2022.
- St. Petersburg Times. Archivedfrom the original on June 4, 2009. Retrieved June 1, 2009.
- ^ Washington, District of Columbia 1800 I. Street NW; Dc 20006. "PolitiFact – In foreign policy spat, Bernie Sanders suggests Madeleine Albright supported Iraq invasion". @politifact. Archived from the original on December 4, 2020. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Faculty – Mortara Center for International Studies". Archived from the original on November 28, 2016. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
- ^ "The Harry S. Truman Scholarship Foundation – Officers & Board of Trustees". Archived from the original on November 28, 2016. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
- ^ "Making the Law Work for Everyone – Group Report – Volume II" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 28, 2016. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
- ^ "United Nations Foundation – Ministerial Initiatives". United Nations Foundation. Archived from the original on November 29, 2016. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
- ^ "Madeleine Albright on Gilmore girls". Archived from the original on October 28, 2021. Retrieved December 10, 2009 – via YouTube.
- ^ "Madeleine Albright Loved Her Waffle Date With Leslie Knope". Jezebel. February 11, 2015. Retrieved December 9, 2016.
- ^ "How to stop genocide | Preventing genocide". The Economist. December 11, 2008. Archived from the original on February 28, 2009. Retrieved June 1, 2009.
- ^ "Secretaries Albright and Cohen Should be Removed from Genocide Task Force". HuffPost. November 21, 2007. Archived from the original on December 17, 2021. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
- ^ "Armenian Americans Criticize Hypocrisy of Genocide Prevention Task Force Co-Chairs". Asbarez. Retrieved June 22, 2009.
- ^ "Albright pushing for Clinton". Gainesville.com. Archived from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved March 23, 2022.
- Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Clinton named Secretary of State". BBC News. December 1, 2008. Archived from the original on November 28, 2016. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
- ^ Celarier, Michelle. "Madeline Albright is freaking out over her role as Herbalife cheerleader". nypost. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
- ^ Schwarz, jON. "RIP Madeleine Albright and Her Awful, Awful Career". The Intercept. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
- ^ Bartz, Diane; Flaherty, Michael. "Herbalife settles pyramid scheme case with regulator, in blow to Pershing's Ackman". Reuters. Thompson-Reuters. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
- ^ "Herbalife Will Restructure Its Multi-level Marketing Operations and Pay $200 Million For Consumer Redress to Settle FTC Charges". Federal Trade Commission. United States of America. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
- ^ Lamb, Christina (October 4, 2009). "Madeleine Albright reveals Brooch Diplomacy Pinned Down Adversaries". The Sunday Times. London. Archived from the original on November 28, 2016. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
- ^ Gambino, Megan. "Madeleine Albright on Her Life in Pins". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on March 23, 2022. Retrieved March 23, 2022.
- ^ Spiering, Charlie (August 21, 2012). "Madeleine Albright campaigns for Obama: We're going to blame Bush 'forever'". Washington Examiner. Archived from the original on August 29, 2012. Retrieved August 27, 2012.
- ^ Robillard, Kevin (August 21, 2012). "Madeleine Albright: Dems should blame George W. Bush 'forever'". Politico. Archived from the original on August 25, 2012. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
- ^ "Romney, who calls Russia our "No. 1 geopolitical foe," doesn't seem to realize it's the 21st century. #RomneyNotReady". Archived from the original on December 14, 2017. Retrieved December 2, 2017.[non-primary source needed]
- ^ "Madeleine Albright Warns: Don't Let Fascism Go 'Unnoticed Until It's Too Late'". NPR. Archived from the original on April 4, 2018. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
- ^ Thomsen, Jacqueline (April 4, 2018). "Madeleine Albright: Trump is the most anti-democratic president in American history". The Hill. Archived from the original on April 4, 2018. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
- ^ "Albright: Trump the most un-American, undemocratic, president in U.S. history". Yahoo! Life. June 10, 2020. Archived from the original on December 1, 2021. Retrieved December 1, 2021.
- ^ Samuels, Brett (November 30, 2017). "Albright: Trump's 'disdain for diplomacy' creating a 'national security emergency'". The Hill. Archived from the original on April 5, 2018. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
- from the original on April 5, 2018. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
- ^ "About Albright Stonebridge Group". Albright Stonebridge Group. Archived from the original on November 19, 2016. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
- YouTube, YouTube. uploaded May 31, 2011, by THIGJTHIGJ.
- ^ "Honorary Chairs". World Justice Project. Archived from the original on November 21, 2016. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
- ^ "What We Do". World Justice Project. Archived from the original on November 22, 2016. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
- ^ Soros, Albright (November 30, 2009). "Rothschild in $350m Deal". Institutional Investor. Archived from the original on August 30, 2014. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
- ^ Mills, Lauren. "Soros Joins Top Names in African Deal" (PDF). Helios Investment. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 26, 2014. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-06-089258-6. Retrieved September 9, 2010.
the price, we think, the price is worth it.
- ^ a b c Oladipo, Gloria (March 23, 2022). "'A trailblazer': political leaders pay tribute to Madeleine Albright". The Guardian. Archived from the original on March 23, 2022. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
- S2CID 154415183. Archived from the original(PDF) on July 11, 2018. Retrieved October 6, 2010.
- ^ "Lesley Stahl". CBS News. 1998. Archived from the original on May 25, 2011. Retrieved June 5, 2011.
- ^ Rosen, Mike (March 15, 2002). "U.S., U.N. not to blame for deaths of Iraqis". Rocky Mountain News. Archived from the original on April 14, 2002.
- Irvine Review. 2002. Archived from the originalon June 3, 2003. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
- ^ Albright 2003, pp. 274, 275.
- from the original on August 20, 2021. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
- PMID 29225933.
- ^ Sly, Liz (August 4, 2017). "Saddam Hussein said sanctions killed 500,000 children. That was 'a spectacular lie.'". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 4, 2017. Retrieved March 5, 2022.
- ISBN 978-0-06-280228-6.
- ^ a b Smalley, Suzanne (May 17, 2000). "Germans lost their art, too: Family says Albright's father took paintings". The Prague Post. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved March 12, 2010.
- ^ Pratele Srbu na Kosovu (2012). Madeleine Albright in Prague: 'Disgusting Serbs!' (in Czech). Prague, Palác Knih Luxor: YouTube: pratelesrbunakosovu. Event occurs at 1:00. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
- ^ "Madeleine Albright's scrap with pro-Serbian activists". The Atlantic. October 29, 2012. Archived from the original on October 12, 2017. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
- ^ Emir Kusturica i Vaclav Dvorak (in Czech). Prague: YouTube: sigor108. 2012. Retrieved November 15, 2012.
- ^ Wirnitzer, Jan (November 13, 2012). "Aktivisté dali trestní oznámení na Albrightovou kvůli "odporným Srbům"". Mladá fronta DNES (in Czech). Archived from the original on December 23, 2015. Retrieved November 15, 2012.
- ^ Matlack, Carol (August 30, 2012). "Albright firm eyes Kosovo's contested state telecom". Bloomberg BusinessWeek. Archived from the original on October 26, 2012. Retrieved November 2, 2012.
- ^ Brunwasser, Matthew (January 10, 2013). "Ex-U.S. Official Pulls Bid for Kosovo Telecom Stake". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 3, 2022. Retrieved March 23, 2022.
- ^ a b Albright, Madeleine (February 12, 2016). "My Undiplomatic Moment". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 29, 2018. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
- from the original on March 5, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
- ^ "Madeleine Albright's Commencement Speech". www.mtholyoke.edu. Archived from the original on March 12, 2007. Retrieved June 18, 2007.
- ^ "Madeleine Albright to deliver Washington University's 142nd Commencement address". Washington University in St. Louis. May 15, 2003. Archived from the original on November 29, 2016. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
- ^ "UNC News Release – Five to receive honorary degrees at Carolina's Spring Commencement". University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. May 3, 2007. Archived from the original on October 12, 2017. Retrieved June 22, 2009.
- ^ "Knox Announces Honorary Degree Recipients". Knox College. Archived from the original on November 28, 2016. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
- ^ "Honorary Degrees". Bowdoin College. Retrieved April 14, 2022.
- ^ Pearlstein, Max. "2014 Commencement Citations". Dickinson College. Archived from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
- ^ "Honorary Degrees". Tufts University. Archived from the original on May 23, 2017. Retrieved May 29, 2015.
- ^ "Albright, Madeleine Korbel". National Women's Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on November 20, 2018. Retrieved November 19, 2018.
- ^ "3/7/00 Albright remarks: Building a Europe Whole and Free". 1997-2001.state.gov. Archived from the original on November 7, 2019. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
- ^ "2006 Great Immigrants: Madeleine Albright".
- ^ "Madeleine K. Albright, PhD". Colorado Women's Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on July 15, 2020. Retrieved November 30, 2019.
- ^ "1999: Madeleine Albright". Time. March 2, 2020.
- ^ Gross, Elana Lyn; Voytko, Lisette; McGrath, Maggie (June 2, 2021). "The New Golden Age". Forbes. Archived from the original on June 7, 2021. Retrieved June 2, 2021.
- ^ Dobbs, Michael (May 2, 1999). "Becoming Madeleine Albright". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 28, 2017. Retrieved August 14, 2008.
- ^ Foer, Franklin (February 16, 1997). "Did She Know?". Slate. Archived from the original on August 14, 2018. Retrieved August 14, 2018.
- ^ Kaleem, Jaweed (April 27, 2012). "Madeleine Albright Discusses Her Jewish Background And Her New Book, 'Prague Winter'". HuffPost. Archived from the original on September 14, 2017. Retrieved August 14, 2018.
- ^ Lee, MJ (April 24, 2012). "Albright memoir: Her secret past". Politico. Archived from the original on August 14, 2018. Retrieved August 14, 2018.
- ^ "A Conversation with Madeleine Albright". April 14, 2008. Archived from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved March 23, 2022.
- ^ Valášek, Tomáš (March 23, 2022). "Za Madeleine Albrightovou: Putin ju obvinil z rusofóbie a mýlil sa". Denník N (in Slovak). Retrieved March 24, 2022.
- ^ Bedard, Paul. "Washington Whispers: Is kickboxing next for Albright?". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on June 9, 2013. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
- ^ "Madeleine Albright Reveals Exercise Regimen for 'Kicking Ass'" (Press release). NPR. December 19, 2001. Archived from the original on July 26, 2002. Retrieved March 23, 2022.
- ^ Cartner-Morley, Jess (March 28, 2013). "The 50 best-dressed over 50s". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 10, 2019. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
- ^ Kelly, Caroline (March 23, 2022). "Madeleine Albright, first female US secretary of state, dies". CNN. Archived from the original on March 23, 2022. Retrieved March 23, 2022.
- ^ McFadden, Robert D. (March 23, 2022). "Madeleine Albright, First Woman to Serve as Secretary of State, Dies at 84". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 23, 2022. Retrieved March 23, 2022.
- ^ "Madeleine Albright, first female US secretary of state, dies at 84". The Philippine Star. March 24, 2022. Retrieved March 25, 2022.
- ^ "Statement from Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter on the Passing of Madeleine Albright". The Carter Center. Retrieved April 30, 2022.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 28, 2022.
- ^ "Former Secretary of State Madeleine Albright Funeral Service | C-SPAN.org". c-span.org. Retrieved April 28, 2022.
- ^ Garrison, Joey. "'Her story was America's story': Biden, Bill and Hillary Clinton, remember Madeleine Albright". USA Today. Retrieved April 27, 2022.
- Works cited
- Albright, Madeleine (2003). Madam Secretary: A Memoir. Miramax. ISBN 0-7868-6843-0.
- Blood, Thomas (1997). Madam Secretary: A Biography of Madeleine Albright. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-17180-3.
Further reading
- Albright, Madeleine (6 April 2018.). "Will We Stop Trump Before It's Too Late? Fascism poses a more serious threat now than at any time since the end of World War II". The New York Times.
- Bashevkin, Sylvia (2018). Women as Foreign Policy Leaders: National Security and Gender Politics in Superpower America (Oxford UP); excerpt; also online review.
- Blackman, Ann (1999). Seasons of Her Life: A Biography of Madeleine Korbel Albright (Simon and Schuster).
- Dobbs, Michael (2000). Madeleine Albright: A Twentieth-Century Odyssey (Macmillan).
- Dumbrell, John (2008). "President Clinton's Secretaries of State: Warren Christopher and Madeleine Albright". Journal of transatlantic studies 6.3: 217–227. .
- Halberstam, David (2001). War in a time of peace: Bush, Clinton, and the generals.
- Lippman, Thomas W. (2004). Madeleine Albright and the new American diplomacy (Westview Press).
- Nelson, Sherice Janaye (2015). Transformational leadership and decision making: Madeleine Albright and Hillary Clinton, a case study of Kosovo and Libya (PhD dissertation, Howard University).
- Piaskowy, Katharine Ann (2006). Madeleine Albright and United States Humanitarian Interventions: A Principled or Personal Agenda? (MA thesis, University of Cincinnati).
- Wagner, Erica (2018). "An interview with Madeleine Albright, former Secretary of State of the United States". Harper's Bazaar.
- Wright, Robin (2018). "Madeleine Albright warns of a new fascism–and Trump". The New Yorker.
- "Madeleine Albright's Agenda", The New York Times, January 23, 1997.
External links
- Biography at the United States Department of State
- Membership at the Council on Foreign Relations
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Madeleine Albright at TED
- 2007 commencement speech, Wellesley College
- Audio recording of Albright's talk, "The Mighty and the Almighty", as part of the University of Chicago World Beyond the Headlines series.
- Madeleine Albright—Video produced by Makers: Women Who Make America