Vivienne Goonewardene
Ceylonese Parliament for Colombo North Electoral District | |
---|---|
In office 1956–1960 | |
Preceded by | Cyril E. S. Perera |
Succeeded by | V. A. Sugathadasa |
Majority | 58.09% |
Personal details | |
Born | Violet Vivienne Goonetilleke 18 September 1916 Ceylon |
Died | 10 March 1996 Colombo, Sri Lanka | (aged 79)
Political party | Lanka Sama Samaja Party |
Other political affiliations | Bolshevik–Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma |
Spouse | |
Relations | University College, Colombo |
Occupation |
|
Violet Vivienne Goonewardene
Born into an affluent family to a pro-monarchy conservative, while at secondary school, Goonewardene became involved in the anti-imperialist Suriya-Mal Movement, fighting against perceived injustices. She volunteered during the 1934 Malaria Epidemic, at which time she witnessed rampant malnutrition of the poor. Despite being disallowed by her father from pursuing higher education, her maternal uncles, Philip and Robert Gunawardena, helped her attend University, where she was often involved in activism. It was here that she met her husband, Leslie Goonewardene, who had founded in 1935 Sri Lanka's first political party, the Lanka Sama Samaja Party.
During her political career, she was instrumental in the rise of the
Early life and political beginnings
Goonewardene was born in
Goonewardene's maternal grandfather, Don Jakolis Rupasinghe Gunawardena, was a wealthy landowner having served as the village
Education and early activism
To enable Vivienne access to a sound education, her parents agreed to send her to boarding school.[19] Goonewardene was educated at Musaeus College, a private girls' school in Colombo.[20] There, she was elected head girl in 1933.[4] Despite her position in the school, Vivienne was noted for her acts of defiance of authority.[21] It was while studying at Musaeus College that her interest in politics developed.[21]
Suriya-Mal Movement and 1934 Malaria epidemic
While serving as head girl, she became deeply involved in the
On Remembrance Day 1934, Goonewardene sold the Suriya flower in her school to students and teachers.[22] She noted that it was a complete success with the students, but only a half-success with the older generation.[22] It was from this mass-nationalist campaign that the Lanka Sama Samaja Party (LSSP) was later founded.[28] Vivienne did go further, leading fellow students to place their boxes of instruments atop the blackboards and at 11.00 a.m. to topple these, with the subsequent noise masking that of the ceremonial gun salute.[21]
The Suriya-Mal Movement volunteered extensively during the 1934 disasters. A drought caused a shortage of rice, estimated at 3 million bushels;[29] floods, from October onwards; and a malaria epidemic, affecting 1,000,000 people with at least 125,000 deaths, which continued through 1935, heavily effected the poor.[30][31] The Goonetilleke's residence was converted into a hospital for the sick.[32] The volunteers, including Vivienne, observed that there was widespread malnutrition among the poor, which was aggravated by the shortage of rice, and which reduced resistance to the disease.[33][34]
Later education
Goonewardene's father, as a
At University College, Goonewardene boarded at the women's hostel on Queen's road. As her father did not allow Goonewardene to join the drama society, she turned to the university's debating club.[41] Here, she faced much discrimination for her gender from the opposition in a largely male-based activity, but proceeded. Her debate partner, Horace Perera, recalled an incident in which this was displayed:[42]
Vivi was quite small made and rather slim. de Haan began with the words "I hope ladies and gentlemen that you will not be misled by the childish arguments of Mr. Horace Perera and his little supporter in rompers." Following Vivienne's complaint to the chair, de Haan responded "I am very sorry Sir. I hope ladies and gentlemen you will not be misled by the charming lady without rompers." It took Shirley (the chair) several minutes to regain control of the house.
Entry into the Lanka Sama Samaja Party
The
Included in its founders were Vivienne's uncles, Philip and Robert.[46][47] Being so close to the founding members of the party, Goonewardene began attending meetings. She attended these meetings with her Aunt Caroline and Uncle Robert.[48] Vivienne also joined the anti-Fascist demonstrations against Spain's Franco organised by the Party in Colombo.[48] It was partly her rebellious nature that led Vivienne to pay the membership fee of 25 cents and join the LSSP.[48]
Her stint in politics and education ended abruptly when her father received an anonymous letter stating that Vivienne had visited a political rally in the presence of other men.
Raising a family
Vivienne met
Leslie was educated at
Following their meetings, Leslie would often drop in to the Goonetilleke's home in
"My own view was that Vivi was his favourite in the family - bright, talented and attractive. When she went against his wishes, it affected him greatly and his personality changed.
Brother of Vivienne., Biography of Vivienne.[66]
The two intended to wed, but Vivienne's father was against the relationship because Goonewardene was a
Indian Independence
With the outbreak of the
The Bolshevik–Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma
By the later part of 1940, Vivienne was heavily pregnant with her first child.
The discussions for this took place through underground meetings in Kandy in December 1940 and March 1941 and set the stage for a sole Trotskyist party for India.[78][79] An underground conference was held on 20 April 1941, attended by 42 delegates.[80] At this conference, the Lanka Sama Samaja Party conceived a new constitution and manifesto, both of which were accepted by the delegates.[81] The meetings in 1940 and 1941 were also attended by the other detained LSSP leaders, who had been aided by their imprisoner; the imprisoner later helped them escape their prison on 7 April 1942.[82][83] The BLPI was formed in May 1942 and was approved by the Fourth International.[84] Through this, the now-public BLPI, fronted by Goonewardene, S.C.C. Anthonipillai, Robert Gunawardena, William de Silva, and V. Karalasingham, focused on continuing strike waves that had begun in May 1941. These continued through 1942 and 1944.[85]
Initially, during World War II, the Goonewardene-led
Quit India Movement and party split
In December 1941, by which point, Vivienne's eldest child, Kumundini was just over a year old, Vivienne moved permanently to India.
In India, Vivienne immersed herself in the Quit India Movement, a movement with the demand to end the British Rule of India.[94] She remained uncaptured throughout the war years both in Ceylon and India.[70] In 1943, Vivienne also sheltered Jeanne Hoban from the authorities when she was threatened with deportation for organising plantation workers unions.[95] Following the Quit India Movement, hope was rife among the South-Asian socialist leaders. Leslie Goonewardene, under the pseudonym K. Tilak, wrote that the "young Bolshevik-Leninist Party ... now faces its first real chance for expansion ... The situation is changing and without doubt, of all of the parties and political groups in India, the BLPI is the one which is going to gain the most in this change."[96]
Albeit the help, with an infant to care for Goonewardene's political involvement was significantly lessened.
Initial party split.
During the war there was a split in the movement. N. M. Perera and Philip Gunawardena opposed a merger into the BLPI and formed the 'Workers' Opposition'.[99] After the war, they reconstructed LSSP as an independent party.[100] Members of the other section, formed out of the exiled BLPI nucleus, effectively maintained a separate party, the Bolshevik Samasamaja Party (BSP).[101] The latter group functioned as the Ceylon section of BLPI and was led by Colvin R de Silva, Leslie Goonawardene and Edmund Samarakkoddy.[102]
The relation between the two groups was often antagonistic. The BSP accused the LSSP of 'organisational
Return to Sri Lanka
When Goonewardene returned to Sri Lanka following the end of the
Goonewardene's return led to her founding and becoming one of the major backers of the world's first socialist women's organisation, United Women's Front or ‘Eksath Kantha Peramuna’.
Sri Lankan Independence
Following the end of the war, the LSSP's proscription ended, and Leslie was able to return to Ceylon to work further on the independence movement.
Electoral politics
In December 1949, Vivienne stood for the
Colombo Municipal Council
Mrs. Vivienne Goonewardene moved that the Medical Officers of the Minicipal Council should be requested to hold regular inspection of children of pre-school age in shanty town housing schemes at least once in three months in view of the very high child mortality in the city."
Minutes of CMC, 27 May 1960.
Goonewardene remained a member of the Colombo Municipal Council from 1950 until July 1954 and again from 30 January 1960 until December 1969.[4] While a councillor, she was known dedicated her time to the betterment of the lives of the poor.[130] Goonewardene orchestrated the improvement of sanitation, the provision of lighting and the widening of paths in shanty towns.[108] She was instrumental in the organisation of sewing classes for single mothers.[108] While a councillor, she fought for the rights of the dead – notably in terms of burial facilities, as well as taking issue with the high levels of child mortality in shanty towns.[131]
While a Municipal Councillor, she gave a lift to Ranasinghe Premadasa every day.[108] He became President of Sri Lanka in 1989, coming from a slum area and joining the rival United National Party.[132]
President of the All Ceylon Local Government Worker's Union
Vivienne also had offices outside of the Colombo Municipal Council, allowing her to serve not just her own
Reunification
The split between the LSSP and the BSP had weakened the movement, and in particular the BSP which was clearly the smaller of the two parties.[137] A process of reunification was initiated, and in 1950 the BSP merged into the LSSP.[138] Through the reunification, the LSSP became the Ceylonese section of the Fourth International.[139] However, Philip Gunawardena opposed the reconciliation with the BSP.[140] Thus he left LSSP and formed a new party, Viplavakari Lanka Sama Samaja Party (VLSSP).[141][142][143]
At the 1952 general election, the electoral performance was harmed by the relative prosperity due to the price of natural rubber being driven up by the Korean War.[144] During this election, Vivienne contested the Kelaniya seat for the LSSP.[145] Vivienne's Buddhist background gave her an advantage while contesting the seat, however the seat was contested by the SLFP's Wimala Wijewardene, who received the support of the Kelaniya temple's Buddhist monks.[146] While campaigning, Vivienne's third child, Premilla, was born, further limiting the extent to which she could canvass.[108] The seat was won by J. R. Jayewardene, following that year's political trend towards the UNP.[147] Also, the disenfranchisement of the Indian Tamil estate workers by the UNP government deprived the LSSP of one of its main bases.[148] Moreover, it damaged the electoral fortunes of its ally, the CIC, which went unrepresented.[149]
Hartal and after
In 1953, the LSSP took the lead in organising the
Prior to 1953, the concept of a 'Hartal', of General strike, was relatively unknown in Ceylon.[156] Through their exile, the LSSP leaders had witnessed the immense impact of the hartals during the Quit India Movement, ensuring that this knowledge was brought with them.[157] The Communist Party and VLSSP supported the Hartal and the SLFP and CIC expressed sympathy for the demand of the Hartal, but did not actively support the call for strike.[151][158][159] The Ceylon Mercantile Union supported the demands of the strike, but in not take part in it.[160] Rather it encouraged their members to go to work wearing black armbands as a means to protest.[161]
The Hartal took the country to a complete standstill.[162] Afraid of a revolution in the making, the government cabinet sought refuge on HMS Newfoundland, a Royal Navy warship offshore.[163][164] The mass upsurge that accompanied the action of the strikers caused Dudley Senanayake to resign from the premiership.[165][166] The Hartal emoboldended the LSSP to start to consider that the party might be able to seize state power.[164] During the Hartal, Vivienne insisted that a black flag, the sign of the Hartal, be hoisted upon the roof of the Colombo Town Hall.[108]
In 1956 the LSSP went into a no-contest pact with the
In March 1960, the LSSP contested the general elections on the slogan 'forward to a Sama Samaja Government'.[177][178] The votes won by the LSSP, the Communists and the Mahajana Eksath Peramuna (a new party, not the 1956 front) of Philip Gunawardena, were sufficient to have made them the biggest bloc in Parliament. However, due to their contesting separately, the LSSP and the MEP won just 10 seats each, the CP a mere 3.[179][180] Elections were held again in July and the LSSP had a no-contest pact with the Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP) of Sirimavo Bandaranaike, which was thus able to form a government.[181] Despite their success in the election, the Fourth International was highly critical of the electoral tactics of LSSP, and the LSSP chose not to attend the World Congress of International the following year.[182]
In 1962, officers of the Army and Police attempted a coup d'état aimed at overthrowing the government and bringing the UNP to power.[183] This plot was foiled, and the SLFP lurched leftwards in terms of policy.[184] The local branches of petroleum companies were nationalised, leading to a boycott of the country by the oil multi-nationals; the boycott was broken with help from the Kansas Oil Producers Co-operative and the Romanian Government.[185][186]
A parallel process was one of increasing self-confidence and unity amongst the Ceylonese left-wing. In the parliament they were in the opposition.[187] On May Day 1963 the three main left parties (LSSP, CP and MEP) held a massive joint rally.[188] That was followed by the launching of United Front on 12 August, the tenth anniversary of the 1953 Hartal.[189] The front launched agitations on issues like bring down the prices of essential commodities, leading it to represent an immediate threat to the governance of SLFP. The SLFP began to offer the left parties ministerial posts and worked intensively to break the unity of ULF.[190]
In 1964, Vivienne was elected as MP for the Borella Electoral District. During the electoral race, she ran against Mrs. Kamala de Silva, the widow of
"She played a role of a friend in need, in the hour of my despair and gradually matured into my most formidable opponent."
— Observer, 21st January 1964.
Growth of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party
From the late 1940s to 1960s, the Lanka Sama Samaja Party served as the opposition Party in Sri Lanka, whilst being recognised as the Sri Lankan wing of the Fourth International, an organisation
Interview with Michael Roberts – archived at the University of Adelaide | |
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1967 interview to Michael Roberts | |
Interview with Michael Roberts (Tape 1) Speakers: Vivienne Goonewardene (Speech). | |
Interview with Michael Roberts (Tape 2) Speakers: Vivienne Goonewardene (Speech). |
characterised by Trotskyism and Anti-Stalinism.[191] Through this, the party, led by Goonewardene, attempted to reform the former British Colony of Ceylon into a socialist republic by nationalising organisations in the banking, education, industry, media, and trade sectors.[192] In 1959, despite being one of the largest landowners in Sri Lanka through inheritance, Vivienne and Leslie fought for the re-introduction of inheritance tax to the country, despite the opposition of wealthy established parliamentarians.[193] Their party also introduced a limit on the number of houses one could own.[194] This led to them giving away multiple properties to the renters, while Sirimavo Bandaranaike transferred properties to other relatives.[194][195]
With its increased popularity, the LSSP was looking to grow. In 1964, the party held a conference in which the majority of delegates nominated the classification of the
The coalition government fell in 1965 due to the desertion of several members.[202] However, the number of votes won by the LSSP increased at the general election held that year.[203] After the election, supporters of the party were subjected to a period of co-ordinated victimisation by the new seven-party coalition led by the UNP.[204] In 1968, Goonewardene orchestrated the LSSP joining the SLFP and the Communist Party of Sri Lanka (CPSL) in a United Front.[205] That year's joint May Day rally was said to be the biggest ever to take place in Sri Lanka.[206]
Sirimavo Bandaranaike
For her role in politics, Goonewardene was viewed as the leading Leftist woman politician in Sri Lanka.[207] She became good friends with Sirimavo Bandaranaike, the world's first female Head of State, and proceeded to attend multiple delegations with her. Vivienne and Sirimavo attended the World Conference on International Women's Year in Mexico City in 1975, where the United States Department of State noted Vivienne for her "Top place on a National level" and was said to be "depended upon to have something provocative to say in Mexico City".[citation needed]
Foreign relations
Goonewardene was a prominent member on the non-aligned stage. As part of political delegations, she met with and knew well
Later politics and government (1970-1977)
By 1970, Leslie and Vivienne believed that they could implement his views best through the SLFP coalition and joined the SLFP-led
Continued activism (1977-1994)
After Goonewardene had left the main political ring, she remained an active part of the Sri Lankan feminist movement and politics.[213] She often led demonstrations on International Women's Day.[214] This later led to a landmark Supreme Court ruling on police brutality.[215] As well as this, she also chaired multiple unions and was remained a leader of the Committee for Solidarity with Palestine.[108]
Death and legacy
Vivienne died on 3 October in
Vivienne Goonewardene fought for the rights and welfare of all
Vivienne was designated as the first female
Hundredth anniversary celebrations
Vivienne was widely celebrated in 2016 on the Hundredth Anniversary of her birth. The celebrations were attended by the President, Mahinda Rajapaksa.
Notes
See also
References
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Further reading
- Kurukularatne, Buddhika (23 April 2006). "Vivienne - The making of a rebel". SundayIsland. Retrieved 13 October 2018.
Leslie and Vivienne were married on the 30th of January 1939 at Hotel Nippon, Slave Island.
- Prince Cassinader (28 November 1996). "Memories of Vivienne". Daily News.
- "Ceylon Socialists work on promises".
- "Ceylon: It could be a republic".
- "Ceylon Becomes Sri Lanka Republic".