Tyndis
Tyndis (
Previously, Tyndis was attributed to
There are references to a port with the name Tondi, on the Kerala coast, in the early Tamil texts. It was under the control of the Chera rulers (probably via/under a collateral branch).[10][11] No archaeological evidence has been found for Tyndis.[10]
Different variations of the name
- Periplus of the Erythraean Sea - Tyndis[2]
- Pliny the Elder (Natural History) - Tyndis[2]
- Peutinger Table - Tondis[2]
- Claudius Ptolemy (Geography) - Tyndis[2]
Sources
Graeco-Roman descriptions
- Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (c. 1st century[2]), 54-56, mentions Tyndis as "a well known village on the coast".
- "Naura and Tyndis, the first ports of trade of Limyrike"
- "Tyndis, a well known village on the coast, is in the kingdom of Keprobotos..."
- Tyndis is situated 500 stades (92 km) north to Muziris by river and sea.[2]
- Pliny the Elder (1st century) - "the Caelobothras ruled a kingdom extending to Tyndis (on the north-west)".[2]
- By the time Claudius Ptolemy (2nd century) wrote, Tyndis had grown large enough for him to call it (Geography 7.1.8) a town (polis).[12]
- Tabula Peutingeriana locates Tondis north of Muziris (north of Templ Augusti and Lacus Muziris).[2]
Early Tamil texts
There are references to a port with the name Tondi, on the Kerala coast, in the early Tamil texts. It was under the control of the Chera rulers (probably via/under a collateral branch).[10] No archaeological evidence has been found for Tyndis.[10]
Location
The location of Muziris provides clues for the location Tyndis, which was 500 stades (92 km) north of it (by river and sea).[2]
In ancient times, Tyndis held close connections with
The perfect array of religions, customs, languages, and traditions over the flow of time reflects in the prosperous heritage of
The exact location of the port is still unknown. Possible candidates include the following modern locations:
- Beypore-Chaliyam-Kadalundi-Vallikkunnu-Parappanangadi-Tanur[8]
- Ponnani[8]
- About 74 km north of Kodungallur[8]
- Mouth of Bharathappuzha[8]
- Opposite to the Palakkad Gap[8]
See also
References
- ^ Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, 53 and 54
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Gurukkal, R., & Whittaker, D. (2001). In search of Muziris. Journal of Roman Archaeology, 14, 334-350.
- ^ "Tyndis Port | Ancient Maritime Port in Malabar | Explore". Tyndis Heritage. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
- ^ Tamil Nadu State Department of Archeology. "Tamil Nadu governments excavation at Thondi port". Tamil Nadu State Department of Archeology.
- ^ a b Gurukkal 2015, pp. 26–27.
- ^ "Official website of Ponnani Municipality".
- ^ Coastal Histories: Society and Ecology in Pre-modern India, Yogesh Sharma, Primus Books 2010
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Gurukkal, R., & Whittaker, D. (2001). In search of Muziris. Journal of Roman Archaeology, 14, 334-350.
- ^ A. Shreedhara Menon, A Survey of Kerala History
- ^ ISBN 978-1-351-99752-2.
- ^ "Classical Indo-Roman Trade". Economic and Political Weekly. 48 (26–27). 5 June 2015.
- ^ Lionel Casson 2012, p. 213.
Bibliography
- Lionel Casson (2012). The Periplus Maris Erythraei: Text with Introduction, Translation, and Commentary. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-4320-6.
- Gurukkal, Rajan (2015). "Classical Indo-Roman Trade: A Misnomer in Political Economy". Economic and Political Weekly. 48 (26–27).