User:OldManRivers/Maori
- For the language, see Māori language. For other meanings see Māori (disambiguation).
Austronesian peoples |
The Māori (commonly
Māori society was destabilised from the late 18th century by the weapons and diseases introduced by Europeans, and after 1840 they lost an increasing amount of their land, and went into a cultural and numerical decline. However their population began to increase again from the late 19th century, and a marked Māori cultural revival began in the 1960s and continues.
Naming and self-naming
In the Māori language the word māori means "normal", "natural" or "ordinary". In legends and other oral traditions, the word distinguished ordinary mortal human beings from deities and spirits (wairua).[9][10]
Early visitors from Europe to New Zealand generally referred to the inhabitants as "New Zealanders" or as "natives", but Māori became the term used by Māori to describe themselves in a pan-tribal sense.[11]
Māori people often use the term tangata whenua (literally, "people of the land") to describe themselves in a way that emphasises their relationship with a particular area of land — a tribe may be the tangata whenua in one area, but not in another. The term can also refer to Māori as a whole in relation to New Zealand (Aotearoa) as a whole.
The Maori Purposes Act of 1947 required the use of the term 'Maori' rather than 'Native' in official usage, and the Department of Native Affairs became the Department of Māori Affairs. It is now Te Puni Kōkiri, or the Ministry for Māori Development.
Prior to 1974 ancestry determined the legal definition of "a Māori person". For example, bloodlines determined whether a person should enrol on the
History
Origins
The most current reliable evidence strongly indicates that initial settlement of New Zealand occurred around 1280 CE. Previous dating of some
No credible evidence exists of human settlement in New Zealand prior to the Polynesian voyagers; compelling evidence from archaeology, linguistics, and physical anthropology indicates that the first settlers came from East Polynesia and became the Māori. Language evolution studies at the
Archaeological history
Between c. 1280 AD and c. 1400 AD archeology has shown that Otago was the node of Māori cultural development. The majority of archaic settlements were on or within 10 km of the coast, though it was commmon to establish small temporary camps (whakaruruhau) far inland. The settlements ranged in size from 40 people (Palliser Bay, Wellington), the more common size, to 300 - 400, with 40 buildings at Shag River mouth. The main food was moa which were hunted to extinction in 180 years. Up to 9.2 moa per week were killed - each producing an average 45 kg of meat. Moahunters extensively modified the natural vegetation by burning. Old soils show the thin horizons of carbon associated with this activity. The middens of the people reveal that they enjoyed a rich, varied diet of birds, fish, seals and shellfish. The best known archaic or Moahunter site is at Waiau Bar which has been extensively studied. The oldest skeleton was 30 - 32 years old with the mean age of skeletons 12 - 14 years. The people still practiced Polynesian style burials. The teeth of all the older skeletons were worn to the gums. This is believed to be one reason for the low life expectancy. Artifacts found were bone necklaces, primitive worked stone tool adze heads and the remains of small shelters. All of the older skeletons showed signs of a hard life with many having broken bones that had healed suggesting a balanced diet and a supportive community that had the resources to support severely injured family members. In many instances the ultimate cause of death was a blow to the head. Due to tectonic forces some of this site is now under water.
As from the 15th century Māori culture underwent a radical change due to a variety of factors - the cooling of the climate, a series of massive earthquakes in the South Island of 7 - 8 on the Richter scale, tsunamis that destroyed many coastal settlements and the extinction of 48 food species.
Early European contact
European settlement of New Zealand occurred in relatively recent[update] historical times. New Zealand historian Michael King in The Penguin History Of New Zealand describes the Māori as "the last major human community on earth untouched and unaffected by the wider world."
Early European explorers, including
By 1830, estimates placed the number of Europeans living among the Māori as high as 2,000. The newcomers had varying status-levels within Māori society, ranging from
During the period from 1805 to 1840 the acquisition of
New Zealand colonization
With increasing Christian
Dispute continues over whether the Treaty of Waitangi ceded Māori sovereignty. Māori chiefs signed a Māori-language version of the Treaty that did not accurately reflect the English-language version.[23] It appears unlikely that the Māori version of the treaty ceded sovereignty; and the Crown and the missionaries probably did not fully explain the meaning of the English version.[24]
Māori set up substantial businesses, supplying food and other products for domestic and overseas markets.
Among the early European settlers who learnt
In the 1860s, disputes over questionable land purchases and the attempts of Māori in the
, but Crown troops dispersed its participants in 1881.The Native Land Acts of 1862 and 1865 set up the Native Land Court, which had the purpose of breaking down communal ownership and facilitating the alienation of land. As a result, between 1840 and 1890 Māori lost 95 percent of their land (63,000,000 of 66,000,000 acres in 1890).
With the loss of much of their land, Māori went into a period of numerical and cultural decline, and by the late 19th century a widespread belief existed amongst both Pakeha and Māori that the Māori population would cease to exist as a separate race or culture and become assimilated into the European population.[25]
In 1840, New Zealand had a Māori population of about 100,000 and only about 2,000 Europeans. The Māori population had declined to 42,113 in the 1896 census and Europeans numbered more than 700,000.[26]
Modern period
The decline of the Māori population did not continue, and levels recovered. Despite a substantial level of intermarriage between the Māori and European populations, many Māori retained their cultural identity. A number of discourses developed as to the meaning of "Māori" and to who counted as Māori or not. (Māori do not form a monolithic bloc, and no one political or tribal authority can speak on behalf of all Māori.) There is no racial test to determine who is Māori or not, merely an affinity with one's Māori ancestry (regardless of how remote). Thus a significant percentage of those identifying as Māori may well appear to be of European ancestry. The dominant discourse in New Zealand mitigates against concepts of mixed race or multiple heritage being recognised.
From the late 19th century, successful Māori politicians such as
The government decided to exempt Māori from the conscription that applied to other citizens in World War II, but Māori volunteered in large numbers, forming the 28th or Māori Battalion, which performed creditably, notably in Crete, North Africa and Italy. Altogether 17,000 Māori took part in the war.
Since the 1960s, Māoridom has undergone a cultural revival[27]
strongly connected[verification needed] with a protest movement.[28]
Government recognition[
The urbanisation of Māori proceeded apace in the second half of the 20th century. A majority of Māori people now[update] live in cities and towns, and many have become estranged from tribal roots and customs.
Once Were Warriors, a 1994 film adapted from a 1990 novel of the same name by Alan Duff, brought the plight of some urban Māori to a wide audience. It was the highest-grossing film in New Zealand until 2006,[29][30] and received international acclaim, winning several international film prizes.[31] While some Māori feared that viewers would consider the violent male characters an accurate portrayal of Māori men, most critics praised it as exposing the raw side of domestic violence[citation needed]. Some Māori opinion, particularly feminist, welcomed the debate on domestic violence that the film enabled[citation needed].
In many areas of New Zealand, Māori lost its role as a living community language used by significant numbers of people in the post-
There are seven designated
Modern challenges
Māori on average have fewer assets than the rest of the population, and run greater risks of many negative economic and social outcomes. Over 50% of Māori live in areas in the three highest deprivation deciles, compared with 24% of the rest of the population.[33] Although Māori make up only 14% of the population, they make up almost 50% of the prison population.[34] Māori have higher unemployment-rates than other cultures resident in New Zealand [35] Māori have higher numbers of suicides than non-Māori.[36] "Only 47% of Māori school-leavers finish school with qualifications higher than NCEA Level One; compared to a massive 74% European; 87% Asian."[37] Māori suffer more health problems, including higher levels of alcohol and drug abuse, smoking and obesity. Less frequent use of healthcare services mean that late diagnosis and treatment intervention lead to higher levels of morbidity and mortality in many manageable conditions, such as cervical cancer,[38] diabetes[39] per head of population than Pākehā (non-Māori).[40] Māori also have considerably lower life-expectancies compared to New Zealanders of European ancestry: Māori males 69.0 years vs. non-Māori males 77.2 years; Māori females 73.2 yrs vs. non-Māori females 81.9 years.[41] Also, a recent study by the New Zealand Family Violence Clearinghouse showed that Māori women and children are more likely to experience domestic violence than any other ethnic group.[42]
Treaty of Waitangi settlements
During the 1990s and 2000s, the government negotiated with Māori to provide redress for breaches by the Crown of the guarantees set out in the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840. By 2006 the government had provided over NZ$900 million in settlements, much of it in the form of land deals. The largest settlement, signed on 25 June 2008 with seven Māori iwi, transferred nine large tracts of forested land to Māori control.[43]
Language
Māori or te reo Māori (pronounced [ˈmaːoɾi, te ˈɾeo ˈmaːoɾi]) commonly te reo ("the language"), is the language of the indigenous population of New Zealand, the Māori, where it has the status of an official language. Linguists classify it within the Eastern Polynesian languages as being closely related to Cook Islands Māori, Tuamotuan and Tahitian; somewhat less closely to Hawaiian and Marquesan; and more distantly to the languages of Western Polynesia, including Samoan, Tokelauan, Niuean and Tongan.
Culture
Beginning
The Eastern Polynesian ancestors of the Māori arrived in a forested land with abundant
In the mid-
In the course of a few centuries, growing population led to competition for resources and an increase in warfare. The archaeological record reveals an increased frequency of fortified
Warfare between tribes was common, generally over land conflicts or to restore mana. Fighting was carried out between units called hapu. Although not practised during times of peace, Māori would cannibalise their conquered enemies.[47]
As Māori continued in geographic isolation, performing arts such as the
Around 1500 AD a group of Māori migrated east to Rekohu (the Chatham Islands), where, by adapting to the local climate and the availability of resources, they developed a culture known as Moriori — related to but distinct from Māori culture in mainland Aotearoa. A notable feature of the Moriori culture, an emphasis on pacifism, proved disastrous when a party of invading Taranaki Māori arrived in 1835. Few of the estimated Moriori population of 2000 survived.[48]
Contemporary era
According to Tania Kopytko, now the executive director of DANZ — Dance Aotearoa,, Māori youth have always had a difficult time maintaining ties with traditional culture, especially lacking "the commitment and effort necessary for a knowledge of [it]".[49]
For this reason[
In recent[update] years, indigenous peoples have made attempts to reconnect with their youth.[
Performing arts
Kapa haka
Sport
Māori participate fully in New Zealand's sporting culture. The national
Commerce
The
Belief and religion
Māori "tend to be followers of Presbyterianism, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), or Māori Christian groups such as
See also
- Euronesian
- Hei-tiki
- Kīngitanga (Māori King Movement)
- Māori cuisine
- Māori music
- Māori religion
- Māori traditional textiles
- Māori in the United Kingdom
- Maori voting rights in Australia
- New Zealand Māori cricket team
- New Zealand Māori rugby league team
- New Zealand Māori rugby union team
- Pā (Māori)
- Tā moko (Māori body- and face-marking)
References
- ^ Statistics New Zealand (2007). Māori population estimates tables as of 2007-06-30. Retrieved 2007-12-18.
- ^ Table 2.1, p 12, in Australian Bureau of Statistics (2004). "Australians' Ancestries: 2001" (PDF). (2.01 MB). Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Catalogue Number 2054.0.
- ^ a b Walrond, Carl (2005). Māori overseas - England, the United States and elsewhere, Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand.
- ^ New Zealand-born figures from the 2000 U.S. Census; sum of "Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander" and people of mixed race. United States Census Bureau (2003). "Census 2000 Foreign-Born Profiles (STP-159): Country of Birth: New Zealand" (PDF). (103 KB). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Census Bureau.
- ^ Statistics Canada (2003). Ethnic Origin (232), Sex (3) and Single and Multiple Responses (3) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2001 Census - 20% Sample Data. Ottawa: Statistics Canada, Cat. No. 97F0010XCB2001001.
- ^ New Scientist Webpage: Rat remains help date New Zealand's colonisation. Retrieved 2008-06-23.
- ^ 'Pacific migrations - Māori ancestors', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 4-Mar-09.
- ^ Te Taura Whiri i Te Reo Māori/Māori Language Commission.
- ^ Atkinson, A. S. (1892). "What is a Tangata Maori?" Journal of the Polynesian Society, 1 (3), 133-136. Retrieved 2007-12-18.
- ^
Māori has cognates in other Cook Islands Maori'Māori' which all share similar meanings.
- ^
The orthographic conventions developed by the anglicised plural form of the word Māori with an "s": Māori generally marks plurals by changing the articlerather than the noun, for example: te waka (the canoe); ngā waka (the canoes).
- ^ Atkinson, Neill, (2003), Adventures in Democracy: A History of the Vote in New Zealand, Otago University Press
- ^
McIntosh, Tracey (2005), 'Maori Identities: Fixed, Fluid, Forced', in James H. Liu, Tim McCreanor, Tracey McIntosh and Teresia Teaiwa, eds, New Zealand Identities: Departures and Destinations, Wellington: Victoria University Press, p. 45
- ^
In 2003, Māori rugby team despite having, according to his father, about 1/64 Māori ancestry. BBC Sport: 'Uncovering the Maori mystery', 5 June 2003. BBC.co.uk
- ^ Lowe, David J. (2008). "Polynesian settlement of New Zealand and the impacts of volcanism on early Maori society: an update" (PDF). University of Waikato. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
- ^ "Pacific People Spread From Taiwan, Language Evolution Study Shows". ScienceDaily. January 27, 2009. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
- .
- ^ 1966 Encyclopaedia of New Zealand
- ^ Entwisle, Peter (20 October 2006). "Estimating a population devastated by epidemics". Otago Daily Times.
- ^
Pool, D. I. (March 1973). "Estimates of New Zealand Maori Vital Rates from the Mid-Nineteenth Century to World War I". Population Studies. 27 (1). Population Investigation Committee: 117–125. PMID 11630533.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link - doi:10.1080/00223349708572831. Retrieved 2008-06-15.)
Whole tribes sometimes relocated to swamps where flax grew in abundance but where it was unhealthy to live.
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: CS1 maint: date and year (link - ^
ISBN 0046410538.
- Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 18 April 2007. Retrieved 4 August 2009.
- ^ Lee, Jennifer. "Treaty of Waitangi and the Maori Ethnic Movement". Retrieved 4 August 2009.
- ^ King 2003, p 224
- ^ "Population - Factors and Trends", from An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand, edited by A. H. McLintock, published in 1966. Te Ara - The Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 2007-09-18. Retrieved 2007-12-18.
- ^
"Māori - Urbanisation and renaissance". Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand.
The Māori renaissance since 1970 has been a remarkable phenomenon.
- ^ "Time Line of events 1950 - 2000". Schools @ Look4.
- ^ Baillie, Russell (24 January 2006). "Other NZ hits eat dust of 'Fastest Indian'". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 2009-08-22.
- ^ "Aramoana film cracks $1 million". The New Zealand Herald. 14 December 2006. Retrieved 2009-08-22.
- ^ "Awards for Once Were Warriors". IMDb. Retrieved 2009-08-22.
- ^ Tahana, Yvonne (29 September 2008). "National to dump Maori seats in 2014". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 28 December 2009.
- ^ Maori Health Web Page: Socioeconomic Determinants of Health - Deprivation. Retrieved 2007-06-12.
- ^ "Over-representation of Maori in the criminal justice system" (PDF). Department of Corrections. September 2007. p. 4.
- ^ Department of Labour, NZ, Māori Labour Market Outlook
- ^ University of Otago, NZ, Suicide Rates in New Zealand - Exploring Associations with Social and Economic Factors
- ^ Scoop.co.nz, Flavell: Maori Education - not achieved
- ^ Cslbiotherapies.co.nz, Who gets Cervical Cancer?
- ^ Diabetes in New Zealand - Models And Forecasts 1996 - 2011
- ^ PubMed Maori Health Issues
- ^ Social Report 2004 | Health - Life Expectancy
- ^ "Mana Māori". Community Action Toolkit to Prevent Family Violence Information Sheet #30 (p. 40). Retrieved 16 July 2009.
- ^ Tahana, Yvonne (25 June 2008). "Iwi 'walks path' to biggest ever Treaty settlement". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 2008-06-26.
- ^ Irwin, Geoffrey (2006). 'Pacific Migrations' in Māori Peoples of New Zealand: Ngā Iwi o Aotearoa. Te Ara - The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Auckland: David Bateman, 2006:10-18.
- ^ Howe, Kerry, (2006). 'Ideas of Māori Origins' in Māori Peoples of New Zealand: Ngā Iwi o Aotearoa. Te Ara - The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Auckland: David Bateman, 2006 pp 25-40.
- ^ Howe, p 161
- ^ Schwimmer, E. G. "Warfare of the Maori". Te Ao Hou, No. 36, September 1961.
- ^ Davis, Denise; Solomon, Māui. "Moriori - The impact of new arrivals". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
- JSTOR 768516. Retrieved 2008-07-13. [Payment or subscription required for online version]
- ^
Kopytko, Tania (1986). "Breakdance as an Identity Marker in New Zealand". Yearbook for Traditional Music. 18. International Council for Traditional Music: 22. JSTOR 768516. Retrieved 2008-07-13. [Payment or subscription required for online version]
- ^ a b c Mitchell, Tony. "Kia Kaha! (Be Strong!): Maori and Pacific Islander Hip-hop in Aotearoa-New Zealand." In Global Noise: Rap and Hip-Hop Outside the USA, ed. Tony Mitchell, 282-284. Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 2001.
- ^ Mitchell, Tony. "Kia Kaha! (Be Strong!): Maori and Pacific Islander Hip-hop in Aotearoa-New Zealand." In Global Noise: Rap and Hip-Hop Outside the USA, ed. Tony Mitchell, 280-305. Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 2001.
- ^ <Diamond, Paul (updated 5-Mar-10). "Te tāpoi Māori—Māori tourism—Preserving culture". Te Ara—the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
. Retrieved 2010-05-18.
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mismatch (help) - ^ Swarbrick, Nancy (updated 3-Mar-09). "Creative life - Performing arts". Te Ara—the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 2010-05-18.
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mismatch (help) - ^ Hadfield, Dave (1992-07-14). "League breaks union's power". The Independent. UK: Independent News and Media Limited. Retrieved 2010-01-07.
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(help) - ^ Jones, Renee (October 8, 2005). "McDonald's adopts obscure Maori ball game". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 2007-07-30.
- ^ "Waka Umanga : A Proposed Law for Maori Governance Entities - NZLC R". Law Commission. 8 June 2006. Retrieved 2007-06-08.
- ^ "Waka Umanga (Maori Corporations) Bill - NZLC MP 15". Auckland District Law Society. 31 May 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-08.
- ^ "New Zealand - International Religious Freedom Report 2007". U.S. State Department. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
- ^ "KIA ORA AOTEAROA". CPI Financial. August 2007. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
- ^ Hume, Tim. "Muslim faith draws converts from NZ prisons." Star Times
Further reading
- Biggs, Bruce (1994). "Does Māori have a closest relative?" In Sutton (Ed.)(1994), pp. 96 – 105.
- Hiroa, Te Rangi (Sir Peter Buck) (1974). The Coming of the Māori. Second edition. First published 1949. Wellington: Whitcombe and Tombs.
- Irwin, Geoffrey (1992). The Prehistoric Exploration and Colonisation of the Pacific. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- ISBN 0-14-301867-1 Penguin.
- Simmons, D.R. (1997). Ta Moko, The Art of Māori Tattoo. Revised edition. First published 1986. Auckland: Reed
- Sutton, Douglas G. (Ed.) (1994). The Origins of the First New Zealanders. Auckland: Auckland University Press. ISBN 1869400984
- Mclean, Mervyn (1996). "Maori Music". Auckland : Auckland University Press.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Māori.
- Culture.co.nz, directory of important Māori websites.
- Maori.info; provides summaries of major aspects of Māori culture.
- Korero.maori.nz, an interactive Māori language resource site.
- Maori.org.nz, a large website covering a wide range of Māori topics.
- Māori-related news headlines, from the Te Karere Ipurangi news portal.
- Māori theology, by Michael Shirres.
- New Zealand's Colonization 1000 Years Later Than Previously Thought?, Study of the date of Māori arrival in New Zealand.
- Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand; includes information on Māori New Zealanders.
Category:Ethnic groups in New Zealand
Category:Indigenous peoples of Polynesia
Category:Multiracial affairs
Category:Tribal societies that have practiced cannibalism