Lanka Sama Samaja Party
Lanka Sama Samaja Party ලංකා සම සමාජ පක්ෂය லங்கா சமசமாஜக் கட்சி Lanka Equal Society Party | ||
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The Lanka Sama Samaja Party, often abbreviated as LSSP (
The LSSP emerged as a major political force in the Sri Lankan independence movement during the 1940s, during which time the party was forced to go underground due to its opposition to the British war effort. The party played an instrumental role in the Indian independence and later Quit India Movement through the Bolshevik–Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma (BLPI). Through its efforts, India gained Independence from Britain in 1947, followed by Sri Lanka in 1948.
In the late early 1950s, the LSSP took the lead in organising the
From the late 1940s to 1960s, the Lanka Sama Samaja Party served as the
In recent elections, the party has served a role in the coalition government. As of 2020, the party holds local government roles, as well as the governorship of the North Central Province.
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Lanka Sama Samaja Party |
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About |
Parties & Members |
Publications |
Name
The Lanka Sama Samaja Party was the first modern political party in
History
The Lanka Sama Samaja Party was founded on 18 December 1935, with the broad aims of
Origins
The LSSP grew out of the
Wellawatte Spinning and Weaving Mills Strike
The group, through the
Suriya-Mal movement
In 1933 the group got involved in the
Early period
In 1936 the LSSP contested the State Council elections in four constituencies and won two of them,
Around this time, the LSSP began fraternal relations with the
Bracegirdle Incident
In 1937, the British
Bracegirdle had been working among the plantation labourers, who were often working in squalid conditions, receiving very little health care, education and living in 'line rooms'.[41] In 1940, the Lanka Estate Workers' Union (LEWU) intervened in a strike at Mooloya, becoming the harbinger of a wave of trade-union action on the plantations.[42][43][44]
Initial Trotskyist ideals
Meanwhile, in the LSSP a number of members had become influenced by the ideas of the Left Opposition led by
Fourth International
In 1940, the LSSP split with the expulsion of the pro-Moscow fraction led by S. A. Wickremasinghe,
At the outbreak of the Second World War, the party was forced to go underground due to its opposition to the British war effort.[55] The two State Council members of the party and others on its Central committee were arrested and jailed, but Leslie Goonewardene evaded arrest and went underground.[56]
New Programme and adoption of Constitution
On 20 April 1941, a secret conference in Kandy, attended by 42 delegates, was held.[57][58] Leslie Goonewardene, who was in hiding, attended this conference at which the new programme and constitution were adopted.[59][60] The cover organisation of the party enabled him to work for a period of one year and three months till he left for India.[61] An openly functioning section of the party was established, led by Robert Gunawardena, S.C.C. Anthonipillai, V. Karalasingham, K.V. Lourenz Perera and William de Silva.[62] The 'open' section of the party led a strike wave in May 1941 and strikes in 1942 and 1944.[63][64][65]
Proscription and move to India
Following the
During the war there was a split in the movement. N. M. Perera and Philip Gunawardena opposed a merger into the BLPI and formed the 'Workers' Opposition'.[79] After the war, they reconstructed LSSP as an independent party.[80] Members of the other section, formed out of the exiled BLPI nucleus, effectively maintained a separate party, the Bolshevik Samasamaja Party.[81] The latter group functioned as the Ceylon section of BLPI and was led by Colvin R de Silva, Leslie Goonawardene and Edmund Samarakkoddy.[82]
The relation between the two groups was often antagonistic. The BSP accused the LSSP of 'organisational
Main party
The LSSP and the BSP were both at the helm of the strike waves that occurred in the post-war period.
The BLPI-affiliated BSP became an independent party in 1948, and was recognised as the Ceylonese section of the Fourth International when the BLPI was dissolved.[93]
Success in the Independence Movement
In 1948, the country was granted
Reunification
The split between the LSSP and the BSP had weakened the movement, and in particular the BSP which was clearly the smaller of the two parties.[104] A process of reunification was initiated, and in 1950 the BSP merged into the LSSP.[105] Through the reunification, the LSSP became the Ceylonese section of the Fourth International.[106] However, Philip Gunawardena opposed the reconciliation with the BSP.[107] Thus he left LSSP and formed a new party, Viplavakari Lanka Sama Samaja Party (VLSSP).[108][109][110]
At the 1952 general election, the electoral performance was harmed by the relative prosperity due to the price of natural rubber being driven up by the Korean War.[111] Also, the disenfranchisement of the Indian Tamil estate workers by the UNP government deprived the LSSP of one of its main bases.[112] Moreover, it damaged the electoral fortunes of its ally, the CIC, which went unrepresented.[113]
Hartal and after
In 1953, the LSSP took the lead in organising the
Prior to 1953, the concept of a 'Hartal', or general strike, was relatively unknown in Ceylon.[120] Through their exile, the LSSP leaders had witnessed the immense impact of the hartals during the Quit India Movement, ensuring that this knowledge was brought with them.[121]
The Communist Party and VLSSP supported the Hartal and the SLFP and CIC expressed sympathy for the demand of the Hartal, but did not actively support the call for strike.[122][123][115] The Ceylon Mercantile Union supported the demands of the strike, but in not take part in it.[124] Rather it encouraged their members to go to work wearing black armbands as a means to protest.[125]
The Hartal took the country to a complete standstill.[126] Afraid of a revolution in the making, the government cabinet sought refuge on HMS Newfoundland, a Royal Navy warship offshore.[127][128] The mass upsurge that accompanied the action of the strikers caused Dudley Senanayake to resign from the premiership.[129][130] The Hartal emoboldended the LSSP to start to consider that the party might be able to seize state power.[131]
In 1956 the LSSP went into a no-contest pact with the Mahajana Eksath Peramuna (People's United Front) of SWRD Bandaranaike, which he had formed with Philip Gunawardena and the VLSSP.[132][133] The MEP won a landslide in the polls held that year.[134] The LSSP once again became the main opposition party, and N. M. Perera became the Leader of Opposition.[135] Through this, the LSSP supported the reforms initiated by the new government, but strongly opposed the 'Sinhala Only' policy.[136][137][138] In July 1959, both LSSP and the Communist Party withdrew their support for the government, as inner-party feuds within the SLFP had resulted in a temporary victory for the right-wing and expulsions of leftist ministers like Philip Gunawardena.[139][140]
In March 1960, the LSSP contested the general elections on the slogan 'forward to a Sama Samaja Government'.[141][142] The votes won by the LSSP, the Communists and the Mahajana Eksath Peramuna (a new party, not the 1956 front) of Philip Gunawardena, were sufficient to have made them the biggest bloc in Parliament. However, due to their contesting separately, the LSSP and the MEP won just 10 seats each, the CP a mere 3.[143][144] Elections were held again in July and the LSSP had a no-contest pact with the Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP) of Sirimavo Bandaranaike, which was thus able to form a government.[145] The Fourth International was highly critical of the electoral tactics of LSSP, and the LSSP chose not to attend the World Congress of International the following year.[146]
In 1962, officers of the Army and Police attempted a coup d'état aimed at overthrowing the government and bringing the UNP to power.[147] This plot was foiled, and the SLFP lurched leftwards in terms of policy.[148] The local branches of petroleum companies were nationalised, leading to a boycott of the country by the oil multi-nationals; the boycott was broken with help from the Kansas Oil Producers Co-operative and the Romanian Government.[149][150]
A parallel process was one of increasing self-confidence and unity amongst the Ceylonese left-wing. In the parliament they were in the opposition.[151] On May Day 1963 the three main left parties (LSSP, CP and MEP) held a massive joint rally.[152] That was followed by the launching of United Front on 12 August, the tenth anniversary of the 1953 Hartal.[153] The front launched agitations on issues like bring down the prices of essential commodities, leading it to represent an immediate threat to the governance of SLFP. The SLFP began to offer the left parties ministerial posts and worked intensively to break the unity of ULF.[154]
Trade union activities
The 1950s and 1960s were in many ways the "Golden era" of LSSP.[155] At the time, the most powerful trade unions in the country supported LSSP politics.[115][156] The most prominent trade union in the public sector in this period was the Government Clerical Service Union, which gave the a great support to the political struggle of LSSP.[157] The forefront leader of GCSU, I. J. Wickrema, openly appealed for support to the LSSP-CP coalition in order to defeat imperialism.[158] The GCSU publication Red Tape constantly criticised the UNP government and asked the people to support the left.[115]
Coalition politics
In 1964, the LSSP held a conference at which the majority agreed with a theoretical categorisation of the SLFP by
Later that year, the LSSP joined the coalition government of Sirimavo Bandaranaike.[162][163] Three of its MPs became Ministers; Dr N. M. Perera (Finance), Cholomondely Goonewardena (Public Works) and Anil Moonesinghe (Communications).[164] The LSSP was expelled from the Fourth International, and the membership was passed on to the LSSP(R).[165]
The Coalition Government fell in 1965, due to the desertion of several members.[166] However, the number of votes won by the LSSP increased at the general election held that year.[109] After the election, supporters of the party were subject to a co-ordinated campaign of victimisation by the new seven-party coalition led by the UNP.[167] In 1968, the LSSP joined the SLFP and the CP in a United Front; one that suffered clashes due to the Moscow-oriented focus of the CP.[168][169] That year's joint May Day rally was said to be the biggest ever to take place in Sri Lanka.[170]
In 1970, the United Front, of which the LSSP was part, was elected to power in landslide.
The Party was able to advance parts of its programme considerably: Foreign-owned plantations were nationalised, local ownership was restricted, democratically elected
Several LSSP members were appointed to important posts in which they could press forward the party programme:
Dr Seneka Bibile, a member of the LSSP, became the founder Chairperson of the State Pharmaceuticals Corporation (SPC) - which distributed drugs at affordable rates, by generic name instead of by trade name.[180] The SPC, which became a model for the Third World and remains so today, was based on a report on Pharmaceuticals in Sri Lanka of which the authors were Dr S. A. Wickremesinghe and Seneka Bibile.[181]
The Congress of Samasamaja Youth Leagues and the other bodies affiliated to the party (membership of the party proper was still restricted to a small cadre, on a
In 1975, the United Front broke up with the expulsion of the LSSP ministers.[188] The party then pursued a line of forming a new socialist alliance, the Socialist United Front (SUF).[189] This was finally formed in 1977 with the CPSL and with the People's Democratic Party (PDP), made up of leftist elements from the SLFP led by Nanda Ellawala.[189][190][191]
Electoral Struggle (1977)
In 1977, the LSSP and CP lost all their Parliamentary seats, and the Left was unrepresented - something that had not happened in the 46 years since the introduction of universal suffrage.[192] The party and its allies received over 8% of the vote, but this was not sufficient to win any seats under the first-past-the-post system then in place in Sri Lanka.[193] The same year the LSSP suffered another split, as a group led by the youth leader Vasudeva Nanayakkara broke away and formed the Nava Sama Samaja Party (NSSP).[194]
This was compounded by the death of N. M. Perera in 1979.[195][196][197] His funeral was one of the largest ever seen in Colombo.[198][199]
The end of the LSSP trade union movement
In 1980, an even worse catastrophe occurred. The UNP Government provoked a strike in the Railway Department.[200] The strike became a general strike.[201] The government cracked down on the trade unions, jailing many labour leaders, including Anil Moonesinghe and G.E.H. Perera of the Government Workers' Trade Union Federation.[202] The strike was crushed and with it the LSSP trade union movement.[203]
Further splits
In 1982 the LSSP split over the question of a coalition with the SLFP. Anil Moonesinghe, Cholomondely Goonewardena, G. E. H. Perera, Wilfred Senanayake and others formed the Sri Lanka Sama Samaja Party (SLSSP), which dissolved the next year and merged with the SLFP.[204][page needed] Moonesinghe charged that the LSSP had been taken over by the BSP faction.[204][page needed] Scuffles broke out between the LSSP and the SLSSP at the joint May Day procession that year.[204][page needed]
At the Presidential election held that year, the LSSP put forward Dr Colvin R de Silva as its candidate, the SLSSP backed Hector Kobbekaduwa of the SLFP.[205][206] Dr Colvin R de Silva was beaten into 5th place.[206]
Following the signing of the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord in 1987, the party was at the receiving end of the terror campaign.[207]
1994 and after
The LSSP joined the People's Alliance, the front led by the Sri Lanka Freedom Party in 1994.[208] It had three members elected to Parliament that year.[209] Bernard Soysa was Minister of Science and Technology.[210][211] In 1999, Vasudeva Nanayakkara was expelled after having publicly criticized the People's Alliance government.[212] Nanayakkara had joined LSSP from the NSSP in 1994 and had been elected MP for Ratnapura.[213] After his expulsion, Nanayakkara floated the Democratic Left Front.[214]
When the SLFP shelved the PA and formed the
The LSSP has gradually decreased in strength. The Congress of Samasamaja Youth Leagues has been disbanded. The party celebrated its 70th anniversary in December 2005, with a well-attended rally in Colombo.[216][217][218][219]
On 4 December 2019, Tissa Vitharana was appointed as Governor for the North Central Province, Sri Lanka,[220] being sworn in before President Gotabaya Rajapaksa.[221]
Organisational model
The LSSP operated as a
Internally, the LSSP uses democratic process. The supreme body is the conference, which is summoned every few years. The conference decides on policy and elects a
The Party also has regional groupings, which have conferences and appoint office bearers for the Regional Committees (RCs).[229] Internationally, there was just one Local, the London Branch. This was also known as the Lanka Socialist League, and was anchored around Wesley Muthiah.[230]
General Secretary
There is strictly no
- Vernon Gunasekera
- Leslie Goonewardene
- Bernard Soysa
- Batty Weerakoon
- Wimalasiri de Mel
Electoral results
Parliamentary
Year | Votes | Percentage of votes | Vote swing | Seats won | Change in seats | Party leader | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1947 | 204,020 | 10.81% | 10.81% | 10 / 95
|
10 | Leslie Goonewardene & N. M. Perera | Opposition |
1952 | 305,133 | 13.11% | 2.30% | 9 / 95
|
1 | Opposition | |
1956 | 274,204 | 10.36% | 2.75% | 14 / 95
|
5 | Opposition | |
1960 (March) | 325,286 | 10.70% | 0.34% | 10 / 151
|
4 | Opposition | |
1960 (July) | 224,995 | 7.31% | 3.39% | 12 / 151
|
2 | Opposition | |
1965 | 302,095 | 7.47% | 0.16% | 10 / 151
|
2 | Opposition | |
1970 | 433,224 | 8.68% | 1.21% | 19 / 151
|
9 | Government | |
1977 | 225,317 | 3.61% | 5.07% | 0 / 168
|
19 | Extra parliamentary |
- In the 1947, 1952 and 1956 elections the assembly had 95 single-member constituencies. In 1960 it was expanded to 151 seats and in 1977 to 168.
- In 1965 Bernard Soysa was elected unopposed in his constituency.
In recent elections, the LSSP has contested as part of a political coalition of multiple parties.
- In 1989, the LSSP contested as part of the United Socialist Alliance.
- From 1994 to 2001 the LSSP contested on the lists of the People's Alliance.
- From 2004 to 2015, the LSSP contested on the lists of the United People's Freedom Alliance.
- In 2020, the LSSP contested on the lists of the Sri Lanka People's Freedom Alliance.
Presidential
Year | Candidate | Votes | % | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|
1982 | Colvin R. de Silva | 58,531 | 0.90% | Lost |
Leaders and important members
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- See List of Members of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party.
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Socialism |
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The LSSP has never had a formal leader.[231] In the period immediately after its formation, Dr Colvin R de Silva was elected President, but the post was later removed.[232] For many years, N. M. Perera was the leader of the LSSP Parliamentary Group and was recognised by the public as the party leader.[233][234] However, the actual leadership has always been that of a group represented in the various bureaux of the Central Committee.[231]
A large proportion of the leadership of the Left in Sri Lanka started their political lives in the LSSP. This is even true of the political right; for example, Esmond Wickremasinghe (the father of
Tissa Abeysekara was at one time tipped to parliament on the National list, however on two occasions he was holding public office (Chairman National Film Corporation) and therefore turned down, but remained an integral member of the party.[238]
Publications
The LSSP's main organ has always been the Samasamajaya newspaper.
In the period of underground struggle, the Kamkaruwa, was revived as a legal Sinhalese weekly the 'open' section of the Party and published until banned by Admiral Sir Geoffrey Layton.[242][239] The 'open' section also brought out Straight Left in English.[243][244]
In 1960 a special magazine was brought out to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the foundation of the LSSP, Visi Pas Vasrak. The large number of members of the Ceylon Mercantile Union (CMU) who had been sacked from Lake House that year collaborated in its production.[245]
In 1965, in response to the need for a broad-left popular newspaper to counteract Lake House's Dinamina, the LSSP and members of the SLFP began the Janadina daily and the Janasathiya weekly newspaper, later supplemented by the poetry periodical Janakavi.[246] The CMU members sacked from Lake House were prominent in these publications as well. A similar task was carried out in English by The Nation; however, when this weekly was taken over by the SLFP, the LSSP started the Socialist Nation, edited by Hector Abhayavardhana.[247]
A press, the 'Star Press', was begun as a semi-commercial venture, to print the LSSP's publications and still operates.[248]
In 1975 a theoretical journal, Rajaya was published, edited by a board led by Osmund Jayaratne. This and its English version State, were suspended after a few issues.
See also
- Cocos Islands Mutiny
- Ceylon Federation of Labour
- GCSU Sri Lanka
- I. J. Wickrema
- Communist Party of Sri Lanka
- Ceylon National Congress
- Sri Lankan independence movement
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Further reading
- Leslie Goonewardena, A Short History of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party accessed 4 November 2005
- George Jan Lerski, Origins Of Trotskyism In Ceylon accessed 4 November 2005
- Robert J. Alexander, Ceylon/Sri Lanka: The Rise of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party accessed 25 December 2005
- James Jupp, Sri Lanka — Third World Democracy, Frank Cass, London, 1978.
- Y. Ranjith Amarasinghe, Revolutionary Idealism & Parliamentary Politics - A Study Of Trotskyism In Sri Lanka, Colombo, 1998.
- Wesley S. Muttiah and Sydney Wanasinghe, We Were Making History - Saga of the Hartal of August 1953, Colombo, 2002.
External links
- Official website
- George E. Rennar Papers. 1933-1972. 37.43 cubic feet. At the Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections. Contains ephemera on the Lanka Sama Samaja Party from 1957.