William Joynson-Hicks, 1st Viscount Brentford

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Minister of Health
In office
27 August 1923 – 22 January 1924
Prime MinisterStanley Baldwin
Preceded byNeville Chamberlain
Succeeded byJohn Wheatley
Financial Secretary to the Treasury (Office in Cabinet)
In office
25 May 1923 – 27 August 1923
Prime Minister
Walter Guinness
(from 5 October 1923)
Personal details
BornWilliam Hicks (1865-06-23)23 June 1865
Plaistow Hall, Kent
Died8 June 1932(1932-06-08) (aged 66)
London
NationalityEnglish
Political partyConservative
Spouse(s)Grace Lynn Joynson
(d. 1952)

William Joynson-Hicks, 1st Viscount Brentford,

DL (23 June 1865 – 8 June 1932), known as Sir William Joynson-Hicks, Bt, from 1919 to 1929 and popularly known as Jix, was an English solicitor and Conservative Party
politician.

He first attracted attention in 1908 when he defeated Winston Churchill, a Liberal Cabinet Minister at the time, in a by-election for the seat of North-West Manchester but is best known as a long-serving and controversial Home Secretary in Stanley Baldwin's Second Government from 1924 to 1929. He gained a reputation for pious authoritarianism, opposing Communism and clamping down on nightclubs and what he saw as indecent literature. He also played an important role in the fight against the introduction of the Church of England Revised Prayer Book, and in lowering the voting age for women from 30 to 21.

Early life and career

Background and early life

William Hicks, as he was initially called, was born in Canonbury, London on 23 June 1865.[1] He was the eldest of four sons and two daughters of Henry Hicks, of Plaistow Hall, Kent, and his wife Harriett, daughter of William Watts. Hicks was a prosperous merchant and senior evangelical Anglican layman[2] who demanded the very best from his children.[3]

William Hicks was educated at

Merchant Taylors' School, London (1875–81).[4][1] He "took the pledge" (to abstain from alcohol) at the age of 14 and kept it all his life.[1]

Marriage

In 1894 while on holiday, he met Grace Lynn Joynson, daughter of a silk manufacturer. Her father was also a Manchester evangelical Tory. They were married on 12 June 1895. In 1896 he added his wife's name "Joynson" to his surname.[5][1]

Joynson Hicks

After leaving school, Hicks was articled to a London solicitor between 1881 and 1887, before setting up his own practice in 1888. Initially he struggled to attract clients, but he was helped by his father's position as a leading member of the City Common Council and as Deputy Chairman of the London General Omnibus Company, for whom he did a great deal of claims work.[4][1] His law firm was still operating as late as 1989, when a guide to the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 was published as Joynson-Hicks on UK Copyright.[1]

In 1989, Joynson-Hicks merged with Taylor Garrett to form Taylor Joynson Garrett which itself merged with German law firm Wessing & Berenberg-Gossler to form Taylor Wessing in 2002.

Early attempts to enter Parliament

He joined the Conservative Party (at that time part of the Unionist coalition with the

pogroms, which had caused Arthur Balfour's government to pass the Aliens Act 1905.[1] In the 1906 election Joynson-Hicks advocated reform of workhouses and pensions for "the veteran of labour" but not for "the scallywag" (Churchill downplayed the idea that a Liberal government could set up a "mechanical" system of old age pensions, although it would eventually do so in 1908). Joynson-Hicks also claimed that a Liberal Government, under the influence of Lloyd George, might disestablish the Church of England. Liberal posters in the constituency praised "Churchill and Free Trade", "Cheap Food" and "A United Empire". Churchill won by 1241 votes, a large majority for the time.[6]

Motoring expert

Joynson-Hicks was an early authority on transport law, particularly motoring law. In 1906 he published "The Law of Heavy and Light Mechanical Traction on Highways". He was beginning to acquire a reputation as an evangelical lawyer with a perhaps paradoxical interest in the latest technology: motor cars (of which he owned several), telephones and aircraft.[1]

In 1907 he became Chairman of the Motor Union, and presided over the merger with

speed traps.[1]

He was also President of the Lancashire Commercial Motor Users' Association of the National Threshing machine Owners' Association, and of the National Traction engine Association.[1]

He was also Treasurer of the

Zenana Bible and Medical Mission and a member of the finance committee of the YMCA.[1]

1908 by-election

Main article: 1908 Manchester North West by-election

Joynson-Hicks was elected to Parliament in a

crossed the floor from the Conservatives to the Liberals in 1904, the Conservatives were disinclined to allow him an uncontested return.[1]

Jewish hostility to Joynson-Hicks over his support for the controversial Aliens Act which aimed to restrict Jewish immigration.[7]

Joynson-Hicks called Labour leader Keir Hardie "a leprous traitor" who wanted to sweep away the Ten Commandments. This prompted H. G. Wells to send an open letter to Labour sympathisers in Manchester,[8] saying Joynson-Hicks "represents absolutely the worst element in British political life … an entirely undistinguished man … and an obscure and ineffectual nobody."[1] Wells had endorsed Churchill, who admired his books and with whom he was in regular correspondence, as a potential social reformer.[9][10]

Joynson-Hicks defeated Churchill by 429 votes.[11] This provoked a strong reaction across the country with The Daily Telegraph running the front-page headline "Winston Churchill is OUT! OUT! OUT!" (Churchill shortly returned to Parliament as MP for Dundee).[7]

Joynson-Hicks gained personal notoriety in the immediate aftermath of this election for an address to his Jewish hosts at a dinner given by the

naturalised than any other holder of that office.[14] Whether or not it was justified, the notion that Joynson-Hicks was an anti-Semite played a large part in his portrayal as a narrow-minded and intolerant man, most obviously in the work of Ronald Blythe.[15]

Early Parliamentary career

Joynson-Hicks lost his seat in the

January 1910 general election. He contested Sunderland in the second general election in December that year, but was again defeated. He was returned unopposed for Brentford at a by-election in March 1911.[1]

During World War I, he formed a Pals battalion within the Middlesex Regiment, the "Football Battalion." He acquired a reputation as a well-informed backbencher, an expert on aircraft and motors, badgering ministers about matters of aircraft design and production and methods of attacking Zeppelins. On 12 May 1915, he presented a petition to the Commons demanding the internment of enemy aliens of military age and the withdrawal from coastal areas of all enemy aliens.[16] In 1916 he published a pamphlet The Command of the Air in which he advocated indiscriminate bombing of civilians in German cities, including Berlin. However, he was not offered a government post.[17]

In 1918, his old constituency having been abolished, he became MP for Twickenham, holding the seat until his retirement from the House of Commons in 1929.[1]

For his war work, he was created a

County of Surrey, in 1919.[18][17]

The Lloyd George Coalition

In 1919-20 he went on an extended visit to the Sudan and India, which changed his political fortunes. At the time, there was considerable unrest in India and a rapid growth in the Home Rule movement, something Joynson-Hicks opposed due to the great economic importance of the Indian Empire to Britain. He at one time had commented "I know it is frequently said at missionary meetings that we conquered India to raise the level of the Indians. That is cant. We hold it as the finest outlet for British goods in general, and for Lancashire cotton goods in particular."[19][17]

He emerged as a strong supporter of General

right-wing of the party, and he emerged as a strong critic of the party's participation in a coalition government with the Liberal David Lloyd George
.

As part of this campaign, he led an abortive attempt to block Austen Chamberlain's nomination as leader of the Unionist party on Bonar Law's retirement, putting forward Lord Birkenhead instead with the express aim of "splitting the coalition".[21]

Entering government

Joynson-Hicks played a small role in the fall of the Lloyd George Coalition, which he had so disliked, in October 1922. The refusal of many leading Conservatives, who had been supporters of the Coalition, to serve in

Postmaster General, filling positions left vacant by the promotion of Neville Chamberlain.[17]

When Stanley Baldwin became Prime Minister in May 1923, he initially also retained his previous position of Chancellor of the Exchequer while searching for a permanent successor. To relieve the burden of this position, he promoted Joynson-Hicks to Financial Secretary to the Treasury and included him in the Cabinet.[17]

In that role, Joynson-Hicks was responsible for making the

Privy Counsellor in 1923.[22]

Following the hung parliament, amounting to a Unionist defeat in the general election of December 1923, Joynson-Hicks became a key figure in various intra-party attempts to oust Baldwin. At one time, the possibility of his becoming leader himself was discussed, but it seems to have been quickly discarded. He was involved in a plot to persuade Arthur Balfour that should the King seek his advice on whom to appoint Prime Minister, Balfour would advise him to appoint Austen Chamberlain or Lord Derby Prime Minister instead of Labour leader Ramsay MacDonald. The plot failed when Balfour refused to countenance such a move and the Liberals publicly announced they would support MacDonald, causing the government to fall in January 1924. MacDonald then became the first Labour Prime Minister.[23]

Home Secretary

Cigarette card, 1926.

The Conservatives returned to power in November 1924 and Joynson-Hicks was appointed as Home Secretary. Francis Thompson described him as "the most prudish, puritanical and protestant Home Secretary of the twentieth century".[17] Promotion appears to have gone to his head somewhat and he allowed himself to be touted as a prospective party leader, a possibility which Leo Amery dismissed as "amazing" (October 1925).[17] In his role as Home Secretary he was in attendance at the birth of Queen Elizabeth II in April 1926.[24]

Public morals

Joynson-Hicks was portrayed as a reactionary for his attempts to crack down on

night clubs and other aspects of the "Roaring Twenties". He was also heavily implicated in the banning of Radclyffe Hall's lesbian novel, The Well of Loneliness (1928), in which he took a personal interest.[25]

He wanted to stem what he called "the flood of filth coming across the Channel". He clamped down on the work of D. H. Lawrence (he helped to force the publication of Lady Chatterley's Lover in an expurgated version), as well as on books on birth control and the translation of The Decameron. He ordered the raiding of nightclubs, where a great deal of after-hours drinking took place, with many members of fashionable society being arrested. The nightclub owner Kate Meyrick, proprietor of The 43 Club amongst other venues, was in and out of prison five times, her release parties being causes for big champagne celebrations.[26][27] He instructed the head of London's Metropolitan Police, William Horwood that 'it is a place of the most intense mischief and immorality [with] doped women and drunken men. I want you to put this matter in the hands of your most experienced men and whatever the cost will be, find out the truth about this club and if it is as bad as I am informed prosecute it with the utmost rigour of the law'.[28][29]

All of this was satirised in

A.P. Herbert's one act play The Two Gentlemen of Soho (1927).[17]

General Strike and subversion

In 1925, he ordered a show trial of

General Strike of 1926, he was a leading organiser of the systems that maintained supplies and law and order, although there is some evidence that left to himself he would have pursued a more hawkish policy – most notably, his repeated appeals for more volunteer constables and his attempt to close down the Daily Herald.[32]

Having been a hardliner during the General Strike he remained a staunch anti-communist thereafter, although the left appear to have warmed a little to him over the Prayer Book controversy. Against the wishes of Foreign Secretary Austen Chamberlain he ordered a police raid on the Soviet trade agency ARCOS in 1927, apparently actually hoping to rupture Anglo-Soviet relations. He was popular with the police and on his retirement a portrait of him was erected in Scotland Yard, paid for by police subscription.[31]

Prayer Book Crisis

Main article: Book of Common Prayer (1928, England)
House of Commons

In 1927 Joynson-Hicks turned his fire on the proposed revision of the Book of Common Prayer. The law required Parliament to approve such revisions, normally regarded as a formality.[33] Joynson-Hicks had been President of the evangelical National Church League since 1921, and he went against Baldwin's wishes in opposing the Revised Prayer Book.[17]

When the Prayer Book came before the

Protestant principles of the Church of England. He likened the Revised Prayer Book to "papistry", as he believed that the reservation of sacrament implied a belief in transubstantiation. The debate on the Prayer Book is regarded as one of the most eloquent ever seen in the Commons, and resulted in the rejection of the revised Prayer Book in 1927.[33][17] His allies were an alliance of ultra-Protestant Tories and nonconformist Liberals and Labour, and some of them likened him to John Hampden or Oliver Cromwell. It was said that no such occasion had been seen since the anti-Catholic agitation of 1850-1 or, some said, since the late seventeenth century crises over Exclusion or Titus Oates.[17]

A further revised version (the "Deposited Book") was submitted in 1928 but rejected again.[34][33]

Many leading Church of England figures came to feel that

disestablishment would become necessary to guard the Church against this sort of political interference. Joynson-Hicks' book The Prayer Book Crisis, published in May 1928, correctly forecast that the bishops would back off from demanding disestablishment, for fear of losing their state-provided salaries and endowments.[34] However, the National Assembly of the Church of England then declared an emergency, and this was argued as a pretext for the use of the 1928 Prayer Book in many churches for decades afterwards, an act of questionable legality.[34][33]

Votes for young women

Off the cuff and without Cabinet discussion, in a debate on a private member's bill on 20 February 1925, Joynson-Hicks pledged equal voting rights for women (clarifying a pronouncement of Baldwin's in the 1924 General Election).[31]

Joynson-Hicks' 1933 biographer wrote that the claim that Joynson-Hicks' parliamentary pledge to

Lady Astor in 1925 had committed the party to giving votes to young women was an invention of Winston Churchill that has entered popular mythology but has no basis in fact.[35] However, Francis Thompson (2004) wrote that the Baldwin Government would probably not have taken action without Joynson-Hicks' pledge.[31]

Joynson-Hicks personally moved the Second Reading of the Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928 and was also responsible for piloting it through Parliament. He made a strong speech in support of the Bill, which lowered the voting age for women from 30 to 21 (the same age as men at the time), and which was blamed in part for the Conservatives' unexpected electoral defeat the following year, which the right of the party attributed to newly enfranchised young women (referred to derogatorily as "flappers") voting for the opposition Labour party.[35][31]

Reforms

Throughout his tenure at the Home Office, Joynson-Hicks was involved in the reform of the penal system – in particular, the

probation officer. He made a point of visiting all the prisons in the country, and was often dismayed by what he found there.[36] He made a concerted effort to improve the conditions of the prisons under his jurisdiction, and earned a compliment from persistent offender and night-club owner Kate Meyrick, who noted in her memoirs that prisons had improved considerably thanks to his efforts.[37]

Joynson-Hicks sided with Churchill over the General Strike and India, but parted company with him on the topic of greyhound racing, which Joynson-Hicks believed served a useful social function in getting poor people out of the pubs. He also thought that Churchill's view that totalisers were permissible for horse-racing but not for greyhounds smacked of one law for the rich and another for the poor.[31]

He became something of a hero to shop workers because of the Shops (Hours of Closing) Act 1928, which banned working after 8pm and required employers to grant a half day holiday each week. He also repealed a regulation to allow chocolates to be sold in the first interval of theatre performances as well as the second.[31]

In August 1928,

F. M. L. Thompson's view, "ridiculous".[17] He was praised in the popular press and ridiculed in the upmarket weeklies. He insisted that he did not favour full censorship, and in his 1929 pamphlet Do We Need A Censor? he recorded that he had ordered the police to stamp out indecency in Hyde Park so that it would be safe for "a man to take his daughter for a walk" there.[17]

Joynson-Hicks was concerned at the electoral popularity of Lloyd George's plan to cut unemployment through public works, as contained in the pamphlet "We Can Conquer Unemployment" and the Orange Book. He wrote to Churchill, then Chancellor of the Exchequer, on 6 February 1929, enclosing a memorandum proposing a programme of public works financed by a government loan. Churchill poured cold water on the idea.[38]

Later career

As the time for a new general election loomed, Baldwin contemplated reshuffling his Cabinet to move Churchill from the Exchequer to the India Office, and asking all ministers older than himself (Baldwin was born in 1867) to step down, with the exception of Sir Austen Chamberlain. Joynson-Hicks would have been one of those asked to retire from the Cabinet if the Conservatives had been re-elected.[39]

The Conservatives unexpectedly lost power at the general election in May

County of Sussex in the Dissolution Honours (necessitating a by-election at which the Conservatives narrowly held his old seat).[40][31]

Lord Brentford remained a senior figure in the Conservative Party, but due to his declining health he was not invited to join the

National Government at its formation in August 1931. As late as October 1931 Lord Beaverbrook urged him to set up a Conservative Shadow Cabinet, as an alternative to the National Government. The National Government was reconstructed in November 1931, but again he was not offered a return to office.[17]

Family

Lord Brentford married Grace Lynn, only daughter of Richard Hampson Joynson, JP, of

St. Margaret's Church, Westminster. They had two sons and one daughter.[41]

Joynson-Hicks died at Newick Park, Sussex, on 8 June 1932, aged 66.[31] His wealth at death was £67,661 5s 7d (around £4m at 2016 prices).[42][43]

His widow the Viscountess Brentford died in January 1952.[1] He was succeeded by his eldest son, Richard. His youngest son, the Hon. Lancelot (who succeeded in the viscountcy in 1958), was also a Conservative politician.

Reputation

Joynson-Hicks' Victorian top hat and frock coat made him seem an old-fashioned figure, but he came to be regarded with a certain affection by the public. William Bridgeman, his predecessor as Home Secretary, wrote of him "There is something of the comedian in him, which is not intentional but inevitably apparent, which makes it hard to take him as seriously as one might". Churchill wrote of him "The worst that can be said about him is that he runs the risk of being most humorous when he wishes to be most serious". After his death Leo Amery wrote that "he was a very likeable fellow" whilst Stanley Baldwin observed "he may have said many foolish things but he rarely did one".[31]

Although Joynson-Hicks was Home Secretary, a notoriously difficult office to hold, for some four and a half years, he is frequently overlooked by both historians and politicians. His length of tenure was exceeded in the twentieth century only by

R. A. Butler and Herbert Morrison,[44] yet he was not included in a list of long-serving Home Secretaries presented to Jack Straw in 2001 on his departure from the Home Office.[45]
He is also virtually the only major politician of the 1920s not to have been accorded a recent biography.

For many years detailed discussion of Joynson-Hicks' life and career was hampered by the inaccessibility of his papers, which were kept by the Brentford family. This meant the discourse on his life was shaped by the official biography of 1933 by H. A. Taylor, and by material published by his contemporaries – much of it published by people who hated him. As a result, public discourse has been shaped by material that portrayed him in an unflattering light, such as Ronald Blythe's biographical chapter in The Age of Illusion.[46]

In the 1990s the current Viscount lent his grandfather's papers to an MPhil student at the University of Westminster, Jonathon Hopkins,[47] who prepared a catalogue of them and wrote a short biography of Joynson-Hicks as part of his thesis.[48] In 2007, a number of these papers were deposited with the East Sussex Record Office in Lewes (which transferred to The Keep in Brighton in 2013) where they are available to the public.[49] Huw Clayton, whose PhD thesis concerned Joynson-Hicks' moral policies at the Home Office, has announced that he plans to write a new biography of Joynson-Hicks with the aid of these sources.[48] An article on Joynson-Hicks, written by Clayton, has since appeared in the Journal of Historical Biography.[50]

In 2023, historian Max Hastings wrote a Times article suggesting that those who consider some current Tory ministers and ex-ministers[51] to be the "worst ever" to revisit Joynson-Hicks' career and perhaps conclude that "more than a few of our past politicians make the present ones look ... not as awful as Jix".[52]

Arms

Coat of arms of William Joynson-Hicks, 1st Viscount Brentford
Crest
A stag’s head Proper gorged with a collar Or thereon five roses Gules and charged in the neck with a fleur-de-lis Gold.
Escutcheon
Gules on a fess wavy between three fleurs-de-lis Or a portcullis Sable all within a bordure of the second.
Supporters
On either side a stag Proper gorged with a collar Or thereon five roses Gules and charged on the neck with a fleur-de-lis Gold.
Motto
Cassis Tutissima Virtus[53]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Matthew 2004, p38
  2. ISBN 978-0-8028-4597-9
    .
  3. ^ Taylor, pp. 14–15
  4. ^ a b c Taylor, pp. 29–30
  5. ^ Blythe, p. 23
  6. ^ Toye 2008, p.40-1
  7. ^ a b Paul Addison, Churchill on the Home Front 1900–1955 (2nd ed., London 1993) p. 64
  8. Gladstone-MacDonald pact
  9. ^ Wells later became disillusioned with Churchill over his role the Dardanelles Campaign and the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War, and would satirise him in his book Men Like Gods (Rose pp87-8)
  10. ^ Rose 2014, p.85
  11. ^ Toye 2008, p.49
  12. ^ W. D. Rubinstein (1993). "Recent Anglo-Jewish Historiography and the Myth of Jix's Anti-Semitism, Part Two". Australian Journal of Jewish Studies. 7 (2): 24–45, 35.
  13. ^ David Cesarani, "Joynson-Hicks and the Radical Right in England after the First World War" in Tony Kushner and Kenneth Lunn (eds.) Traditions of Intolerance: Historical Perspectives on Fascism and Race Discourse in Britain (Manchester 1989) pp. 118–139, p. 134
  14. ^ Rubinstein "Recent Anglo-Jewish Historiography", Australian Journal of Jewish Studies 7 (1993) part one in 7:1 pp. 41–70, part two in 7:2 pp. 24–45
  15. ^ Blythe, p. 27
  16. ^ Meeting the Enemy by Richard van Emden
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Matthew 2004, p39
  18. ^ "No. 31587". The London Gazette. 7 October 1919. p. 12418.
  19. ^ Quoted in Blythe, pp. 27–28
  20. ^ Cesarani p. 123 (he wrongly credits this campaign with toppling Montagu, who in fact stayed in office until Mar 1922, seven months before the fall of the Lloyd George coalition)
  21. Max Aitken
    , Decline and Fall of Lloyd George: and great was the fall thereof (London 1963) p. 21
  22. ^ "No. 32809". The London Gazette. 27 March 1923. p. 2303.
  23. ^ Maurice Cowling, The Impact of Labour 1920–1924: The Beginning of Modern British Politics (Cambridge 1971) pp. 332–333, 384
  24. ^ Davies, Caroline (26 April 2016). "The Queen at 90". Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  25. ^ Diana Souhami, The Trials of Radclyffe Hall (London 1999) pp. 180–181: a more recent but unfortunately not widely available account of these actions may be found in Huw Clayton, "A Frisky, Tiresome Colt?" Sir William Joynson-Hicks, the Home Office and the "Roaring Twenties" in London, 1924–1929" Aberystwyth University PhD thesis (2009)
  26. ^ Archives, The National (20 April 2022). "The National Archives – Jix's 'war on night club evils'". The National Archives blog. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  27. ^ B, Lizzie (24 June 2021). "Kate Meyrick (1875-1933)". Women Who Meant Business. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  28. ^ Archives, The National. "The National Archives – The 43 Club in pictures". Portals. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  29. ^ Archives, The National. "The National Archives – Kate Meyrick – 20 People of the 20s – 20sPeople". Portals. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  30. ^ The ODNB article for his Cabinet colleague Douglas Hogg, Attorney-General at the time, by John Ramsden, states that Hogg was the real driving force behind this action. See Hogg's biography for details.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Matthew 2004, p40
  32. ^ Anne Perkins, A Very British Strike: 3–12 May 1926 (London 2006) pp. 160, 180, 138–9
  33. ^ a b c d Ross McKibbin, Classes and Cultures: England 1918–1951 (Oxford 1998) pp. 277–278
  34. ^ a b c Matthew 2004, pp39-40
  35. ^ a b Taylor, pp. 282–285
  36. ^ Taylor, pp. 186–189
  37. ^ Kate Meyrick, Secrets of the 43 (2nd ed., Dublin 1994) p. 80
  38. ^ Toye 2008, p.262
  39. ^ Jenkins 1987, p89
  40. ^ "No. 33515". The London Gazette. 9 July 1926. p. 4539.
  41. ^ Matthew 2004, pp38-40
  42. ^ "Compute the Relative Value of a U.K. Pound". Archived from the original on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  43. ^ Matthew 2004, pp37-40
  44. ^ List available in David Butler and Gareth Butler, Twentieth Century British Political Facts 1900–2000 (revised eighth edition Basingstoke 2005) p. 56
  45. Sunday Telegraph
     (Opinion Section) 26 March 2006: article on Telegraph website
  46. ^ Blythe, p. 35
  47. ^ Cameron Hazlehurst et al. (eds) A Guide to the Papers of British Cabinet Ministers 1900–1964 (London 1997) p. 185
  48. ^ a b "William Joynson-Hicks « Doctor Huw". Doctorhuw.wordpress.com. 3 February 2010. Retrieved 16 April 2010.
  49. ^ National Register of Archives: Accessions to Repositories 2007: East Sussex Record Office. nationalarchives.gov.uk
  50. ^ Huw Clayton (2010). "The Life and Career of William Joynson-Hicks 1865–1932: A Reassessment" (PDF). The Journal of Historical Biography. 8: 1–32.
  51. Jacob Rees Mogg
    as candidates.
  52. ^ The Times article – 31 December 2023 page 21 – "None of today's politicians are as bad as Jix".
  53. ^ Burke's Peerage. 1939.

Bibliography

Further reading

Other sources on Joynson-Hicks:

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Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded by
Manchester North West
1908–January 1910
 Succeeded by
Preceded by Member of Parliament for Brentford
1911–1918 		Constituency abolished
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1918–1929 		Succeeded by
John Ferguson
Political offices
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1923 		Succeeded by
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1923 		Succeeded by
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1923 		Succeeded by
Minister of Health

1923–1924 		Succeeded by
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Peerage of the United Kingdom
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