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Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
Kingdom:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Proteobacteria
Class:	Gammaproteobacteria
Order:	Pseudomonadales
Family:	Azotobacteraceae
Genus:	Azotobacter
Species:	Azotobacter salinestris
Binomial name
	Azotobacter salinestris;

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Azotobacter salinestris - salinestris, comes from the Latin words “salinus,” meaning saline, and “-estris”, which means “living in”.^[1] It is a Gram-negative, nitrogen fixing bacteria.^[1] It can be found living in soil or water habitats as single cells or in chains of 6 to 8 cells.^[1] This organism is motile at younger stages but loses its flagella at older stages.^[1] This bacteria is known for its potential use in bioremediation.^[2]

Isolation

William J. Page and Shailaja Shivprasad isolated Azotobacter salinestris from

micrograms of copper chloride per milliliter of solution.^[1] The medium was incubated at 30^oC and stored at 4^oC.^[1] Colony formation was noted after 2-3 days of incubation.^[1] The same soil samples were also used to inoculate slant cultures, which were stored at room temperature.^[1] Azotobacter salinestris was found to lose viability in the slant cultures when stored at 4^oC.^[1] Through these cultures and characterization tests, A. salinestris was found to share many of the general characteristics specific to the species Azotobacter.^[1] Originally, A. salinestris colonies were classified as Azotobacter chroococcum but were later identified as a separate species based on their salt dependent growth. ^[4]

Characteristics

Morphology

Azotobacter salinestris is a

catechol melanin.^[1]

Physiology

The bacteria that performed the most efficient atmospheric nitrogen fixation were from samples grown in 0.05% to 0.1% saline concentration soils.[1] It was also observed that nitrogen fixation rates were not affected by the presence of oxygen.^[1] A. salinestris that grows in soils is a facultative anaerobe. ^[1] Colonies growing in aquatic habitats were determined to be microaerophilic and very sensitive to the presence of hydrogen peroxide since they do not produce a catalase enzyme.^[1]

Metabolism

Azotobacter salinestris can use

sodium ions as their electron acceptor, but will also use rubidium.^[1] Strains that do not have access to sodium ions produce acid a a product of the metabolism of their growth-promoting carbon substrate.^[1]

Ecology

All known Azotobacter salinestris samples were isolated from soils that had a

marine environments.^[1]

Azotobacter chroococcum is the most common species from Azotobacter to be isolated from soil samples.^[1] It is also a close relative to Azotobacter salinestris.^[1] All growth conditions used to isolate and determine optimum living conditions for Azotobacter salinestris were based on the optimal living conditions for Azotobacter chroococcum.^[1] The defining factor between these two species was the dependence on sodium ions to live. A. salinestris displayed a stronger dependence on sodium to live than A. chroococcum.^[1]

Genetics

While Page and Shivprasad are credited with the discovery and characterization of A. salinestris, Eydne and Wachter are credited with the sequencing of the bacteria’s 5S rRNA in 1987.^[1]

Although the results were never published,

16S rRNA sequence, conducted by Moore and the University of Houston, confirmed that A. salinestris was indeed a separate species of the genus Azotobacter.^[1]

Importance

Azotobacter salinestris was the first

efflux.^[3] It can tolerate up to 5% glyphosate, which is a pesticide used to kill weeds that compete with crops.^[5] Because the species is a common nitrogen fixer, it is important to the agricultural industry for the species to be able to survive in the presence of such a common pesticide. ^[5] It can degrade endosulfan, which is an insecticide that is highly hazardous to human, mammal, and fish health. ^[2] Endosulfan use was banned in 2012 by the United States, following a precedent established by New Zealand and the European Union. ^[6] The decision to ban endosulfan use came after a study that showed the health risks to humans and wildlife were much higher than expected. ^[7]^[8] It is similar to DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane), causes birth defects, and is an estrogen analog.^[7] Therefore, the ability of A. salinestris to break down endosulfan is important for bioremediation to the environments where the substance was used.^[2]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj Page, and Shivprasad. "ITIS Standard Report Page: Azotobacter Salinestris." ITIS Standard Report Page: Azotobacter Salinestris. N.p., 1991. Web. 8 Feb. 2016. <http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=959650>
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Chennappa, Gurikar, et al. "Pesticide tolerant Azotobacter isolates from paddy growing areas of northern Karnataka, India." World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 30.1 (2014): 1-7. <http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11274-013-1412-3>
^ ^a ^b Page, William J and Shailaja Shivprasad. "Examination of the role of Na+ in the physiology of the Na+-dependent soil bacterium Azotobacter salinestris." Microbiology 137.12 (1991): 2891-2899.<https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247608931_Examination_of_the_role_of_Na_in_the_physiology_of_the_Na-dependent_soil_bacterium_Azotobacter_salinestris>
^ ^a ^b Bergey, D. H., Brenner, D. J., Krieg, N. R., & Staley, J. T. (2005). Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Volume 2. The proteobacteria. Part B. The gammaproteobacteria (Vol. 2). New York, NY: Springer.>
^ ^a ^b Castillo JM, Casas J, Romero E (2011) Isolation of an endosulfan degrading bacterium from a coffee farm soil: persistence and inhibitory effect on its biological functions. Sci Total Environ 412–413:20–27><http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969711010965?np=y>
^ Martin, David S. EPA moves to ban DDT cousin. CNN. June 10, 2010. <http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2010/06/10/epa-moves-to-ban-ddt-cousin/>
^ ^a ^b Cone, M. (2010, June 10). Endosulfan to Be Banned, Pesticide Poses "Unacceptable Risks," EPA Says. Retrieved April 27, 2016, from http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/endosulfan-banned-epa/
^ Beauvais, S. L., Silva, M. H., & Powell, S. (2010). Human health risk assessment of endosulfan. Part III: Occupational handler exposure and risk. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 56(1), 28-37. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19854234>

[P_and_S_1991-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj Page, and Shivprasad. "ITIS Standard Report Page: Azotobacter Salinestris." ITIS Standard Report Page: Azotobacter Salinestris. N.p., 1991. Web. 8 Feb. 2016. <http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=959650>

[Chennappa-2] Chennappa, Gurikar, et al. "Pesticide tolerant Azotobacter isolates from paddy growing areas of northern Karnataka, India." World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 30.1 (2014): 1-7. <http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11274-013-1412-3>

[:0-3] Page, William J and Shailaja Shivprasad. "Examination of the role of Na+ in the physiology of the Na+-dependent soil bacterium Azotobacter salinestris." Microbiology 137.12 (1991): 2891-2899.<https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247608931_Examination_of_the_role_of_Na_in_the_physiology_of_the_Na-dependent_soil_bacterium_Azotobacter_salinestris>

[Bergey_2005-4] Bergey, D. H., Brenner, D. J., Krieg, N. R., & Staley, J. T. (2005). Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Volume 2. The proteobacteria. Part B. The gammaproteobacteria (Vol. 2). New York, NY: Springer.>

[Castillo-5] Castillo JM, Casas J, Romero E (2011) Isolation of an endosulfan degrading bacterium from a coffee farm soil: persistence and inhibitory effect on its biological functions. Sci Total Environ 412–413:20–27><http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969711010965?np=y>

[Martin-6] Martin, David S. EPA moves to ban DDT cousin. CNN. June 10, 2010. <http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2010/06/10/epa-moves-to-ban-ddt-cousin/>

[Cone_2010-7] Cone, M. (2010, June 10). Endosulfan to Be Banned, Pesticide Poses "Unacceptable Risks," EPA Says. Retrieved April 27, 2016, from http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/endosulfan-banned-epa/

[Beauvais_2010-8] Beauvais, S. L., Silva, M. H., & Powell, S. (2010). Human health risk assessment of endosulfan. Part III: Occupational handler exposure and risk. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 56(1), 28-37. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19854234>

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