Šeri and Ḫurri
Šeri and Ḫurri | |
---|---|
Pair of divine bulls | |
Affiliation | Court of Šapinuwa. Assur |
Šeri and Ḫurri were a pair of
Names
Šeri and Ḫurri almost always occur as a pair in known texts.[1] In oldest sources, the spellings of the names were Šēriš (or Šerriš) and Ḫurra, but later the forms Šeri (Šerri) and Ḫurri predominate.[2] In Emar, the forms Hurraš and Šeliš are attested.[3] A number of unique variants have also been identified in Neo-Assyrian sources, for example Ermiš and Ḫurmiš.[4] While accepted in early scholarship, the view that an Ugaritic form of Šeri's name (written as ṯr in the local alphabetic script) is also attested is now agreed to be a mistake caused by incorrect reading of the word šarri.[5] In standard syllabic cuneiform both names could be written with one of two determinatives, dingir or gud.[1]
It has been proposed that the names of Šeri and Ḫurri might be translated as, respectively, "morning"/"day" and "evening"/"night".
Character and iconography
Šeri and Ḫurri were regarded as benevolent deities, and in a single text they are jointly referred to with the epithet šinurḫina, "the two righteous ones".[9] A lexical list from Emar equates this term with the Sumerian word maštabba, "twins", which was used to designate pairs of apotropaic figures.[10] Šeri is also at times attested on his own as a deity capable of mediating between petitioners and his master, but no known sources assign any individual characteristics to Ḫurri.[11]
In known texts Šeri and Ḫurri are consistently described as
Worship
Šeri and Ḫurri commonly appear in Hurrian religious texts, such as offering lists and oaths.
Hittite reception
Šeri and Ḫurri were incorporated into the pantheon of the
A ritual text from Emar which mentions Šeri and Ḫurri alongside deities such as Allani, Mušītu (deified night), Ḫazzi and Namni, while written in the local dialect of Akkadian, is presumed to be based on a Hurro-Hittite original.[3]
Mesopotamian reception
In Both
In Babylonia, Šeri appears in Akkadian theophoric names from the Middle Babylonian period, such as Bāna-ša-Šēriš.[12] He is also mentioned alongside Māgiru ("obedient") as one of the two bulls of Adad in the god list An = Anum (tablet III, lines 233–234), but according to Wilfred G. Lambert, the presence of the latter deity in place of Ḫurri is unusual, and elsewhere in the same list this deity instead occurs as the "herald" (gu-za-lá) of Akkil, the temple of Ninshubur (tablet I, line 255).[32] Daniel Schwemer considers this entry to be a possible scribal mistake, and similarly notes Ḫurri in theory would be expected to appear after Šeri.[33]
Volkert Haas interpreted the deity Šerum as an Akkadianized form of Šeri,[7] but according to Daniel Schwemer these two theonyms are not related to each other.[4]
Whether any connection existed between Šeri, Ḫurri or any other deities associated with Teššub (for example Tilla or Šarruma) and Būru, a divine bull calf attested as a subordinate of Adad in Aramaic sources from the Neo-Assyrian and Late Babylonian periods, remains unknown.[21]
Mythology
In the
In the Song of Ullikummi, when Teššub decides to fight the eponymous stone giant, he orders his brother Tašmišu to anoint the horns of Šeri after bringing the bull from his pasture.[37][38] The second bull is referred to as Tilla in this myth.[16] Piotr Taracha assumes that this deity was a counterpart of Ḫurri in a tradition originating in the eastern part of the area inhabited by the Hurrians.[39] However, Tilla is best attested as an independent god in texts from Nuzi,[16] and there is no other evidence in favor of interpreting him as a divine bull.[40]
References
- ^ a b c d Haas 1972, p. 506.
- ^ Schwemer 2001, p. 479.
- ^ a b Archi 2014, p. 154.
- ^ a b c Schwemer 2001, p. 482.
- ^ a b c d Haas 1972, p. 507.
- ^ Krebernik 2016, p. 354.
- ^ a b Haas 2015, p. 319.
- ^ a b Schwemer 2001, p. 478.
- ^ Haas 2015, p. 471.
- ^ Haas 2015, pp. 471–472.
- ^ Schwemer 2008, pp. 6–7.
- ^ a b c d Schwemer 2001, p. 481.
- ^ Taracha 2009, p. 73.
- ^ Taracha 2009, p. 108.
- ^ Archi 2013, p. 12.
- ^ a b c Schwemer 2008, p. 6.
- ^ Taracha 2009, p. 94.
- ^ Wiggermann 1992, p. 178.
- ^ a b Wiggermann 1992, pp. 178–179.
- ^ Taracha 2009, p. 95.
- ^ a b Schwemer 2008, p. 7.
- ^ Wilhelm 1998, p. 124.
- ^ Schwemer 2008, p. 22.
- ^ Schwemer 2001, p. 480.
- ^ Taracha 2009, p. 143.
- ^ Schwemer 2001, pp. 480–481.
- ^ Taracha 2009, p. 97.
- ^ Haas 2015, p. 541.
- ^ Schwemer 2008, p. 4.
- ^ Pongratz-Leisten 2011, p. 115.
- ^ Shibata 2009, p. 38.
- ^ Lambert 1987, p. 255.
- ^ Schwemer 2001, p. 70.
- ^ Hoffner 1998, pp. 40–41.
- ^ Hoffner 1998, p. 45.
- ^ Hoffner 1998, p. 77.
- ^ Hoffner 1998, p. 61.
- ^ Haas 2015, p. 91.
- ^ Taracha 2009, p. 120.
- ^ Schwemer 2001, p. 483.
Bibliography
- Archi, Alfonso (2013). "The West Hurrian Pantheon and Its Background". In Collins, B. J.; Michalowski, P. (eds.). Beyond Hatti: a tribute to Gary Beckman. Atlanta: Lockwood Press. OCLC 882106763.
- Archi, Alfonso (2014). "Aštata: A Case of Hittite Imperial Religious Policy". Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions. 14 (2). Brill: 141–163. ISSN 1569-2116.
- Haas, Volkert (1972), "Ḫurri, Šeri und", Reallexikon der Assyriologie (in German), retrieved 2023-01-03
- Haas, Volkert (2015) [1994]. Geschichte der hethitischen Religion. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1: The Near and Middle East (in German). Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-29394-6. Retrieved 2023-01-03.
- Hoffner, Harry (1998). Hittite myths. Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press. OCLC 39455874.
- Krebernik, Manfred (2016), "Zwillingsgottheiten", Reallexikon der Assyriologie (in German), retrieved 2023-01-03
- Lambert, Wilfred G. (1987), "Māgiru", Reallexikon der Assyriologie, retrieved 2023-01-03
- Pongratz-Leisten, Beate (2011). "Assyrian Royal Discourse between Local and Imperial tradition at the Hābūr". Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale. 105. Presses Universitaires de France: 109–128. JSTOR 42580243. Retrieved 2023-01-03.
- Schwemer, Daniel (2001). Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens im Zeitalter der Keilschriftkulturen: Materialien und Studien nach den schriftlichen Quellen (in German). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. OCLC 48145544.
- Schwemer, Daniel (2008). "The Storm-Gods of the Ancient Near East: Summary, Synthesis, Recent Studies: Part II" (PDF). Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions. 8 (1). Brill: 1–44. ISSN 1569-2116.
- Shibata, Daisuke (2009). "An Old Babylonian manuscript of the Weidner god-list from Tell Taban". Iraq. 71. Cambridge University Press (CUP): 33–42. S2CID 192701412.
- Taracha, Piotr (2009). Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia. Dresdner Beiträge zur Hethitologie. Vol. 27. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3447058858.
- Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (1992). Mesopotamian protective spirits: the ritual texts. Groningen: STYX & PP Publications. OCLC 27914917.
- Wilhelm, Gernot (1998), "Name, Namengebung D. Bei den Hurritern", Reallexikon der Assyriologie (in German), retrieved 2023-01-04