Étienne Marie Antoine Champion de Nansouty
Étienne-Marie-Antoine Champion de Nansouty | |
---|---|
Légion d'honneur (Commander, then Grand Officer, then Grand Eagle), Order of Saint Louis (Knight), Order of Notre-Dame du Mont-Carmel (Knight), Royal Order of the Golden Eagle of Württemberg (Grand Cross), Name inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe. | |
Other work | Chamberlain of the Empress, First Squire of the Emperor, General Inspector of Cavalry, Colonel-General of Dragoons, General Inspector of Dragoons, Lt.-General of the King's Armies, Captain-Lt. of the 1st company of Musketeers of the King's Guard, Aide-de-camp to Comte d'Artois |
Étienne-Marie-Antoine Champion, comte de Nansouty (French pronunciation:
Of noble
Promoted to the top military rank of General of Division in 1803, Nansouty was called to the command of the 1st Heavy Cavalry Division in
A member of the military elite of the First French Empire and a recipient of the Grand Aigle de la Légion d'Honneur, Comte de Nansouty was a member of the Military Household of the Emperor as First Squire of the Emperor, and also held the position of Colonel-General of Dragoons. During the Bourbon Restoration, Louis XVIII awarded him additional honours and commands, including one in the Military Household of the King of France. Nansouty died in February 1815 and is buried at the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris. His name is inscribed on the Arc de Triomphe and a street in the 14th arrondissement of Paris is named after him.
Early life
Étienne de Nansouty was born on 30 May 1768 in
Throughout his childhood and youth, the Nansouty family led a tranquil yet modest life in Bordeaux, where his father held the position of commander of Château-Trompette, in which he lived with his family, additionally receiving a pension of 1000 livres. He was still holding the position as commander when he died suddenly in 1785, after more than 60 years of active service. His widow had no revenue with which to raise their son and two daughters. However, influential people such as the
Revolutionary Wars
War of the First Coalition
Officer in the 9th Cavalry
As the
Despite this setback, a few days later, Lobat de Bohan was promoted to the rank of General and Nansouty again took provisional command of the regiment. When General
Commander of the 9th Cavalry
Now holding the rank of chef de brigade (
During the campaigns of 1794, war continued in the
Beginning in December 1794, the French forces on the
War of the Second Coalition
The signature of the
In 1799, France's political and military situation seemed perilous, especially after the losses in southwestern Germany culminating in the Battle at Stockach. By then a colonel, Nansouty accepted the promotion to
Campaign in Germany
Despite the improvement of the military situation on its borders, France remained in political turmoil. Upon his return from the
Nansouty's cavalry took part in several actions, beginning with the
Years of peace
The signing of the
On 1 February 1804, Nansouty was called to a command in the cavalry reserve of the "Army of the Ocean coast". The reform of the French cavalry arm had already begun in September 1803, reorganising the first twelve regiments of
Napoleonic Wars
War of the Third Coalition
At the outbreak of the War of the Third Coalition, a cavalry reserve corps was organised in the Grande Armée, with command given to Marshal Joachim Murat. This cavalry reserve included Nansouty's heavy cavalry division, another heavy cavalry division under Jean-Joseph d'Hautpoul, three dragoon divisions, a foot dragoon division and a light cavalry brigade. Nansouty's six-regiment division soon acquired the reputation of being the best administered and most exact in its manoeuvres.[18]
During the initial phase of the campaign, Nansouty's division was at first attached to Marshal
Charge at Austerlitz
Having advanced the bulk of his army deep into
At around 10:00, after battle had been joined all along the front, Russian General Pyotr Bagration, who had won the cavalry action a few days earlier at Wissau, pulled his forces back from the advancing enemy infantry from the V Corps. Meanwhile, the Austrian Prince Johann I Joseph, Prince of Liechtenstein threw his 4,000-sabre Austro-Russian cavalry reserve into combat against Murat's 6,000 sabres. The Austro-Russians did not provide infantry or artillery support to the cavalry attack, while Murat's cavalrymen were able to cooperate with Lannes's infantry and artillery. Taking immense casualties after a first series of actions against Lannes's infantry, elements of the Coalition cavalry withdrew and were reformed by their commanders. Joined by Bagration's own cavalry, they set off again, this time aiming directly at Murat's command centre. As the Austro-Russian cavalry was closing in on its target, they were steadily met by four of Nansouty's regiments (the two Carabiniers regiments and the 2nd and 3rd Cuirassiers). The sounds of the two massed cavalries colliding could be heard some distance away. After a brief combat, the Austro-Russian horsemen broke and were driven off.[20] However, Liechtenstein soon reformed his men and, seeing that all the French cavalry was positioned on the left of Caffarelli's infantry division, he launched his men against the right wing of this division, but was instantly met with sustained musket volleys that disorganised his cavalrymen. Seeing this development, Nansouty wheeled right with his men and crossed the infantry intervals by platoons, and then formed his men on two battle lines in front of the infantry. Three charges ensued in brief succession, with Nansouty skilfully committing the 1st and 2nd Carabiniers-à-Cheval and the 2nd Cuirassiers from his first line, then the 9th Cuirassiers and Saint-Germain's brigade from his second line. The Austro-Russian cavalry was finally broken and repulsed for good.[21] After another series of well-coordinated cavalry and infantry actions, Murat and Lannes were able to force Bagration's entire force to withdraw, with a loss 2,000 men (approximately half of the force) and 16 guns.[20]
On the French side, despite their repeated charges on this day, the 1st heavy cavalry division registered only relatively minor casualties, a testament to the skill of its commanders. Piston's 1st Brigade registered 2 killed and 41 wounded, La Houssaye's 2nd Brigade registered 1 man killed and 25 wounded, while Saint-Germain's 3rd Brigade registered 47 killed and 28 wounded. The regiment that suffered the highest casualty rate was by far the 3rd cuirassiers, with 44 killed and 27 wounded, for a casualty rate of 21 per cent.[19] Nansouty's charge was rated "superb and brilliant" in the report drawn up by General Augustin Daniel Belliard, Murat's chief of staff, and Nansouty was subsequently mentioned in the army bulletin for this action and named Grand Officier de la Légion d'honneur on 25 December. Additionally, of the six colonels in his division, three were promoted to Brigadier General and three received the cross of Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur.[21] Following the peace of Pressburg with the Austrian Empire in late December 1805, Nansouty's division was stationed in Bavaria, where they took winter quarters.[21]
War of the Fourth Coalition
Campaign in Prussia
As the
Resuming its pursuit of the Prussian army, Nansouty's division was at Potsdam beginning on 25 October, and two days later they participated to the triumphant parade of the Grande Armée in Berlin, before being reviewed by the Emperor on 30 October. Beginning on 7 November, Nansouty and his division were with Murat, heading for the river Vistula, which they crossed on 22 December with the rest of the cavalry reserve. After a brief and successful cavalry action at the Lapazin bridge, they tried to get to the Battle of Golymin in time for the action, but were delayed by the thick mud and by the slower dragoon division that preceded them; they arrived after the battle.[22] The division then took winter quarters in Warsaw, but with Murat on sick leave, Nansouty was soon called to replace him, taking command of Lasalle's light cavalry division and the dragoon divisions of Klein and Milhaud. These divisions were placed in the first line of the army, and Nansouty, although formally placed under the overall command of Marshal Jean-de-Dieu Soult, had orders to act independently and report directly to the Emperor if any unforeseen and extraordinary events should occur. Nansouty handled this new mission with care, personally patrolling the front line and deciding where to place the pickets of light cavalry that were to cover the infantry outposts.[24]
Campaign in Poland: early manoeuvres
With the news of the alarming Russian operations against the left wing of the army, Murat reassumed command of the cavalry reserve, ordering Nansouty to retake command of the 1st heavy cavalry division and follow the concentration of the army towards
With its ranks replenished after the winter actions, the six-regiment division under Nansouty numbered, on 1 June 1807, no less than 3,257 men. It was by far the most powerful heavy cavalry division of the Cavalry Reserve, which then included two other such divisions, the 2nd under
At the beginning of June 1807, the Emperor reassessed his strategic situation and decided that he needed to move northeast, in order to prevent
Campaign in Poland: Friedland
Arriving with his corps at Friedland on 13 June after nightfall, Lannes found the position already occupied by Russian forces.[26] Very early on 14 June, Lannes intrepidly attacked with an almost symbolic force (between 11,000 and 13,500 men) against the might of a massed enemy army of 85,000. His goal was to prevent the enemy from crossing the Alle and to give Napoleon enough time to arrive with the remainder of his forces. Nansouty's division arrived on the field of battle at Friedland after the first engagements and was directed towards the strategic village of Heinrichsdorf. This village needed to be held, as it protected Lannes's communications with the rest of Napoleon's army. Grouchy also directed his dragoon division towards the village and was shocked to find it in enemy hands and Nansouty's men retreating at a trot, without even attempting to contain the enemy or to cover the route that represented the corps' communication line.[27] In fact, Nansouty had arrived not long before and had been instructed to place himself at Heinrichsdorf, without further instructions and without being informed of what was happening on the right. As Russian infantry and cavalry were boldly pressing him, he became concerned with his own lines of communication and thus ordered his men back, to avoid being cut off.[28]
However, Nansouty's move compromised Lannes's entire plan, which counted on powerful reinforcements arriving through Heinrichsdorf. An alarmed Lannes immediately sent one of his
After the arrival of the Emperor with significant reinforcements, the time was right for a general counterattack. The Emperor planned his main attack against the Russian left and he wanted to prevent the enemy from transferring reinforcements from their right wing to their battered left. To that effect, Grouchy received orders to incessantly harass the enemy before him, in order to prevent Bennigsen from redeploying them on the left wing. Orders also required Grouchy to silence the enemy guns pounding the French left. In this difficult task, Grouchy was perfectly seconded by Nansouty, and together they ended to the Russian cannonade in this sector. Later, Grouchy's report expressed admiration for Nansouty's actions, adding that the latter had "gloriously repaired" his earlier error. Nansouty was also mentioned in the 79th Bulletin of the Grande Armée. After the battle, the 1st heavy cavalry division joined in the pursuit of the Russian army to the
Count of the Empire, First Squire and the Peninsula
The numerous honours and endowments that General Nansouty received following the Battle of Friedland seem to suggest the Emperor's appreciation and the fact that Napoleon did not regard the early incident during this battle as Nansouty's fault. On 11 July 1807, General of Division Nansouty was named
Additionally, in 1808, he was offered the position of
War of the Fifth Coalition
With a large part of the
Eckmühl and Ratisbon
Napoleon faced
In order to protect his retreat, Archduke Charles of Austria reunited his entire cavalry reserve, 44 squadrons in all, on either side of the Ratisbon road,
The pursuit resumed the next day at dawn, and was followed by yet another action at the Battle of Ratisbon, where the Austrians tried to delay the French pursuit. After fierce fighting, during which Nansouty's and Saint-Sulpice's men successfully charged the enemy cavalry three times, the French captured the citadel at Ratisbon, but saw the Austrians skilfully retreating. Nansouty was left at Ratisbon with Davout, to observe the retreat of Archduke Charles.[41]
Aspern-Essling
On 21 May 1809, Napoleon crossed the
On the second day of the battle, 22 May, Nansouty received his second cuirassier brigade, Doumerc's 2nd and 9th regiments. During the morning, having received some reinforcements, Napoleon sent Marshal Lannes's Corps forward, in an attack against the enemy line. Nansouty's and Lasalle's cavalry protected the infantry columns, charging the enemy cavalry to clear their path. However, at around 21:00 in the morning, news that the great bridge over the Danube had broken, making the arrival of further reinforcements virtually impossible, forced Napoleon to call off his attack and order a phased retreat. The situation of the French army was critical, with Marshal Lannes fatally wounded, and a great number of losses in men. It took all the skill of Nansouty and the other cavalry commanders to contain the formidable Austrian onslaught in order to allow the rest of the army to gradually disengage. After most of the army had safely crossed an arm of the Danube onto the island of Lobau, Nansouty's men were also withdrawn from the battlefield during the night, with the French cavalry subsequently celebrated for their role in preventing a catastrophic defeat that day.[42]
Wagram
After the bloody setback at Aspern-Essling, Napoleon took six weeks to carefully plan another crossing of the Danube. He launched this operation late on 4 July and, by the early hours of the next day, he had managed to get a substantial force across the river. Nansouty's division did not see any action during the
Bessières and Nansouty led these men forward, through a hail of
This however was not to be the end of General Nansouty's action at the great Battle of Wagram. Although the great cavalry attack had done much to ease the pressure on Napoleon's left-centre, the latter's situation remained critical. The Emperor thus launched the Corps of General
Nansouty's division suffered a very high casualty rate at the Battle of Wagram, with more men and horses lost than the other two heavy cavalry divisions combined. Losses in horses were extremely high, with 1,141 animals killed or injured, while losses in men were also significant, despite the fact that only the carabiniers-à-cheval really came into contact with the enemy. Overall, Nansouty's division lost 164 men killed and 436 wounded. Foremost of all, the highly battered two carabiniers-à-cheval regiments had no more than 300 horses standing between themselves by the end of the day, for an equine casualty rate of 77 percent,[45] with the 9th and 12th cuirassiers also suffering high casualties.[49] Bessières's charge, hastily organised with only the division of Nansouty, through murderous artillery fire and against masses of infantry prepared to receive them, had less tactical effect than at Aspern-Essling, but it did win Napoleon valuable time, allowing him to retake the initiative in this battle.[45]
Interlude between two campaigns
General MacDonald was very critical of both Walther and Nansouty, for their alleged failure to provide proper cavalry support during his attack. MacDonald went on to write in his memoirs that he was "taken aback by the slowness of General Nansouty [...] Nansouty did charge in the end, but too late to take advantage of the gaping hole that I had pierced in the centre of the Austrian army."
With the
Campaign in Russia
With the outbreak of the
During this campaign, Nansouty's I Cavalry Corps was composed of:
- General Chasseurs à cheval, 9th Chevau-légers lanciers, one Prussian and one Polish light horse regiments),
- General Saint-Germain's 1st cuirassier division (2nd, 3rd, 9th Cuirassiers, 1st Chevau-légers lanciers regiments),
- General Valence's 5th cuirassier division (6th, 11th and 12th Cuirassiers, 5th Chevau-légers lanciers regiments),
- an artillery of 36 pieces.[52]
Having crossed the
With his three divisions reunited on 7 September 1812, Nansouty's Ist Cavalry Corps saw action at the Battle of Borodino. He was placed on the French right, in second line, behind the Corps of Marshal Davout and, after Murat managed to take two of the redoubts on the Russian left, Nansouty placed his men on the right of this position and then supported the advance of the right wing of the army. With the Russians making an offensive comeback, Nansouty placed himself at the head of the heavy divisions of Saint-Germain and Valence and charged and while doing so a bullet pierced one of his knees. This was Nansouty's first battle wound and it was serious enough to end his active role during this campaign.[54] He was transported to Moscow following the battle and although still wounded, on 10 October, he was entrusted with the mission of commanding the convoy that was to take the wounded generals and colonels, as well as the main trophies captured, behind the lines.[54][55] During this mission, he was exposed to great danger, to famine and extreme cold, which impacted his already frail health.[54] He was then allowed to return to France and recover from his injury.[54]
War of the Sixth Coalition
The remains of the French army had completely evacuated Russian territory by December 1812 but their defeat sparked anti-French sentiments in Germany and
Campaign in Saxony
In 1813, most military operations took part in
However, the Guard cavalry was not needed as a whole before the epic
With the
Seeing this inauspicious development, Wrede sent his cavalry, no less than 7,000 men, to charge Drouot's grand battery. The steady French
Campaign in France
Nansouty's final campaign took place in 1814 on French soil, under bleak circumstances for the French, who saw huge Coalition armies invade France at the beginning of that year. During this campaign, his command, 5,000 Horse Guards, included the
These men soon saw action on 27 January, at the
After rejoining the Emperor at
Always in the thick of the action during this campaign, on 24 February, Nansouty was present near the city of
On 7 March, at the
This was to be the last military engagement of Nansouty's long career. On 8 March, on the eve of the Battle of Laon, Nansouty was at Chavignon, nine kilometres from Laon, where the Emperor was also present and, although the circumstances of Nansouty's departure are unclear, it is certain that he left this village, and his command, that very day. Two days later, Napoleon wrote to his War Minister to inform him that General Nansouty's health did not allow him to exercise his military duties and that he was authorised to take sick leave in Paris. General Belliard had taken interim command of the Guard cavalry during the battle of Laon, with General Sébastiani subsequently given permanent command.[65]
Bourbon Restoration
Having left his command to General Belliard on 8 March, three days later, Nansouty was a part of a convoy of several officers, heading to Paris. On the road to the capital, they were attacked by a pulk of Cossacks, which managed to disperse the convoy's escort. Nansouty and his officers fought their way out sabre in hand and made a run for it towards the river Aisne. Reaching the riverbanks, the General got isolated and, as he was preparing to cross the river on horseback, his horse was shot under him, throwing the General to the ground. Nevertheless, he stood up and swam to the other bank of the river and safety. This event, as well as his tireless activity during the campaign, seem to suggest that his health was not the main reason of his departure from the army. It is also unlikely that the Emperor himself decided to replace him, given Belliard's tentative approach at the Battle of Craonne and this General's subsequent provisional status as commander, after Nansouty's departure. It is thus more likely that Nansouty resigned, following his disputes with the Emperor.[67]
General Nansouty arrived in Paris and there he remained during the
Death and resting place
By the second half of 1814, following his long and almost continuous campaigns throughout Europe during the last ten years, the health of General Nansouty badly deteriorated. He was suffering from his wounds, some of which were very recent, but, above all from war fatigue. On his death bed, he is recorded to have said: "I have carefully reflected upon all my action ever since I was born and in all my life, I have not done anyone wrong." He is also said to have reasserted his Christian faith and to have asked that his son be recommended for the King's protection, as a favour for his services. Just before passing away, he told his son that his heritage would be to follow his example and live an honourable and blameless life.[69] General Count Étienne-Marie-Antoine-Champion de Nansouty died on 12 February 1815 in Paris, leaving behind his wife and their only son. A pension of 6,000 Francs per year was granted to the General's widow by the King of France.[68] His final resting place is at the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris, division 27.[70] The engraving on his tombstone reads:
Here rests Étienne Marie Antoine Champion
Comte de Nansouty
born in Bourgogne on 30 May 1768
Lieutenant-General of the King's Armies,
Inspector General of Dragoons,
Captain-Lieutenant
of the 1st Company
of the King's Guard Musketeers,
Grand Cordon of the Legion of Honour,
Knight of the Military
and Royal Orders of S. Louis
and of Notre Dame du Mont Carmel,
Grand Cross of the Royal Order
of the Golden Eagle of Württemberg
Deceased in Paris on 12 February 1815
"In all my life, I have not done any harm to anyone."
The name NANSOUTY is inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe in Paris.[2]
Family
The Nansouty family was ancient
General Count de Nansouty was the first child of Jean-Baptiste-Pierre-Charles Champion de Nansouty (born 1718 in Dijon, died 1785 in Bordeaux) and his wife Antoinette Hélène Harpailler (born ca. 1740), who also had Pierrette-Adélaïde Champion de Nansouty (1771–1849).[72] On 27 September 1802, General Nansouty married Jeanne-Françoise Adélaïde Gravier de Vergennes (1781–1849),[68] the niece of a former minister of Louis XVI, Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes.[13] Her parents were: Charles Xavier Gravier de Vergennes, 1751–1794, and Elisabeth Adélaïde Françoise de Bastard, 1763–1808. General Count de Nansouty and his wife had only one child, Étienne Champion de Nansouty (1803–1865),[72] who, having followed his father's and grandfather's footsteps in the military, rose to the rank of squadron commander, but then resigned from the army.[68] General Count Nansouty also had a nephew, Charles-Marie-Étienne Champion Dubois de Nansouty (1815–1895), who saw a successful military career and who later rose to the rank of general of division.[68]
Considerations
As a commander, General Nansouty is reported to have been a man of spirit but also to have had an excessive inclination towards sarcasm, which was damaging to his reputation and made him a number of enemies. His few months spent in Spain in 1808, where he commanded the orderly officers of the Emperor and the aides-de-camp of the senior generals of the
Nansouty's character as a proud and independent commander was apparent throughout his career and his conceitedly assertive nature, quite typical of the great cavalry commanders of the time, led to several clashes with his peers. At least one such incident almost led to a duel with another senior cavalry commander, in front of their men. It occurred on 11 July 1809, a few days after the
Indeed, at times, his sarcasm was directed even at his superiors, with Nansouty clashing with the more senior
His behaviour on campaign can only be described as perfectly honourable and at times humane, a trait which was illustrated during the
Overall as a
Nansouty's battlefield talents were demonstrated through superb charges at Austerlitz, Friedland, Eckmühl, Essling, Borodino, Hanau, Montmirail, Vauchamps or Craonne, thus contributing to some of the most glorious victories of the French Empire and eliciting comparisons with the superb Prussian cavalry commander Friedrich Wilhelm von Seydlitz.[80]
References
- Bourgogne. Despite this, biographers such as Charles A. Thoumas, Charles Mullié and Jean B. Courcelles, as well as contemporary historians such as Jean Tulard, Alfredo Fierro or André Palluel-Guillard state that Nansouty was born in Bordeaux.
- ^ a b Fierro; Palluel-Guillard; Tulard, p. 978
- ^ a b c Thoumas, p. 4.
- ^ a b Courcelles, p. 140.
- ^ a b Thoumas, p. 5
- ^ a b Thoumas, pp. 6–7
- ^ Thoumas, p. 8.
- ^ Thoumas, p. 9.
- ^ Thoumas, pp. 9–10.
- ^ Thoumas, p. 10.
- ^ Thoumas, pp. 11–14
- ^ Thoumas, p. 14.
- ^ a b c Courcelles, p. 141.
- ^ a b Thoumas, pp. 14–15.
- ^ Thoumas, p. 15-16.
- ^ a b Thoumas, p. 16.
- ^ a b Thoumas, p. 17.
- ^ a b c d Thoumas, p. 18.
- ^ a b Smith, p, 253.
- ^ a b Smith, pp. 56–57.
- ^ a b c Thoumas, pp. 18–19.
- ^ a b Thoumas, p. 20.
- ^ Pigeard, Dictionnaire des batailles..., p. 277.
- ^ a b Thoumas, p. 21.
- ^ Garnier, p. 48.
- ^ a b c d Thoumas, p. 22.
- ^ Garnier, pp. 50–51.
- ^ Thoumas, pp. 23–24.
- ^ Garnier, pp. 51–52.
- ^ a b c Thoumas, p. 25-27.
- ^ Pigeard, Dictionnaire de la Grande Armée, p. 368.
- ^ Thoumas, p. 27.
- ^ Tulard, vol. 2, p. 401.
- ^ Gotteri, p. 198.
- ^ Thoumas, pp. 27–28.
- ^ Castle, p. 7.
- ^ Thoumas, pp. 29–30.
- ^ a b c d Pigeard, Dictionnaire des batailles de Napoléon, p. 266.
- ^ Thoumas, pp. 30–31.
- ^ a b c Thoumas, pp. 31–32.
- ^ Thoumas, p. 32.
- ^ a b Thoumas, p. 35.
- ^ Thoumas, p. 36.
- ^ Castle, p. 23.
- ^ a b c Arnold, p. 149.
- ^ Thoumas, pp. 36–37.
- ^ Pigeard, Dictionnaire des batailles..., p. 922.
- ^ Sokolov, pp. 224–225.
- ^ a b c d e Thoumas, p. 37.
- ^ Sokolov, p. 455.
- ^ Naulet, p. 67.
- ^ a b c d Thoumas, p. 38.
- ^ Thoumas, pp. 39–40.
- ^ a b c d Thoumas, pp. 39–41.
- ^ a b Courcelles, p. 143.
- ^ a b c Thoumas, p. 41.
- ^ Pigeard, Dictionnaire des batailles..., p. 252.
- ^ Thoumas, p. 42.
- ^ Mir, p. 12.
- ^ Thoumas, p 43.
- ^ Thoumas, pp. 43–44.
- ^ Mir, pp. 16–17.
- ^ a b c Thoumas, p. 45.
- ^ Thoumas, pp. 46–51.
- ^ a b c d Thoumas, pp. 52–56.
- ^ a b c Courcelles, p. 145.
- ^ Thoumas, p. 56.
- ^ a b c d e f Thoumas, p. 57.
- ^ Courcelles, p. 146.
- ^ Amis et passionnés du Père Lachaise
- ^ Courcelles, p. 139.
- ^ a b GeneaNet
- ^ Thoumas, pp. 28–29.
- ^ Arnold, p. 175.
- ^ a b Thoumas, p. 25.
- ^ Thoumas, p. 39.
- ^ Courcelles, pp. 146–147.
- ^ Thoumas, p. 13.
- ^ Courcelles, p. 147.
- ^ Thoumas, p. 58.
Sources
Biographie des célébrités militaires des armées de terre et de mer de 1789 à 1850: NANSOUTY (Étienne – Antoine – Marie – Champion), comte de
- Arnold, James R.: Napoleon conquers Austria: the 1809 campaign for Vienna, Praeger Publishers, 1995, ISBN 0-275-94694-0
- Castle, Ian: Aspern and Wagram 1809, ISBN 1-85532-366-4
- (in French) Courcelles, Jean-Baptiste-Pierre Jullien de (Chevalier de Courcelles): Dictionnaire historique et biographique des généraux Français depuis le 11ème siècle jusqu'en 1823, 8th volume, L'Auteur, 1823 1
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- (in French) Garnier, Jacques: Friedland, une victoire pour la paix, Éditions Napoléon Ier, 2009
- (in French) Gotteri, Nicole: Grands dignitaires du Premier Empire, NEL, 1990, ISBN 2-7233-0411-6
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- ISBN 0-304-36711-7
- ISBN 1-85367-541-5
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- (in French) Thoumas, Charles A.: Les grands cavaliers du Premier Empire, Série II, Ellibron Classics, 2006, ISBN 0-543-96047-1 [1]
- (in French) Tulard, Jean: Dictionnaire Napoléon; Librairie Artème Fayard, 1999, ISBN 2-213-60485-1