User:Mr. Ibrahem/Kerala

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

History

Main article: History of Kerala

Traditional sources

Portrait of Parashurama by Raja Ravi Varma relating to Keralolpathi.

According to the Sangam classic

Parasurama legend, which was brought by early Aryan settlers.[5]

Another much earlier

Puranic character associated with Kerala is Mahabali, an Asura and a prototypical just king, who ruled the earth from Kerala. He won the war against the Devas, driving them into exile. The Devas pleaded before Lord Vishnu, who took his fifth incarnation as Vamana and pushed Mahabali down to netherworld to placate the Devas. There is a belief that, once a year during the Onam festival, Mahabali returns to Kerala.[6] The Matsya Purana, among the oldest of the 18 Puranas,[7][8] uses the Malaya Mountains of Kerala (and Tamil Nadu) as the setting for the story of Matsya, the first incarnation of Vishnu, and Manu, the first man and the king of the region.[9][10]

Ophir

Poovar is often identified with Biblical Ophir

Sir William Smith, published in 1863,[13] notes the Hebrew word for parrot Thukki, derived from the Classical Tamil for peacock Thogkai and Cingalese Tokei,[14] joins other Classical Tamil words for ivory, cotton-cloth and apes preserved in the Hebrew Bible. This theory of Ophir's location in Tamilakam is further supported by other historians.[15][16][17][18] The most likely location on the coast of Kerala conjectured to be Ophir is Poovar in Thiruvananthapuram District (though some Indian scholars also suggest Beypore as possible location).[19][20] The Books of Kings and Chronicles tell of a joint expedition to Ophir by King Solomon and the Tyrian king Hiram I from Ezion-Geber, a port on the Red Sea, that brought back large amounts of gold, precious stones and 'algum wood' and of a later failed expedition by king Jehoshaphat of Judah.[i] The famous 'gold of Ophir' is referenced in several other books of the Hebrew Bible.[ii]

  1. 1 Kings
    22:48
  2. ^ Book of Job 22:24; 28:16; Psalms 45:9; Isaiah 13:12

Cheraman Perumals

Main article: Legend of Cheraman Perumals
Zamorins of Kozhikode
, relating to the legend of Cheraman Perumal.

The legend of Cheraman Perumals is the medieval tradition associated with the Cheraman Perumals (literally the

Zamorins of Kozhikode, who were left out in cold during allocation of the land, was granted the Cheraman Perumal's sword (with the permission to "die, and kill, and seize").[24][25]

According to the

Arab merchants visited his palace, he asked them about this incident. Their answers led the King to Mecca, where he met Islamic prophet Muhammad and converted to Islam.[28][29][30] It is assumed that the first recorded version of this legend is an Arabic manuscript of anonymous authorship known as Qissat Shakarwati Farmad.[31] The 16th century Arabic work Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen authored by Zainuddin Makhdoom II of Ponnani, as well as the medieval Malayalam work Keralolpathi, also mention about the departure of last Cheraman Perumal of Kerala into Mecca.[32][33] The Maharajahs of the kingdom of Travancore in pre-Independence India would say at their swearing in, "I will keep this sword until the uncle who has gone to Mecca returns".[34]

Pre-history

Main article:
Pre-history of Kerala
Edakkal Caves
in Kerala.

A substantial portion of Kerala including the western coastal lowlands and the plains of the midland may have been under the sea in ancient times. Marine fossils have been found in an area near

Indus Valley Civilization during the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age.[42]

Ancient period

Ancient Silk Road map showing the then trade routes. The spice trade was mainly along the water routes (blue).
Names, routes and locations of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (1st century CE)
Ezhimala, the early historic headquarters of Mushika dynasty, which was succeeded by the kingdom of Kannur later.

Kerala has been a major spice exporter since 3000 BCE, according to

Phoenicians were the first to enter Malabar Coast to trade Spices.[45] The Arabs on the coasts of Yemen, Oman, and the Persian Gulf, must have made the first long voyage to Kerala and other eastern countries.[45] They must have brought the Cinnamon of Kerala to the Middle East.[45] The Greek historian Herodotus (5th century BCE) records that in his time the cinnamon spice industry was monopolized by the Egyptians and the Phoenicians.[45]

The Land of Keralaputra was one of the four independent kingdoms in southern India during Ashoka's time, the others being

Ezhimala during Sangam period.[60] The port at Tyndis which was on the northern side of Muziris, as mentioned in Greco-Roman writings, was somewhere around Kozhikode.[60] Its exact location is a matter of dispute.[60] The suggested locations are Ponnani, Tanur, Beypore-Chaliyam-Kadalundi-Vallikkunnu, and Koyilandy.[60]

According to the

Hellenistic Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt. Roman establishments in the port cities of the region, such as a temple of Augustus and barracks for garrisoned Roman soldiers, are marked in the Tabula Peutingeriana, the only surviving map of the Roman cursus publicus.[68][69]

Merchants from West Asia and Southern Europe established coastal posts and settlements in Kerala.

Cheraman Jumu'ah Masjid (traditionally dated to "629 CE" by the Mappilas)—regarded as "the first mosque of India"[79]—and Paradesi Synagogue (1568 CE)—the oldest active synagogue in the Commonwealth of Nations[80]—were built in Kerala.[81]

Early medieval period

Hebrew script).[82]

Tamils, became linguistically separate during this period around the seventh century.[87] The origin of Malayalam calendar dates back to year 825 CE.[88][89][90] For local administration, the empire was divided into provinces under the rule of Naduvazhis, with each province comprising a number of Desams under the control of chieftains, called as Desavazhis.[86] Mamankam festival, which was the largest native festival, was held at Tirunavaya near Kuttippuram, on the bank of river Bharathappuzha.[91][60] Athavanad, the headquarters of Azhvanchery Thamprakkal, who were also considered as the supreme religious chief of the Nambudiri Brahmins of Kerala, is also located near Tirunavaya.[91][60]

Muslims of Kerala is in the Quilon Syrian copper plates.[96]

A panorama of port Kozhikode, shows several types of ships, shipbuilding, net fishing, dinghy traffic and a rugged, sparsely populated interior (Georg Braun and Frans Hogenberg's atlas Civitates orbis terrarum, 1572)

The inhibitions, caused by a series of Chera-Chola wars in the 11th century, resulted in the decline of foreign trade in Kerala ports. In addition, Portuguese invasions in the 15th century caused two major religions,

Middle Ages.[101][100] In the 14th century, Kozhikode conquered larger parts of central Kerala after the seize of Tirunavaya from Valluvanad, which were under the control of the king of Perumbadappu Swaroopam (Cochin). The ruler of Perumpadappu was forced to shift his capital (c. CE 1405) further south from Kodungallur to Kochi. In the 15th century, the status of Cochin was reduced to a vassal state of Kozhikode.[101][100] The ruler of Kolathunadu (Kannur) had also came under the influence of Zamorin by the end of 15th century.[60][101][100]

Uru, a type of ship that was historically used for maritime trade, built at Beypore, Kozhikode

At the peak of their reign, the Zamorins of Kozhikode ruled over a region from Kollam (

Abdur Razzak (1442–43), Niccolò de' Conti (1445), Afanasy Nikitin (1468–74), Ludovico di Varthema (1503–1508), and Duarte Barbosa witnessed the city as one of the major trading centres in the Indian subcontinent where traders from different parts of the world could be seen.[104][105]

The king Deva Raya II (1424–1446) of the Vijayanagara Empire conquered about the whole of present-day state of Kerala in the 15th century.[100] He defeated the Zamorin of Kozhikode, as well as the ruler of Kollam around 1443.[100] Fernão Nunes says that the Zamorin had to pay tribute to the king of Vijayanagara Empire.[100] Later Kozhikode and Venad seem to have rebelled against their Vijayanagara overlords, but Deva Raya II quelled the rebellion.[100] As the Vijayanagara power diminished over the next fifty years, the Zamorin of Kozhikode again rose to prominence in Kerala.[100] He built a fort at Ponnani in 1498.[100]

Late medieval period

A 1652 Map of India (Malabar Coast is highlighted separately on the right side)
The path Vasco da Gama took to reach Kozhikode (black line) in 1498, which was also the discovery of a sea route from Europe to India, and eventually paved way for the European colonisation of Indian subcontinent.
Bolgatty Palace, built in 1744 by Dutch Malabar, also acted as the British Residency in Kochi

The maritime

Quilon during 1502 as per the invitation of the then Queen of Quilon to start spices trade from there.[111] The Zamorin of Kozhikode permitted the new visitors to trade with his subjects such that Portuguese trade in Kozhikode prospered with the establishment of a factory
and a fort. However, Portuguese attacks on Arab properties in his jurisdiction provoked the Zamorin and led to conflicts between them.

The Mattancherry Palace at Kochi was built and gifted by the Portuguese as a present to the Kingdom of Cochin around 1545
Bekal Fort at Kasaragod built in 1650 CE, the largest fort in Kerala

The ruler of the

Zamorin of Calicut.[112]

British Residency in Asramam, Kollam

The Portuguese took advantage of the rivalry between the Zamorin and the King of Kochi allied with Kochi. When

Malabar coast.[118][116] Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan, who is considered as the father of modern Malayalam literature, was born at Tirur (Vettathunadu) during Portuguese period.[91][60]

In 1571, the Portuguese were defeated by the Zamorin forces in the

Quilon. The Muslim line of Ali Rajas of Arakkal kingdom, near Kannur, who were the vassals of the Kolathiri, ruled over the Lakshadweep islands.[120] The Bekal Fort near Kasaragod, which is also largest fort in the state, was built in 1650 by Shivappa Nayaka of Keladi.[121]

Kingdom of Travancore after the Battle of Colachel. (Depiction at Padmanabhapuram Palace
)

In 1602, the Zamorin sent messages to Aceh promising the Dutch a fort at Kozhikode if they would come and trade there. Two factors, Hans de Wolff and Lafer, were sent on an Asian ship from Aceh, but the two were captured by the chief of Tanur, and handed over to the Portuguese.[122] A Dutch fleet under Admiral Steven van der Hagen arrived at Kozhikode in November 1604. It marked the beginning of the Dutch presence in Kerala and they concluded a treaty with Kozhikode on 11 November 1604, which was also the first treaty that the Dutch East India Company made with an Indian ruler.[60] By this time the kingdom and the port of Kozhikode was much reduced in importance.[122] The treaty provided for a mutual alliance between the two to expel the Portuguese from Malabar. In return the Dutch East India Company was given facilities for trade at Kozhikode and Ponnani, including spacious storehouses.[122]

The Portuguese were ousted by the

Kozhikode in the battle of Purakkad in 1755.[133]

A 1744 map of Malabar Coast (Malabar coast is on the left side)
Kanakakkunnu Palace at Thiruvananthapuram. Thiruvananthapuram became a major city on Malabar Coast after the ruler Marthanda Varma annexed all minor kingdoms up to Cochin to form Travancore in 18th century CE.

British era

The island of Dharmadom near Kannur, along with Thalassery, was ceded to the East India Company in 1734, which were claimed by all of the Kolattu Rajas, Kottayam Rajas, and Arakkal Bibi in the late medieval period, where the British initiated a factory and English settlement following the cession.[134][91] In 1761, the British captured Mahé, and the settlement was handed over to the ruler of Kadathanadu.[135] The British restored Mahé to the French as a part of the 1763 Treaty of Paris.[135] In 1779, the Anglo-French war broke out, resulting in the French loss of Mahé.[135] In 1783, the British agreed to restore to the French their settlements in India, and Mahé was handed over to the French in 1785.[135]

Kerala in British India (1909). Thiruvananthapuram, Kozhikode, Kochi, and Kannur, were the major cities of the state at that time as indicated in the map

In 1757, to resist the invasion of the

British India in the years 1792 and 1799, respectively.[139][140][141] Later in 1800, both of the Malabar District and South Canara were separated from Bombay presidency to merge them with the neighbouring Madras Presidency.[60] The company forged tributary alliances with Kochi in 1791 and Travancore in 1795.[142]

By the end of 18th century, the whole of Kerala fell under the control of the British, either administered directly or under

Malabar Rebellion and the social struggles in Travancore. In the Malabar Rebellion, Mappila Muslims of Malabar rebelled against the British Raj.[153] The Battle of Pookkottur adorns an important role in the rebellion.[154] Some social struggles against caste inequalities also erupted in the early decades of 20th century, leading to the 1936 Temple Entry Proclamation that opened Hindu temples in Travancore to all castes.[155]

Post-colonial period

After India was

Communist-led government under E. M. S. Namboodiripad resulted from the first elections for the new Kerala Legislative Assembly in 1957.[159] It was one of the earliest elected Communist governments anywhere.[160][161][162] His government implemented land and educational reforms.[163]

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