User:WhiteArcticWolf/Misc

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

[1] 鴨川シーワールド = Kamogawa シャチ = Orca 名古屋港水族館/なごやこうすいぞくかん = Port of Nagoya [2]

伊豆・三津シーパラダイス=izu mito

[3]

Luna name Stella calf


[4]

Background

Live listing

Name Gender Origin DOB Park
Adán M Captive born October 13, 2010 Loro Parque
Bingo M Iceland alive Port of Nagoya Public Aquarium
Corky II F North Eastern Pacific alive SeaWorld San Diego
Earth M Captive born October 13, 2008 Kamogawa Seaworld
Freya F Iceland alive
Marineland Antibes
Ikaika M Captive born August 25, 2002 SeaWorld San Diego
Inouk M Captive born Feberuary 23, 1999
Marineland Antibes
Kalia F Captive born December 21, 2004 SeaWorld San Diego
Kasatka F Iceland alive SeaWorld San Diego
Katina F Iceland alive SeaWorld Orlando
Kayla F Captive born November 26, 1988 SeaWorld Orlando
Keet M Captive born February 2, 1993 SeaWorld San Diego
Keto M Captive born June 17, 1995 Loro Parque
Kiska F Iceland alive MarineLand
Kohana F Captive born May 3, 2002 Loro Parque
Kshamenk M Argentina alive Mundo Marino
Kyuquot M Captive born December 24, 1991 SeaWorld San Antonio
Lara F Captive born February 8, 2001 Kamogawa Seaworld
Lolita F North Eastern Pacific alive Miami Seaquarium
Lovey F Captive born January 11, 1998 Kamogawa Seaworld
Luna F Captive born July 19, 2012 Kamogawa Seaworld
Malia F Captive born March 12, 2007 SeaWorld Orlando
Makaio M Captive born October 9, 2010 SeaWorld Orlando
Moana M Captive born March 16, 2011
Marineland Antibes
Morgan F Netherlands alive Loro Parque
Nakai M Captive born September 1, 2001 SeaWorld San Diego
Nalani F Captive born September 18, 2006 SeaWorld Orlando
Orkid F Captive born September 23, 1988 SeaWorld San Diego
Ran II F Captive born February 25, 2006 Port of Nagoya Public Aquarium
Sakari F Captive born January 7, 2010 SeaWorld San Antonio
Shouka F Captive born February 25, 1993 SeaWorld San Diego
Skyla F Captive born February 9, 2004 Loro Parque
Stella F Iceland alive Port of Nagoya Public Aquarium
Takara F Captive born July 9, 1991 SeaWorld San Antonio
Tekoa F Captive born November 8, 2000 Loro Parque
Tilikum M Iceland alive SeaWorld Orlando
Trua M Captive born November 23, 2005 Loro Parque
Tuar M Captive born June 22, 1999 SeaWorld San Antonio
Ulises M Iceland alive SeaWorld San Diego
Unna F Captive born December 27, 1996 SeaWorld San Antonio
Unnamed calf F Captive born November 13, 2012 Port of Nagoya Aquarium
Unnamed calf M Captive born February 14, 2013 SeaWorld San Diego
Valentin M Captive born February 14, 1996
Marineland Antibes
Victoria F Captive born August 3, 2012 Loro Parque
Wikie F Captive born June 1, 2001
Marineland Antibes

Living

Chimelong Ocean Kingdom

Chime-Long Ocean Kingdom is alleged to be holding two orca from Nakhodka, Russia. The two were taken in capture operations in September 2013.[5] Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) permits were granted for their exportation.[5] The Far East Russia Orca Project found that the orca had been transported to China through Vladivostok, but the group is unaware if the animals are on-site or in holding pools elsewhere.[5] Chimelong Ocean Kingdom has refused to answer questions about the whales. The two whales are allegedly a young male and female, approximately 12 to 16 feet long.[5] The two were caught with an older female, possibly the whales' mother. A group of companies called White Sphere is responsible for the captures. It is comprised of White Sphere, which builds dolphinariums, White Whale, which captures the animals, and Aquatoriya, which operates aquariums.[6] In September 2013, three more whales were captured from the Sea of Okhotsk: a young male, juvenile female, and adult female. They were subsequently transferred to Nakhodka and kept in the same netted pen as Narnia, a whale captured in 2012.[7] Allegedly, the whales refused to eat until Narnia presented them with fish.[7]

Kamogawa Seaworld

Kamogawa Seaworld (鴨川シーワールド, Kamogawa Shīwārudo) currently holds four orca: Lovey (ラビー, Rabī), Lara (ララ, Rara), Earth (アース, Āsu), and Luna (ルーナ, Rūna). An additional two more, Stella and Ran, are on five year loan the Port of Nagoya Aquarium.[8] Lovey was born on January 11, 1998 to Stella and the now-deceased male named Bingo. On February 8, 2011, Lara was born to Stella and Bingo. Lovey has produced two offspring with Oscar, a now-deceased bull at Kamogawa: Earth[citation needed] and Luna.[9] Earth was born on October 13, 2008.[10] He was birthed tail-first and swam to the surface on his own to breathe.[10][11] Kamogawa allowed the public to suggest names from January 11, 2009 to February 28.[10] In total, 13,368 individuals voted and 4,649 different names were submitted.[10] On March 7, a naming ceremony was held at the park. Earth's name was chosen because staff thought it a strong name.[10] Luna was born tail-first on July 19, 2012.[9][12] She was confirmed to be nursing by July 20.[12] A public vote to name her received 18,588 suggestions, of which 4,474 were unique names. The park settled on Luna due to it being feminine and connecting with Earth's name.[9]

Loro Parque

Loro Parque, located in Tenerife, Spain, holds Keto, Tekoa, Kohana, Skyla, Adán, and Morgan.

Adán is a male orca born on October 13, 2009 at Loro Parque.[13] He was the first orca born in Spain.[14] His mother, Kohana, was in labor for 4 hours and showed no maternal interest in him.[13] Adán was hand-reared by staff.[15]

Marineland Antibes

Marineland Antibes holds Freya, Valentin, Inouk, Wikie, Moana, and Keijo.

Moana is a male orca that was born on March 16, 2011 at Marineland Antibes.[16] He is the offspring of Wikie and Ulises via artificial insemination.[16] Initial reports referred to him as a female.[17] His name, which means "ocean" in Polynesian,[18] was selected by trainers via a Facebook naming contest.[16][19]

Marineland Ontario

Kiska is Marineland Ontario's only orca. She was captured in Iceland in October 1979. She measures approximately 20 feet and weights about 6,500 pounds. Kiska has given birth to five calves, all of which are deceased: an unnamed male (August 24, 1992), Kanuck (August 2, 1994), Nova (November 6, 1996), Hudson (September 15, 1998), and Athena (August 8, 2004). Marineland has been criticized for Kiska's environment and condition. XXXX has alleged that Kiska rubs her tail against XXX, causing abrasions. In XXXXX, a video emerged of Kiska's tail bleeding. In XXXX, Kiska XX of XXX alleged that Kiska was XXX "peanut head," a condition characterized for an indentation in the back of the head and indicative of deteriorating condition.

Miami Seaquarium

Main article: Lolita (orca)

Lolita, originally known as Tokitae, is the only killer whale residing at the Miani Seaquarium. She currently measures 22 feet (6.7 m) long and weighs 7,800 pounds (3,500 kg), and lives alongside Pacific white-sided dolphins. At approximately four years old, Lolita was capture at Penn Cove, Puget Sound on August 8, 1970. She was sold to the Miam Seaquarium and arrived on ----. Lolita was intended to be a mate to Hugo, the park's male whale. Though they copulated multiple times, Lolita never produced a calf. Lolita and Hugo became increasingly aggressive toward trainers; they had lunged at trainers, and in one instance, tore a trainer's wetsuit. Since Hugo's death on March 4, 1980, Lolita has not lived with another killer whale. Lolita's living situation has been the subject of controversy. Critics cite the lack of orca companions and the size of her tank, which violates the American Animal Welfare Act by having a cement barrier in the center. Researchers and activists have petitioned for her release. Orca Network, a non-profit comprised of researchers, has created a retirement plan that would return her to Puget Sound and potentially have her released to her pod.

Lolita is a member of the endangered Southern Resident Killer Whale population. The National Marine Fisheries Services excluded her from the Endangered Species Act protections. In August 2013, a lawsuit against NMFS was filed by the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, Animal Legal Defense Fund, and individual plaintiffs. It challenged NMFS' decision to exclude Lolita from the ESA. The NMFS agreed to reconsider this position. In November 2012, after a petition by Orca Network, the Washington Transportation Commission chose Tokitae as the name of a new state ferry. The name comes from a "jargon greeting" between Salish and Chinook tribes, and translates to "nice day, pretty colors." Lolita's was originally named Tokitae by Jesse White, a Miami Seaquarium veterinarian, who traveled to Puget Sound to choose a whale for the aquariuam. According to his daughter, he bonded with Lolita and named her Tokitae after seeing the phrase in a gift shop. Her name was subsequently changed upon arriving at the park. Lolita was the subject of the documentary Lolita: Slave to Entertainment, which chronicled her history and alleged poor living conditions.

http://www.pnwlocalnews.com/sanjuans/jsj/opinion/31014829.html http://www.pnwlocalnews.com/sanjuans/jsj/opinion/31014829.html http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/breakingnews/whale-activists-use-federal-endangered-law-in-attempt-to-free-lolita-from-florida-attraction-134908593.html http://www.orcanetwork.org/Main/index.php?categories_file=Retirement http://www.peta.org/blog/peta-lolita-fight-s/ http://www.peta.org/blog/lolita-closer-ocean-home/ http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=NOAA-NMFS-2013-0056-1841 http://www.southwhidbeyrecord.com/news/179367421.html?mobile=true http://news.msn.com/in-depth/freedom-of-killer-whale-at-center-of-last-ditch-battle

Moscow Dolphinarium and Aquarium

The Moscow Dolphinarium has three whales: Narnia (Нарния), Nord (Норд), and Juliet (Джульеттой). Narnia is approximately 7 years old and weights 5000 pounds, Nord is 5 years old and weighs 3000 pounds, and Juliet weighs 2,425 pounds.

2014 Olympics.[24] The whales were transferred to Moscow but ultimately never sent to Sochi, and may have never been intended to be.[25] Police confirmed in October 2014 that the whales are being kept at tempory tanks in VDNKh, a Moscow exhibition center, until the Moscow Dolphinarium has been completed. They denied allegations of animal mistreatment.[21] In December 2014, it was announced that the whales would be transferred to permanent tanks by the end of the month and that the exhibit would open in May 2015.[23] In late December 2014, a young female orca was revealed to be at the aquarium.[26] The whale was flown from Vladistok to Moscow, and named Juliet for her grace and beauty.[22] Due to her young age, trainers have nicknamed her Malyshka (Малышка), an affectionate Russian term meaning "baby girl."[26] Narnia, the oldest whale, is reported to have begun caring for her.[22]

Mundo Marino

Mundo Marino, located in San Clemente del Tuyú, Argentina, holds a male orca named Kshamenk. Kshamenk was taken into captivity on September 19, 1992. He was allegedly found stranded, but other reports indicate he may have been force-stranded. At the time, a female orca named Belén resided at the park. In February 1998, Belén produced a stillbirth calf fathered by Kshamenk. She later died on February 4, 2000, four weeks pregnant. Kshamenk's semen has been used in artificial insemination at SeaWorld parks. In July 2011, Takara (SeaWorld San Antonio) was AIed with Kshamenk's sperm, but she apparently absorbed the fetus by March 2012. Efforts have achieved success as well. Takara has produced Kamea (December 6, 2013) and, at SeaWorld San Diego, Kasatka birthed Makani (February 14, 2013).

Port of Nagoya Public Aquarium

The Port of Nagoya Public Aquarium (名古屋港水族館, Nagoyakō Suizokukan) currently holds three whales: Stella (ステラ, Sutera), Ran (ラン), and Lynn (リン, Rin). At 1 year of age, Stella was captured near Seydisfjördur, Iceland in October 1987. She was held at Sædyrasafnid Aquarium. Kamogawa Aquarium purchased her and, on March 29, 1988, she arrived at the aquarium. Stella has mothered five calves at Kamogawa: Lovey (1988), Lara (2001), Sarah (2003), and Ran. Ran, also known as Lan,[27] was born head-first on February 25, 2006,[citation needed] fathered by Bingo.[27] Kamogawa Aquarium placed Stella, Ran, and Bingo on a five year loan to Port of Nagoya Aquarium.[8] They arrived at Nagoya on December 14, 2011.[28] The decision was made to transfer Ran because she was strongly dependent on her mother and her presence would create a better environment for Stella's upcoming birth.[29] The whales trained privately before performances began in March.[27] On November 12, 2012, Stella gave birth to Lynn.[30] She was sired by Bingo.[31] A public naming contest was held from March 20 to May 6, 2013. The park received a total of 19,384 applicants and 5,062 individual names, and settled on Lynn.[32] Initial western reports named her as Rin, the direct but inaccurate Hepburn romanization of her name in katakana. Later content provided by the aquarium confirmed the correct transcription as Lynn.[33][34] Bingo experienced fever and abnormal breathing patterns in April 2014. He began improving in June, but on August 2 began vomiting and died shortly after.[35]

SeaWorld San Antonion

Takara, Kyuquot, Unna, Tuar, Sakari, and Kamea.

SeaWorld San Diego

SeaWorld San Diego holds whales Corky, Kasatka, Ulises, Orkid, Keet, Shouka, Kalia, Nakai, and Makani.

SeaWorld Orlando

Tilikum, Katina, Kayla, Malia, Nalani, Trua, Makaio

Unknown locations

Souces

http://www.erichhoyt.com/eh/Erichs_BLOG/Entries/2014/3/20_Russian_TINRO_suggests_quota_for_10_orca_captures.html http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2013-11-06/business/os-wild-killer-whales-captured-20131105_1_whales-georgia-aquarium-seaworld-entertainment-inc http://www.outsideonline.com/outdoor-adventure/nature/Orcas-Captured-In-the-Wild-for-Aquariums-and-Water-Parks.html

Deceased

Cuddles

Cuddles, a possible member of the Southern Resident

West Middleton within May 1971.[41] During Cuddles' time at the zoo, he suffered from internal bleeding and ulcers.[42] He also developed an obsession with rubber diving flippers, which escalated into aggression.[43] In June of 1971, Cuddles pulled Don Robinson into his pool while being fed. Robinson hit his head against a pool wall; staff "held Cuddles off with broomsticks" and Robinson was sent to the hospital.[44] Cuddles' pulling Robinson into the pool was later determined to be a PR stunt.[38] In January 1973, vandals broke into the Dudley Zoo and threw a 12-foot harpoon, rocks, and bricks at the orca. Cuddles escaped harm and police investigated the incident.[45] In 1973, the Dudley Zoo put Cuddles up for sale for 82,500 US dollars.[46] Early in the year, the whale was reportedly valued at 70,500 dollars.[45] The facility had violated local ordinances by raising the walls on Cuddles' pool and the zoo was not prepared to invest in returning the pool to its original depth.[47] The orca was "under an order" to be relocated by April 1, 1974.[41] On February 6, 1974, the orca died when a streptococcal mediastinal abscess located near his heart burst.[2][41]

Moby Doll

Moby Doll was the first orca displayed to the public and the second captured for the purpose of captivity. The male orca was captured in 1964 near East Point, Saturna Island in British Columbia. Sculptor Samuel Burish had been commissioned by the Vancouver Aquarium to kill and stuff an orca for the aquariums' new British Columbia hall. Moby Doll was harpooned and shot multiple times, but did not die. Burich contacted the Vancouver Aquarium and it was decided the whale would instead be displayed alive. Moby Doll was towed by the harpoon on his back for 16 hours before being penned at the Burrard Drydock, where he was misidentified as female. Moby Doll was popular locally and abroad. Scientists took advantage of the opportunity to study an orca and orca vocalizations up close. However, the orca was sickly, developed a skin rash, and died after 87 days. According to observers,

"The whale seemed to be suffering from shock...For a long time, Moby Doll...would not eat. She was offered everything from salmon to horse hearts, but the whale only circled the pool night and day in a counterclockwise pattern." After 55 days in captivity, Moby Doll begins eating--up to 200 pounds of fish a day...(but) dies a month later"[48]

At the time, it was not known that "resident" killer whales ate only fish, not warm-blooded prey. After his keepers spent nearly two months offering a variety of inappropriate food items to Moby Doll, someone offered a lingcod. The whale accepted the fish and subsequently ate 50 kg of cod that day.[49] So little was known of killer whales at the time that Moby Doll was mistakenly identified as a female. The whale was confirmed male during his autopsy, although according to one story, a four-year-old visitor witnessed the whale with an erection.[49] According to the obituary in The Times of London, "the widespread publicity – some of it the first positive press ever about killer whales – marked the beginning of an important change in the public attitude toward the species."[48]

Namu

Main article: Namu (orca)

Namu was the third orca captured and displayed in an aquarium exhibit. In June 1965, William Lechkobit found a 22 foot (6.7m) male orca in his floating salmon net that had drifted close to shore near

Seattle public aquarium owner.[50] Griffin swam and performed with Namu in the Seattle exhibit and Namu survived one year in captivity before dying in his pen on July 9, 1966.[51] Namu was the subject of Namu, the Killer Whale
, a film that changed many people's perceptions about orcas.

Orky

Orky was a member of the

I11 pod captured near Shushartie Bay in British Colombia on July 25, 1967.[52] Fisherman Sam Maki and his crew reported that a group of orca had swam by their boat; Orky had swam into a net.[52] A makeshift pen was built, and the orca was subsequently sold to John Prescott of Marineland of the Pacific, who had outbid the Vancouver Aquarium for the animal.[52] The amount paid to Maki was undisclosed, though it was described as "substantial", and Maki was to be given more if Orky "reached the plane safely" and a final payment if the whale arrived at the park alive.[52] On July 30, Orky was taken to Hardy Bay, then driven to an airport and flown to Marineland of the Pacific.[52] The whale was named Orky, derived from the scientific name of the killer whale: Orcinus orca.[53] He was believed to be approximately 3 years old at time of capture.[54] During his first 20 days at Marineland, Orky refused to eat except for what staff could force-feed him; according to Prescott, "he was upset by the plan ride, the confinement, and the change of food."[54] Three dolphins were introduced to his tank and Orky immediately became close to a male named Clyde. Soon after, he began eating again.[54] Prescott noted that Orky was a handful, stating "I'm always afraid of him [Orky] when I'm in his tank."[54] In one instance, Orky grew bored with Prescott and began pushing him.[54] In July of 1969, Orky died of pneumonia and possibly influenza.[1]

Orky II

[55]

Shamu

The original Shamu was a young Southern Resident female taken from

septicemia and pyometra
at approximately 9 years of age. The name "Shamu" become a trademark of SeaWorld and has been since utilized as a stage name for several orcas, both male and female.

Skana

Spooky

Spooky was conceived and birthed at the Marineland of the Pacific park, the second calf of whales Orky II and Corky II.[55] He was born head-first on October 31, 1978.[56] Public relations staff members chose the name Spooky due the calf's Halloween birth date.[57] Marineland animal curator Tom Otten noted that the calf was "frisky" and "within minutes of birth" Spooky was "swimming with its mother and father". Otten stated that they expected the calf to survive.[58] However, Spooky began experiencing problems with feeding, attempting to nurse around Corky's eye patch and mouth rather than her mammaries.[56] The pool required the orcas to swim in small circles "beyond the ability of the newborn", and Corky would move the calf to prevent him from running into the wall.[57] It was believed that Spooky had imprinted onto Corky's eye.[59] After two days, staff members entered the tank and force-fed the calf a formula composed of "milk, ground fish, and vitamins."[57] Spooky was separated from his parents and placed on a 24-hour watch by the staff. However, his health rapidly decreased; he "developed gastric problems from the formula" he was fed, his liver and lungs became infected, and lost about 100 pounds.[56] 11 days after his birth, Spooky died.[60] Shortly before, he displayed "abnormal breathing patterns". Marineland staff conducted tests to discover the cause of Spooky's death.[60] It was determined that he had died of pneumonia and colitis.[1]

Wanda

Wanda, also referred to as the Newport Specimen,

ramus of the mandible", and a "massive nematode infestation of the first and second stomach compartments."[61] It is unknown if her illness contributed to her self-destructive behavior,[citation needed] though "the great stress experienced by the animal during capture and confinement" may have "contributed to [her] pathological condition".[61]

Winston

Main article: Ramu III

Winston, originally known as Ramu III, was captured near Coupeville, Washington in 1970. He originally resided in the now-defunct Windsor Safari park until being transferred to SeaWorld San Diego in 1976. He sired Kalina, the first orca to be successfully conceived and born in captivity. Winston died on April 28, 1986 of chronic cardiovascular failure.

Other deceased

  • Stillborns

Orcas have also died in holding facilities. In 1978, several whales were captured and held in Iceland. Five animals, temporarily placed at Saedyrasafnid Aquarium, were never moved: though sold to Kamogawa Aquarium, their transfer to Japan was delayed. Severe weather subsequently damaged Saedyrasafnid Aquarium's tank circulation systems in 1979. A male and female orca grew ill and died as a result of the poor water quality, and the remaining whales were returned to the wild afterward.

Ahab

Ahab was a Southern Resident orca netted in October 1968 at Yukon Harbor, Washington by the Seattle Aquarium.

Point Mugu, California, where he was used "for several months in physiological research studies", on October 22.[63] On October 22 of the following year, Ahab was sent to Hawaii. He was incorporated into the Navy's Project Deep Ops ("Deep Object Recovery with Pilot and Killer Whales") program and trained in the open ocean to retrieve dummy torpedos.[64][65][63] Ahab was reported to be occasionally inconsistent, and went through periods of low food intake and loss of motivation.[63] However, the orca's "open-ocean training was discontinued in June 1971 because of behavioral control problems and a lack of time to correct these problems before project termination."[63] The orca remained with the Navy in Hawaii until 1974 when he passed away. The cause of death and date of death are unknown.[2]

Algonquin

Algonquin was a male orca born to Nootka V and Kandu VII. He was born on December 18, 1999 at Marineland Ontario.[66] Algonquin was found dead on August 13, 2002, the cause being a twisted intestine.[2] According to a Marineland Spokesperson, tests performed after the death showed that the calf "was otherwise in good health".[67]

April

April was born at Marineland Ontario on April 7, 2004 to Nootka V and Kandu VII.[66][2] She died of malnutrition a short time later in May.[2]

Baby Shamu II

Baby Shamu II was born at SeaWorld San Diego on January 5, 1986, offspring of Winston and Kenau.[68] As the second orca to be born at SeaWorld, she was nicknamed Baby Shamu II.[69] SeaWorld hoped to have the calf "integrated into the routine" as the first Baby Shamu (Kalina) had been.[68] Winton was said to be "concerned, observant and interested in the calf" after her birth.[68] Though both the calf and Kenau were under a 24-hour watch by the SeaWorld Animal Care and Animal Behavior branch, Baby Shamu II developed a breathing problem.[70] On January 16, Baby Shamu II's heart failed.[69] Her death was attributed to a heart defect.[1]

Benkei II

Benkei (ベ ンケイ) II, also known as Ushikawa (ウシワカ)

Icelandic krona.[73] The orca was placed in the Saedyrasafnid Aquarium and later sent to the Vancouver Aquarium, where he remained until January 1981 when he was sent to Japan.[1] The International Animal Exchange brokered the transactions.[74] He was transferred to the Nanki Shirahama Adventure World, where he remained until his death in July 1983 from malignant lymphoma.[1]

Benkei III

Benkei (ベ ンケイ) III was a male orca taken from Taiji, Japan in February 1982.[1] Benkei III was first kept at a the Taiji Whale Museum, but was later transferred to a private residence.[1][2] Benkei died within December 1983 and was estimated to be around 2 years old.[2] The cause of death is unknown.[2]

Betty

Betty was captured on October 1978 off a coast in south-eastern Iceland.[1][75] She was kept at Höfn í Hornafirði port until being transported to Marineland Antibes, which began holding her on November 13, 1978.[75][76] Betty died on September 8, 1987 from pneumonia. She was approximately 13 years old.[76]

Bonnie

Bonnie was captured in April 1968 at Garden Bay, British Colombia.[1] After Bonnie was lifted from the water in a sling, workers "suspected" that she was pregnant.[56] While she was being held at Pender Harbour, the whale stopped eating. Despite this, arrangements to be flown to Marine World Africa USA had already been made, and Bonnie was sent to California.[56] She was to "be included in the attractions" at Marine World Africa, which was to be opened that year on July 18.[77] Bonnie went into labor on June 14 and birthed a "perfectly formed dead calf."[78][56] Bonnie did not resume "normal eating" habits and, despite efforts to induce Bonnie to eat,[79] died on July 30 due to birth complications.[1][78]

Calypso

Calypso was a female orca captured at Pender Bay on December 1969.

David Taylor artificially inseminated Calypso with Cuddles' sperm, but "his efforts proved futile."[39] Calypso was transferred to Marineland Antibes in 1970 and died in December.[40]

Canuck

Canuck, also spelled Kanuck, was a member of J pod captured on March 12, 1972 near Carr Inlet, Washington.[1][81] The orca was taken to SeaWorld San Diego and later SeaWorld Orlando, where he died on December 1, 1974 of candidiasis.[1][81][2]

Chi

Chi (地) was a female orca captured off the coast of Taiji, Japan on February 26, 1979.[2] She was taken to the Taiji Whale Museum, where she remained for 3 months.[1] Within June 1979, Chi died at approximately 13 years old. The cause the death is unknown.[2][71]

Chimo

Chimo, meaning "welcome" in Inuit,[82] was a half-albino orca captured March 1970 at Pedder Bay by Sealand of the Pacific employees.[1][83] The president of Sealand believed she was worth "more than a quarter a million dollars."[83] Chimo remained at Pedder Bay for a period of time before being sent to the park. Blood tests confirmed the whale a female, and she was designated as being a future mate to Sealand's Haida.[82] Chimo had "special medical needs"; she was "susceptible to infection", high strung, she "seemed to have an impaired echolocation system" and would hit the sides of her tank, and bright sunshine hurt her eyes.[82] She was often raked by Nootka, another female orca, and developed "skin problems", possibly as a result of stress.[82] Chimo was discovered to suffer from Chédiak–Higashi syndrome, a disorder that affects partial albino animals and results in "recurrent infections and fevers".[82] The orca "developed interstitial pneumonia from streptococcal septicemia" in October 1972 and died on November 2.[82]

Clovis

Clovis was a male orca capture on August 8, 1970 at Penn Cove, Washington.[2][1] He was purchased by and transferred to Marineland Antibes in France.[2] In late 1972, Clovis became ill and was placed in an oxygenated tank to recover. He was reportedly able to return to performing shows soon after.[84] In February 1973, Clovis died of myositis caused by clostridia, a class of bacteria.[1]

Corky

Corky was a female orca captured on April 25, 1968 at Pender Harbor.[85] She was a possible member of A5 pod.[1] Corky was purchased by Marineland of the Pacific and transported by cargo plane to the park in May.[86] On December 25, 1970, at approximately 10 and a half years of age, Corky died from a mediastinal abscess.[1][87]

Dzul-ha

Dzul-ha, also known as Shamu,[2] was a young male orca captured off in Iceland on July 25, 1979.[88] He was nicknamed Grétar after a whale hunter involved in his captured.[88] Dzul-ha was kept at Saedyrasafnid Aquarium, where he was given basic training.[89] The orca was later exported to a storage facility at Mannheim, Germany on December 11, 1979.[3][90] In early 1980, he was moved to Connyland in Switzerland.[1][3] In 1982, Dzul-ha was transferred once more to the travelling circus Aquarama on Parade, based in Isla Mujeres, Mexico.[1] He performed shows at the Argentinian cities Mar del Plata and Buenos Aires.[3] Dzul-ha died sometime within 1983 of unknown causes.[2]

Father Kshamenk

Father Kshamenk was a male orca "found stranded at the banks of Salinas river" in Argentina on September 17, 1992.[91][2] The orca was taken to the Mundo Marino aquarium, where he died minutes after being released into a pool.[91] Father Kshamenk followed a trend of being taken to Mundo Marino after a stranding; two orcas before him, Milagro and Belén, as well as the orca Kshamenk, caught two days after Father's death,[4] were also obtained in this fashion.[91] Some organizations and researchers find the activity suspect, believing that the Argentinian captive industry might force strandings to acquire animals in order to circumvent "a bold national law that bans captures of orcas".[91]

Frankie

Frankie was a L pod male captured in August 1973 at Pedder Bay.[82] The Vancouver Aquarium sold the orca to SeaWorld California and he was transferred to the park in October.[92] Frankie died on January 29, 1974 from pneumonia.[82]

Hoi Wai

Hoi Wai (海威), also known as Peanuts[2] and Suzie Wong, was a female orca captured in October 1977 off the coast of Ingolfshofdi, Iceland.[93] Ocean Park Hong Kong purchased her.[93] She was briefly sent to Dolfinarium Harderwijk in the Netherlands and then to Windsor Safari Park Berkshire.[1] Finally, she arrived at Clacton Pier in Essex.[93][94] She was meant to train at the facility for a period of 3 months before being transferred Ocean Park.[93] At the time of her arrival at Clacton, she was worth 100,000 Euros.[93] On News Years Eve 1978, large waves damaged Clacton Pier, breaking the glass and concrete tanks. Hoi Wai was taken to Windsor Safari Park.[95] Hoi Wai was shipped to Hong Kong in January 1979, arriving at Ocean Park on the 28th.[96] A competition was held at Hong Kong to determine an alternative name to Suzie Wong, the orca's name at the time, because Suzie Wong was a prostitute.[93] She was renamed Hoi Wai, meaning "Morning Glory" in Chinese.[95] Hoi Wai died at Ocean Park on April 21, 1997 of heavy intestinal bleeding at approximately 22 years old.[2]

Hudson

Hudson was born on September 15, 1998 at Marineland Ontario to Kiska and Kandu VII.[66] At a 2002 Christmas party at the park, Hudson jumped from his tank "during feeding time", but was returned to the water and survived the incident. [97] On October 20, 2004, Hudson died from meningitis.[2] A Marineland spokeswoman stated that Hudson's death "came as a shock because recent blood work showed no sign of illness".[98]

Kandy

Kandy was a Southern Resident L pod orca captured in August 1973 at Pedder Bay, British Colombia.[1][99] Sealand of the Pacific sponsored the search, hoping to find a young female to mate with Haida.[1] Bob Wright, president of the park, noted that Kandy and other orcas netted alongside her were "probably too large" to be of use.[1] Marineland Canada purchased her from Sealand of the Pacific, intending to find a mate for their bull Kandu V. She arrived at Niagara Falls in October.[100] The orca was designated as female, though her gender was not officially known until blood tests were completed and confirmed it.[100] The flight to the facility had caused "equilibrium problems" for Kandy.[101] Additionally, trainers "constantly" exercised with with her for 72 hours upon her arrival because "the trip had numbed her muscles".[102] When introduced to Kandu V, Kandy was said to be "frisky and friendly" despite the male's reluctant behavior.[103] On November 16, Kandy died of acute pneumonia.[104] Marineland staff had not observed "prior sign of illness".[105]

Katy

Katy was a young orca captured on February 15, 1967 at the Yukon Harbor in Washington.[106] Ted Griffin, the director of the Seattle Marine Aquarium, had headed Katy and her family's capture, hoping to transfer them to Seattle.[106] Katy, described as still "suckling", was brought to the aquarium and placed in a seal pool.[107] After three months in captivity, Katy died in May of unknown causes.[2]

Kenny

Kenny[108] was captured on December 12, 1969 at Pender Harbor.[1][87] John Prescott, Marineland of the Pacific curator, purchased Kenny and two other orcas.[109] The orcas were transported from Vancouver to California, arriving on December 28.[110] On May 20, 1972, at about 8 years of age, Kenny died of pneumonia.[87]

Kyosha

Kyosha, also written as K'yosha,[111] was an orca born at the Vancouver Aquarium on September 30, 1991 to parents Bjossa and Hyak II.[112][113] Bjossa was in labor for two hours before delivering Kyosha tail-first. She immediately pushed the calf to the surface to breathe.[114] Shortly after the birth, Bjossa and the bull Finna swam together to create a slipstream to keep the calf afloat.[114] Bjossa failed to produce enough milk to feed the calf, so Kyosha was fed by staff to prevent her from starving.[113] She was fed a mixture of "formula, amino acids, cod liver oil, water and antibiotics" ever four hours.[115] The calf was separated from her mother and placed with a dolphin "to keep her company."[115] Kyosha's name was chosen through a "name-the-whale contest"; the winning name was a combination of Bjossa and Hyak.[113] Kyosha unexpectedly died on January 4, 1992 from a "massive brain infection". She was also discovered to have sustained a broken jaw.[112] The calf had recently begun eating solid food and appeared to be in good health, before quickly deteriorating prior to her death.[112]

Lil Nooka

Lil Nooka, also referred to as Nooka,[116] was a male Southern Resident orca taken from Penn Cove, Washington on August 8, 1970.[1][2] He was purchased from Seattle and moved to the Texas park Sea-Arama Marineland on August 20.[117] Lil Nooka was chosen out of the captured whales "because his young age makes him easier to train and to keep healthy".[117] The "nooka" portion of his name means little in the "Eskimo" language.[117] The staff hoped that Lil Nooka and Mamuk, the facility's other orca, would begin performing together in the next spring.[117] At approximately 3 years of age, Lil Nooka died of asphyxiation on March 18, 1971.[118]

Lupa

Lupa was captured at Vaughn Bay, Washington in February 1968.[1] She was caught by Ted Griffin and purchased from him by the New York Aquarium.[119] Lupa was flown from Seattle to New York City, arriving on April 2, and placed in the NYA's "Polar Bay" area.[120] Lupa's name, meaning she-wolf in Latin, was derived from a nickname of orcas as "wolves of the sea".[121] Staff became concerned over brown stains on the whale's teeth, and had her keeper brush them with a large toothbrush meant for store displays.[122] The orca was popular with children and park officials attributed a "rise in attendance" to her presence.[123] In one instance, when staff had lowered the pool's water level for cleaning, Lupa acted aggressively toward them and snapped "her jaws threateningly."[38] On September 6, Lupa was found dead in her pool; her death was determined to stem from pneumonia and her "anatomy" was used for scientific research.[124][1][2]

Magnus

Magnus was a male orca captured on October 26, 1977 in Iceland.[2][1] Thereafter, he was transferred to Dolfinarium Harderwijk in the Netherlands. Magnus died at approximately 3 years old on December 18, 1977 from agranulocytic anemia.[2]

Malik

Malik, also known as E-Day, was born to Nootka V and Kandu VII on April 24, 1996 at Marineland Ontario.[66] She was born with a weakened immune system and kept on medications during her life.[125][126] Malik's death on March 4, 2000 was attributed to her immune deficiency.[2] It followed the passing of an imported Beluga whale 10 weeks prior. The deaths prompted criticism from animal rights and welfare groups, which "pledged to step up pressure on the park to stop breeding or importing the exotic animals".[127]

Mamuk

Mamuk was a male orca captured from Penn Cove, Washington in October 1968.[128][1][129] Mamuk was acquired for the Seattle Aquarium by Ted Griffin and sold by Don Goldsberry for 40,000 US dollars to Sea-Arama Marineland, a marine park in Galvestone, Texas.[130][131] He was purchased in Seattle[132] and, on October 15, the whale was sent to Sea-Arama for public display.[129] Mamuk was named after the "Eskimo word" for killer.[131] Mamuk became "the only Killer Whale in captivity between the East and West Coast" at the time and performed in five shows each day.[133] On June 14, 1974, Mamuk died at approximately 10 and a half years old. Acute streptococcal septicemia was determined to be the cause.[129]

Miracle

Miracle was found "covered in brown algae" in "the shallows" of Menzies Bay, British Columbia. Miracle's flukes and dorsal fin "were abraded" and she was "bleeding and covered in parasites." A fisherman made trips to feed the calf, but realized medical intervention was necessary. Bob Wright of Sealand of the Pacific was "looking for another killer whale at the time" and agreed to place Miracle at his park. She was taken from the bay on August 9, 1977. Miracle was suffering from a .22 rifle gunshot wound as well as lacerations caused by a boat propeller. During her first months of captivity, Miracle "fought various infections and ulcers" and sore gums. She would reportedly sink to the bottom of her tank and have to be brought to the surface to breathe. In another instance, her heart stopped and she "was clinically dead." Sealand's commitment to her brought a stream of positive press, which had "sagged" after the deaths of three Sealand whales. Miracle was planned to mate with Haida when she reached sexual maturity. However, Miracle later drowned and was found dead in her pool on January 12, 1982.

Natsidalia

Natsidalia was captured at Pender Bay on April 25, 1968 with 6 members of her pod.[85] The seven whales, all possible members of A5 pod,[1] were initially kept at Garden Bay.[85] Vancouver Aquarium director Murray Newman visited the site and reportedly "showed interest in two of the whales", particularly a mother and calf.[85] Natsidalia and another orca, Hyak II, were set to be moved to the Vancouver Aquarium, though the facility curator Vince Penfold denied that they had purchased them.[134] According to Penfold, Natsidalia was not eating; by exposing her to their residing orca who was regularly feeding, staff hoped to encourage Natsidalia to eat.[134] He added that Newman was still interested in two whales, though negotiations had not been finalized.[134] The Vancouver Aquarium did later acquire Natsidalia, and kept her in a sea pen at Pender Harbor.[135] She died in November from heart failure.[1]

Neptune

Neptune was a male orca caputed off the coast of Saedyrasafnid, Iceland in October 1981.[1] He had been captured by an "animal-dealing company" known as Fauna alongside two other whales: Nemo and an unnamed male.[94] The three were purchased by the International Animal Exchange, allegedly because the three was set to be culled.[94][136] However, Greenpeace and the International Whaling Commission presented information to the contrary, claiming that there were no Icelandic whale cullings.[137] The orca were leased to Clacton Pier for the summer season and arrived at the facility in December.[136] Neptune was named through a "name the whale" contest.[136] Despite a campaign by Greenpeace to remove Neptune from the facility,[137] the orca died of appendicitis-induced peritonitis in June 1983.[1][94]

Nootka II

Nootka II was a K pod orca captured and held at Pedder Bay in August 1973.[99][138] She was caught with the "chief objective" being to find a mate for Sealand of the Pacific's bull Haida.[99] Nootka II was decidedly the "most likely mate for Haida" and transferred to Sealand on October 7.[138] However, she may have been barren.[138] According to marine researcher Michael Bigg, the cow had been captured with the entirety of K pod in February 1967 but was released.[138] Nootka II died on May 1, 1974 of a ruptured aorta. She was estimated to have been in her thirties.[138]

Nootka III

Nootka III was a female orca captured at Pedder Bay on August 16, 1973.[138] Nootka II was designated as a mate for Haida of Sealand of the Pacific. Her capture and transportation to the park was met with public criticism.[138] Acording to the park, the killer whales "[got] along fine".[138] In May 1976, following 13 days of not eating, Nootka III died.[139] Sealand management stated that "peritonitis had caused a rupture in the upper portion of the bowel, leading to a hole in the upper stomach".[139] After the whale's death, Greenpeace criticized the park, stating that Nootka had been taken into captivity for "quick bucks and cheap sensationalism".[140]

Nova

Nova was born at Marineland Ontario on November 6, 1996[2] to mother Kiska and father Kandu VII.[66] He died on August 20, 2001 due to starvation and pneumonia.[2]

Nyar

Nyar was a female orca born at SeaWorld Florida on December 31, 1993.[141] Her mother, Gudrun, was in labor for 90 minutes and staff reported that both her and Nyar appeared "to be doing well."[141] On April 1, 1996, Nyar died.[142]

Oscar

Oscar (オスカー, Osukā) In December 2012, the orca exhibit was closed and shows were cancelled due to Oscar becoming ill.[1] He died later on. His death will be troubling for Japan.[2][3] On December 14, he displayed a loss of appetite. The cause of death is currently being investigated.[4]


Pascuala

Pascuala, also known as Pascualina and Pascualita,[143] was a female calf found stranded at the Bay of Matanchén on April 10, 2007.[144] She was presumed to have been separated from her mother and injured by fish nets, and was found injured and dehydrated.[145] Pascuala had only been recently born, as part of her umbilical cord was still attached.[144] She was initially placed in a cement pool at a nearby restaurant, and later transferred to Dolphin Adventure, a marine park in Nuevo Vallarta.[145] SeaWorld Director of Veterinary Service Jim McBain visited the park to advise officials on her care and discuss moving her to SeaWorld.[144] Dolphin Adventure's owner intended to send Pascuala to SeaWorld San Diego, which became a point of controversy. Environmentalists and activists, including Greenpeace Mexico,[146] feared that transferring her would set a precedent and ignite a trade in killer whales.[147] Park staff argued that Mexico did not have a large enough tank to house her and that she would die if placed in a substandard aquarium or released into the ocean.[148] However, Mexican law, which prohibits the international export of marine mammals, prevented her move.[144] On June 11, 2007, Pascuala fell into respiratory arrest and died.[2][146] Her death was caused by an infection, which was attributed to her weakened immune system, malnutrition from a lack of milk, and the high water temperature.[146][143]

Patches

Patches, also known as Patchy,[149] was captured as a calf[citation needed] on December 12, 1969 at Pender Harbor.[2][150] John Prescott of Marineland of the Pacific purchased Patches, and she arrived at the facility December 28.[109][110] Patches died on August 4, 1971 from salmonellosis and a mediastinal abscess.[87][2]

Patty

Patty (パティ, Pati), also known as Freyja, was captured in November 1984 off the coast of Reydarfjördur, Iceland.[71] She remained at the Saedyrasafnid Aquarium until November 1985 when she was transferred to Kamogawa Sea World.[71] On September 16, 1987, Patty died of acute enteritis, an inflammation of the small intestine.[71]

Ramu II

Ramu II was netted in April 1969 at

Surfer's Paradise, Queensland. He was "the first of [his] kind in captivity in the Southern Hemisphere".[151] The cost to purchase and transfer to him was 24200 US dollars.[152] Ramu was shipped on a Qantas 707 and arrived in March 1970.[151] In May of that year, Ramu II developed gastric ulcer. Officials announced that "his chances of surviving" were small.[153] On May 21, 1970, Ramu II died of what was believed to be a "hemorrhage from a massive gastric ulcer."[154]

Ramu IV

Ramu IV was a male orca captured in August 1970 at Penn Cove, Washington.[1] Ramu IV was sent to Marineland of Australia, just as his predecessor Ramu II was.[155] Using the Qantas airline, Marineland flew Ramu to Australia in October. He was transferred in a canvas hammock with 50 gallons of water continuously pumped over his skin to prevent cracking.[155] Ramu IV, as the second Ramu to reside at Marineland Australia, is sometimes referred to as Ramu II.[155] Ramu IV became the sole captive living orca of the "Southern hemisphere" at the time.[156] In August 1971, Ramu IV died of unknown causes.[157]

Sandy

Sandy was found stranded on an Ocean City beach on March 12, 1973.[158] She had a damaged tooth and "lost her sonar control", as orca's echolocation abilities are based in their jaws.[158] She was sent to Seattle Marine Aquarium, where she was referred to as "No-Name" for a period of time.[158] Staff performed X-rays on the whale and found she had no misaligned bones, but did sustain "soft tissue damage."[159] On March 20, three young men rammed a steel pole into her blowhole. As a result, Sandy became wary of the public, though began bonding with a female dolphin named Raindrop who shared her tank.[158] SeaWorld San Diego later acquired her, and she was transferred to the facility in October.[92] Before her death, Sandy was transferred to SeaWorld Orlando.[1] At approximately 11 years old, Sandy died from a cerebral hemorrhage on October 22, 1977.[69][87]

Sarah

Sarah (サラ, Sara) was born on May 31, 2003 at Kamogawa Sea World.[160] She was the fourth calf of Stella and Bingo.[161][162] Sarah died on April 26, 2006 of unknown causes.[160]

Scarredjaw Cow

Scarredjaw Cow, scientifically designated as T3, was a Transient orca captured on March 1, 1970, at Pedder Bay. She and Florencia, another orca taken at Pedder Bay, were identified in photographs from 1958, which showed the two swimming alongside a white orca. It is possible that Chimo, a half-albino orca netted with Scarredjaw, is the cow's daughter. However, Chimo is not the white orca in the photograph, indicating that the orca may have died between its sighting and Chimo's birth. Scarredjaw was kept in a netted enclosure at Pedder Bay and presumably named after a facial scar. Staff attempted to feed her fish, but, having usually fed on marine mammals, she refused to eat. On May 5, she was seen swimming slowly, apparently drinking seawater, before charging into the enclosure's net. People attempted to cut the nets and then move the whale backward, but she sank. Scarredjaw Cow's died from "apparent malnutrition".

Sacchi

Sacchi (サッチー, Sacchī) was captured in Taiji, Japan during the month of February 1982.[1] She was transferred to the Taiji Whale Museum and transferred to the Enoshima Aquarium in March.[1] Sacchi was pregnant upon capture and went into labor at Enoshima. On May 1, 1982, she gave birth to a male calf.[2] The unnamed calf lived only 10 days, dying on May 11 of a brain abscess.[2] At approximately 13 years old, Sacchi died of pneumonia in April 1984.[2]

Shachi

Shachi (シャチ) was a female orca caught in Taiji, Japan within February 1986.[71] She remained at the Taiji Whale Museum until May,[1] when she was transferred to the Izu Mito Sea Paradise park.[71] Shachi passed away in March 1988 from pneumonia.[71]

Shawn

Shawn, also designated as SWC-00-7802, was a female orca captured off a South-Eastern coast in Iceland during October 1978.[163][1] She resided at SeaWorld San Diego until her death on September 3, 1979.[163] Prior to her passing, Shawn began displaying "decreased activity and anorexia". The behavior was noticed by staff on August 28 and her condition continuously worsened in the following months.[163] An autopsy concluded that acute bacterial pneumonia had caused her death.[163]

Surfer Girl

Surfer Girl was a young orca thought to be approximately 18 months old. She was found stranded near the Big Sur coast in late May of 1979.[164] She was taken to Marine World Africa USA where staff initially helped her stay afloat.[165] Scientists "speculated" that Surfer may have been separated from her mother, "leading her to land on the beach."[166] Her condition began to steadily improve: Surfer was eating 40 pounds of fish a day and could swim on her own.[164][165] However, Surfer Girl began vomiting and died on June 3.[165] A Marine World spokesman also stated that she had "been suffering from pneumonia" when brought to the park.[166] An autposy revealed Surfer died from "kidney failure complicated by a perforated gastric ulcer."[166]

Tai

Tai (タイ) was a bull orca captured in February 26, 1979 off the coast of Taiji, Japan.[2][71] He was sent to the Taiji Whale Museum where he lived the remainder of his life. In June 1982 Tai died on bronchitis at approximately 13 years old.[2][71]

Taiji

Taiji (太地) was a bull orca taken in December 1978 off the coast of Taiji, Japan.[2] He was taken to the Taiji Whale Museum, where he survived for five days.[2] Taiji's death was attributed to a harpoon wound he sustained during his capture.[71]

Tula

Tula was a male orca captured off the coast of

Sointula, British Columbia, a village close to where he was captured.[167] Tula was accidentally captured by fisherman Aarn Palo, alongside 9 members of his pod. The others were freed by Tula, who laid down on the net and released them.[168] Palo sold the orca for 7500 dollars to "whale broker Jerry Mitchell", who subsequently sold Tula for 16000 dollars to Dolfinarium Harderwijk in the Netherlnds on the condition that Tula arrived alive.[167][168] The whale set a record for "being the first whale to be kept alive and out of the water for 60 hours", the transportation time from Canada to the Netherlands, and was the first whale to make a "Transatlantic journey".[167] After three months in captivity, Tula died from an external fungus.[2] An autopsy revealed that Tula was also suffering from a heart growth.[167]

Wally

Wally, also referred to as Whale, was taken in August 1970 at

Port Madison, Washington.[1] The orca resided at the Seattle Marine Aquarium proceeding the capture.[1] She was owned by Donald Goldsberry, who leased her to the travelling Florida Delphin Show based in West Germany.[3] Wally was sent to a Munich aquarium to perform.[2][169] The company spent 8000 dollars to transport Wally from Vancouver to Munich.[170] In Europe, the whale performed 10 to 12 shows a day as a side-attraction to the annual Oktoberfest.[170] One Sunday, she refused to eat and a veterinarian diagnosed her with a "circulatory ailment." The next day, on October 4, 1971, she died of acute heart failure.[169]

Zero

Zero-gō (ゼロ号), alternatively or written as 0, was a female orca captured off the coast of

Abashiri, Hokkaidō, in August 1972.[171][71] She was brought to Kamogawa SeaWorld shortly after. Zero had been injured during her capture and succumbed to sepsis on September 15.[2][71]

Released

Florencia

Keiko

Springer

Other released

Charlie Chin

Charlie Chin, originally scientifically designated as M1 and currently T1, was a Transient orca captured at Pedder Bay on March 1, 1970. He was named after a "unusual facial deformity", in which his nostrum did not descend into a soft point, but bulges and rounds down to his mouth. His mother, Florencia ("Pointednose Cow") was captured at the same time. Neither were transferred to a park during their time in captivity; instead, they were kept in a net enclosure. Charlie Chin, having fed on marine mammals in the wild, refused the foods staff attempted to feed him. When his companion, Scarredjaw Cow, had gotten stuck in netting, the began vocalizing to each other. When the female died, Charlie began ripping at the nets, though eventually returned to circling his tank. Shortly after, Charlie Chin was offered salmon and shared it with Florencia. They continued to eat and, on October 27, escaped when "unknown persons", during the night, "threw weights over the floating nets". Charlie remained with his mother, who bore more calves that, in turn, also gave birth. In early 1992, Charlie Chin disappeared until June 6, 2003, when he was allegedly spotted off of Ulculet.

Hyak

On February 21, 1968, Hyak was captured at

Pender Harbour
in British Columbia, Canada. Hyak remained at the harbour for a year before being unofficially released in 1969. He was not tracked or tagged, so his status after release remains unknown. Hyak means "swift" or "fast" in the Chinook language.

Ishmael

Captured in October 1968 from a Penn Cove, Washington Southern Resident community, Ishmael was purchased by the US Navy with fellow orca Ahab. Ishmael was transferred to California for basic training before being moved to Hawaii. Compared to Ahab, Ishmael was reportedly more inconsistent in training exercise. On February 19, 1971, during a training session, Ishmael ignored recalls: he broke away from his handlers and, due to a radio tag malfunction, could not be located. His status afterward is unknown.

Pender and Flores

Pender, initially designated as O5 and currently T15, was a Transient male estimated to have been born in 1962. He was often accompanied by his supposed mother Flores (T13). On March 7, 1976, Pender, Flores, T26, T27, T46 and T47 were netted at Bud Inlet, Washington. Due to public outcry, most whales were released, while Pender and Flores were kept for scientific purposes. The two were sent to the Seattle Marine Aquarium, where they tube fed and radio-tagged. After 55 days, both whales were released. The last sighting of Flores was in 1998, after which she was presumed dead. Pender is regularly seen, often alone or accompanying small groups.

Taku

Taku, scientifically designated as K1, was captured in August 1973 at Pedder Bay, British Colombia. He was a member of Southern Resident K Pod community and thought to have been born in 1955. Other members of his pod were sold to marine parks, but Taku was too large for park use. He was given to Michael Biggs, director of a "biological research station" at Johnson Strait which was, at the time, monitoring Strait whale populations. On October 27, Taku was radio-tagged and released. Nicks were cut into his dorsal fin for identification purposes. Taku was reunited with his pod and seen often throughout the following years. In 1993, he disappeared and was presumed dead.

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  42. ISBN 978-0049250192
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  43. ISBN 978-0049250192
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  48. ^
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  101. Leader-Post. Regina, Saskatchewan
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  149. ^ "A whale of a water tank". Argus. Fremont, California. April 11, 1970. p. 4.
  150. ISBN 0-920656-25-9. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: checksum (help
    )
  151. ^ a b c d "Whale Gets Jet Ride to Surfers". The Age. Melbourne, Australia. March 10, 1970. p. 6.
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  169. ^ a b "Wally the Whale Dies at Beerfest". The Victoria Advocate. Victoria, Texas. October 65, 1971. p. 2. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  170. ^ a b "Performing Whale Dies in Germany". The Pittsburgh Press. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. October 6, 1971. p. 22.
  171. ISBN 978-4-486-01857-5
    .
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