Malatya
Malatya | ||
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City | ||
Licence plate 44 | | |
Website | www.malatya.gov.tr |
Malatya (
In Hittite, melid or milit means "honey", offering a possible etymology for the name, which was mentioned in the contemporary sources of the time under several variations (e.g., Hittite: Malidiya[3] and possibly also Midduwa;[4] Akkadian: Meliddu;[5] Urar̩tian: Meliṭeia[5]).
Strabo says that the city was known "to the ancients"[6] as Melitene (Greek: Μελιτηνή, Melitēnḗ), a name adopted by the Romans following Roman expansion into the east. According to Strabo, the inhabitants of Melitene shared with the nearby Cappadocians and Cataonians the same language and culture.
The site of ancient Melitene lies a few kilometres from the modern city in what is now the village of
In February 2023, the city suffered huge damage as a result of the
History
Arslantepe
History and archaeology
Arslantepe has been inhabited since the development of agriculture in the Fertile Crescent, nearly 6,000 years ago. From the Bronze Age, the site became an administrative center of a larger region in the kingdom of Isuwa. The city was heavily fortified. The Hittites conquered the city in the fourteenth century BC. In the Hittite language, melid or milit means "honey." The name was mentioned in the contemporary sources under several variations (e.g., Hittite: Malidiya[3] and possibly also Midduwa;[4] Akkadian: Meliddu;[5] Urar̩tian: Meliṭeia[5]).
After the end of the Hittite Empire, the city became the center of the
According to
The
From the 6th century BCE, Melid was ruled by the Armenian
Archaeological exploration
Archeologists first began to excavate the site of Arslantepe in the 1930s, led by French archaeologist Louis Delaporte. Since 1961 an Italian team of archaeologists, led by Marcella Frangipane in the early 21st century, has been working at the site.[citation needed]</ref>
Hellenistic and Roman Melitene
Diodorus Siculus wrote that Ptolemaeus of Commagene attacked and captured Melitene from the Kingdom of Cappadocia, but could not keep it for long since Ariarathes V of Cappadocia marched against him with a strong army, and Ptolemaeus withdrew.[10] The Kingdom of Cappadocia, ruled by the House of Ariobarzanes (95–36 BC),[11] became a Roman client in 63 BC.[12] After the Kingdom's annexation by the Roman Empire in AD 17, the settlement was re-established as Melitene in AD 72 on a different site, as the base camp of Legio XII Fulminata[13] (which continued to be based there until at least the early 5th century according to Notitia Dignitatum). The legionary base of Melitene controlled access to southern Armenia and the upper Tigris. It was the end point of the important highway running east from Caesarea (modern Kayseri). The camp attracted a civilian population and was probably granted city status by Trajan in the early 2nd century,[13] with the rank of municipium.[14] It is known for being a prolific source of imperial coins minted from the 3rd to the early 5th centuries.
Procopius wrote admiringly of the temples, agoras and theatres of Melitene, but no evidence of them now remains. It was a major center in the province of Armenia Minor (Armenian: Փոքր Հայք Pokr Hayk,[15]) created by Diocletian from territory separated from the province of Cappadocia.
Byzantines to Ottomans (4th-16th century)
First Byzantine period
In 392, emperor
During the reign of the Emperor Justinian I (527–565), administrative reforms were carried out in this region: The province of Second Armenia was renamed Third Armenia (Armenia Tertia), with its territory unchanged and its capital still at Melitene.[17][18] Melitene's city walls were constructed in the 6th century by the emperors Anastasius and Justinian. Those that still stand mostly date from the Arab period, perhaps of the 8th century, though retaining the layout of and some remnants from earlier building phases.[19]
Arab rule (638-934)
The city was captured by the Rashidun Caliphate in 638. It then became a base for their raids deeper into the Byzantine Empire, a policy continued by the Abbasids. In the 9th century, under its semi-independent emir Umar al-Aqta, Malatya rose to become a major opponent of the Byzantine Empire until Umar was defeated and killed at the Battle of Lalakaon in 863. The Byzantines attacked the city many times, but did not finally take it until 934.[20]
Second Byzantine period (934-1058)
The campaigns of John Kourkouas in 927–934 brought Melitene back into the Byzantine Empire. After successively accepting and renouncing vassal status, the city was finally taken in May 934, its Muslim inhabitants driven out or forced to convert, and replaced by Greek and Armenian settlers.[20]
The West
Armenians, Seljuks, Crusaders, Mongols and Mamluks
The city was attacked and devastated by the
In the period that followed the
The Danishmends took over Malatya one year later, in 1101 (see Battle of Melitene). With the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate based in Konya taking over the Beylik of Danishmend in the late 12th century, Malatya became part of their realm. Under Danishmend and Seljuk rule, Malatya became a centre of knowledge as many Persian and Arabic scholars took residence in the city. The Seljuk Sultanate also undertook an extensive development of the city.[25]
After being ruled by the
Ottoman rule (1516-1922)
The city was captured by the Ottoman army led by Yavuz Sultan Selim on 28 July 1516 and remained under Ottoman rule until the establishment of the Republic of Turkey. Under the Ottomans, the city lost the quality of being on the frontiers, as well as the allure it held in the Middle Ages. It was plagued between the 16th and 18th centuries by successive rebellions.[25]
Modern period
The current city of Malatya was founded in 1838, with the old site of Militene now designated as Old Malatya.[26] The reason behind the displacement of the city center was that the Ottoman army settled and stayed, probably by seizing from its settlers, in the previous city center, in the winter of 1838–39, before taking the road for Battle of Nezib[clarification needed] in 1849. Because of this, citizens of the Malatya established the new city based on a near town called Aspuzu.[27] The city saw rapid expansion in the 19th century, and by the end of the century it had around 5000 households, 50 mosques, six madrasas, nine inns and five Turkish baths. Ottoman sources also recorded ten churches. In 1889 and 1890, Malatya was struck by two large fires that destroyed thousands of shops. The city was then hit by the 1893 Malatya earthquake, which killed 1300, destroying 1200 houses and four mosques. A cholera outbreak that subsequently took place in 1893 killed 896 people. The destroyed buildings were rebuilt in 1894.[25]
Malatya was the scene of anti-Armenian violence during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. During the
According to the 1913 In the early Republican era, Malatya became the centre of Malatya Province and enjoyed a substantial growth in terms of population as well as covered area.[32] This development was further accelerated by the construction of the Adana-Fevzipaşa-Malatya railroad in 1931, and a few years later in 1937, by the construction of the Sivas-Malatya railroad.[32]
Until recently the city was home to departments of the Turkish Aeronautical Association, Turkish Hearths, and Turkish Red Crescent. In 2014 Malatya became a metropolitan municipality in Turkey, alongside 12 other cities, by a Turkish governmental law that was passed in 2012.[33] Following the 2014 Turkish local elections the new municipality officially took office. Today the city is generally considered to be a notable trade and industrial hub, as well as a cultural centre point thanks to the İnönü University that was established on 28 January 1975.[34]
Demographics
According to German geographers Georg Hassel and Adam Christian Gaspari, Malatya was composed of 1200 to 1500 houses in early 19th century, inhabited by Ottomans, Turkmens, Armenians, and Greeks.[35] William Harrison Ainsworth visited the city of Malatya in 1837, noting a population of 8,000 Muslims, chiefly Turkomans, and 3,000 Armenians.[36]
Climate
Malatya has a
Climate data for Malatya (1991–2020, extremes 1929–2022) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 15.4 (59.7) |
20.3 (68.5) |
27.2 (81.0) |
33.7 (92.7) |
36.3 (97.3) |
40.0 (104.0) |
42.5 (108.5) |
42.7 (108.9) |
39.6 (103.3) |
34.4 (93.9) |
25.0 (77.0) |
18.0 (64.4) |
42.7 (108.9) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 4.5 (40.1) |
6.9 (44.4) |
13.0 (55.4) |
19.0 (66.2) |
24.6 (76.3) |
30.6 (87.1) |
34.9 (94.8) |
34.8 (94.6) |
29.8 (85.6) |
22.3 (72.1) |
12.9 (55.2) |
6.0 (42.8) |
19.9 (67.8) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 0.8 (33.4) |
2.4 (36.3) |
7.7 (45.9) |
13.2 (55.8) |
18.2 (64.8) |
23.7 (74.7) |
27.8 (82.0) |
27.8 (82.0) |
23.0 (73.4) |
16.2 (61.2) |
8.0 (46.4) |
2.5 (36.5) |
14.3 (57.7) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −2.1 (28.2) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
3.0 (37.4) |
7.7 (45.9) |
12.2 (54.0) |
16.9 (62.4) |
20.7 (69.3) |
20.9 (69.6) |
16.4 (61.5) |
10.8 (51.4) |
4.0 (39.2) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
9.1 (48.4) |
Record low °C (°F) | −19.5 (−3.1) |
−21.2 (−6.2) |
−13.9 (7.0) |
−6.6 (20.1) |
0.1 (32.2) |
4.9 (40.8) |
10.0 (50.0) |
9.3 (48.7) |
3.2 (37.8) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
−12.0 (10.4) |
−22.2 (−8.0) |
−22.2 (−8.0) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 40.6 (1.60) |
41.5 (1.63) |
43.3 (1.70) |
49.5 (1.95) |
45.0 (1.77) |
13.6 (0.54) |
4.6 (0.18) |
3.3 (0.13) |
10.8 (0.43) |
35.1 (1.38) |
37.4 (1.47) |
41.1 (1.62) |
365.8 (14.40) |
Average precipitation days | 8.80 | 8.43 | 9.43 | 9.67 | 9.23 | 3.93 | 1.10 | 1.00 | 2.40 | 6.80 | 6.93 | 8.30 | 76.0 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 111.6 | 130.0 | 180.0 | 217.0 | 275.9 | 327.0 | 365.8 | 350.3 | 303.0 | 232.5 | 162.0 | 102.3 | 2,757.4 |
Mean daily sunshine hours | 3.6 | 4.6 | 6.0 | 7.0 | 8.9 | 10.9 | 11.8 | 11.3 | 10.1 | 7.5 | 5.4 | 3.3 | 7.5 |
Source: Turkish State Meteorological Service[37] |
Economy
The economy of the city of Malatya is dominated by agriculture, textile manufacturing, and construction. As with the general province, apricot production is important for subsistence in the central district. Malatya is the world leader in apricot production.[38] The city has two organized industrial zones, where the chief industry is textile.[39]
Historically, Malatya produced
Culture
Cuisine
The Malatya region is known for its apricot orchards. About 50% of the fresh apricot production and 95% of the dried apricot production in Turkey, the world's leading apricot producer, is provided by Malatya.[41] Overall, about 10–15% of the worldwide crop of fresh apricots, and about 65–80% of the worldwide production of dried apricots comes out of Malatya. Malatya apricots are often sun-dried by family-run orchards using traditional methods before export.
Festivals
Malatya Fair and Apricot Festivities has been held since 1978, every year in July, to promote Malatya and apricots and to convene the producers to meet one another. During the festivities, sports activities, concerts and apricot contests are organized.
Near the Apricot Festivities, there are other annual activities in summer. Cherry Festivities at Yeşilyurt District of Malatya and Grape Festivities at Arapgir District are organized annually.
Sports
Malatya's initial team is Malatyaspor whose colors are red and yellow. Malatyaspor competes in Malatya First Amateur League. Malatyaspor plays their home games in Malatya İnönü Stadium in the city's center. Malatya's other team is Yeni Malatyaspor (formerly Malatya Belediyespor) whose colors are black and yellow (formerly green and orange). They compete in Süper Lig.
Administration and politics
Malatya is administered by a
Education
İnönü University, one of the largest universities in eastern Turkey, is in Malatya. It was established on 28 January 1975 and has three institutions and nine faculties, with more than 2,500 faculty and 20,000 students. Its larger campus is in the eastern part of Malatya.
There are 162 high schools and some of the well-known, national high school entrance examination-based high schools in Malatya are;
and Malatya Anatolian High School.Landmarks
Transportation
By its relative advance in
Construction of a trolleybus line was under way in 2013,[45] and the line opened in March 2015,[46] operating under the name Trambus. It serves a route that is around 21.5 km (13.4 mi) in length and connects Maşti bus station (Maşti Otogar), in the west, with İnönü University (İnönü Üniversitesi), in the east.[47]
Malatya's airport,
Sister cities
Notes
- ^ "Malatya". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
- ^ Dr Abdulla Ghafor (2000). Kurdistan: Dabeshî Kargêrî Terrîtorî 1927-1997. Stockholm.
- ^ a b c "Melid". Reallexikon der Assyriologie. Accessed 12 Dec 2010.
- ^ a b KBo V 8 IV 18. Op. cit. Puhvel, Jaan. Trends in Linguistics: Hittite Etymological Dictionary: Vol. 6: Words Beginning with M. Walter de Gruyter, 2004. Accessed 12 Dec 2010.
- ^ a b c d Hawkins, John D. (2000). Corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions. Vol. 1: Inscriptions of the Iron Age. Walter de Gruyter.
- ^ Strabo Geographica, Translated from the Greek text by W. Falconer (London, 1903); Book XII, Chapter I
- ^ "Malatyalılar İstanbul'da Yürüdü". malatyaguncel.com (in Turkish). Malatya Güncel Haber. 11 July 2009. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
- ^ John A. C. Greppin and I. M. Diakonoff. Some Effects of the Hurro-Urartian People and Their Languages upon the Earliest Armenians Journal of the American Oriental Society Vol. 111, No. 4 (Oct. - Dec., 1991), p. 727.
- ^ T. A. Sinclair, "Eastern Turkey, an Architectural and Archaeological Survey", volume 3, page 14.
- ^ Diodorus Siculus, Library, 31.22.1
- ^ Encyclopedia Iranica, Retrieved on 04 May 2015.
- ISBN 978-0415243575.
- ^ a b T. A. Sinclair, "Eastern Turkey, an Architectural and Archaeological Survey", volume 3, page 3.
- ^ Cambridge Ancient History 11 – The High Empire, p. 609
- ^ Adontz, Nicolas (1970). The Reform of Justinian Armenia. Lisbon: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation. p. 311.
- ISBN 978-0-226-33228-4.
- ISBN 978-0-226-33228-4.
- ^ Adontz, Nicholas (1970). Armenia in the Period of Justinian: The Political Conditions Based on the Naxarar System. Trans. Nina G. Garsoïan. Lisbon: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation. p. 134.
- ^ Timothy Mitford, "The Roman Frontier on the Upper Euphrates", pp. 260-261, in "Ancient Anatolia – 50 Years Work by the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara".
- ^ ISBN 0-520-20497-2.
- ^ Michael the Syrian, Chronicle, iii. 497
- ^ Vryonis, Speros (1971). The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 53.
- ISBN 978-0-19-925246-6.
- Thomas Keightley(2004). The Crusaders or, Scenes, Events, and Characters, from the Times of the Crusades. Adamant Media Corporation.
- ^ a b c d "Malatya". İslâm Ansiklopedisi. Vol. 27. Türk Diyanet Vakfı. 2003. pp. 468–473.
- ^ Britannica. 15th Edition (1982), Vol. 7, p. 526
- ^ "Battalgazi". www.malatya.gov.tr. Retrieved 2021-01-10.
- ISBN 978-0857730206.
- ISBN 0-06-055870-9.
- ^ Vailhé, Siméon (1911). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 10. .
- ISBN 978-0691153339.
- ^ a b Göknur Göğebakan. "MALATYA" (in Turkish). İslâm Ansiklopedisi 'Islamic Encyclopedia'. p. 473. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
- ^ "Art no 6360" (in Turkish). Resmî Gazete. 6 December 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
- ^ Metin Tuncel. "MALATYA" (in Turkish). İslâm Ansiklopedisi [Islamic Encyclopedia]. p. 474. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
- ^ Gaspari, Adam Christian; Hassel, Johann Georg H. (1821). Vollständiges Handbuch der neuesten Erdbeschreibung, von A.C. Gaspari, G. Hassel und J.G.F. Cannabich (J.C.F. Gutsmuths, F.A. Ukert). p. 209. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
Sie hat 1,200 bis 1,500 Häuser, und wird von Osmanen, Turkmanen, Armeniern und Griechen bewohnt.
- ^ Ainsworth, William Harrison (1842). Travels and Researches in Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, Chaldea, and Armenia, Volume 1. London: John W. Parker. p. 256. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
- ^ "Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)" (in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
- ^ Karakaş, Güngör (2017). "Apricot_Production_and_Marketing_Problems_The_Case_of_Malatya_Province". İç Anadolu Bölgesi 3. Tarım ve Gıda Kongresi (26-28 Ekim 2017) – via ResearchGate.
- ^ "Malatya Ticaret ve Sanayi Odası Stratejik Planı (2014–17)" (PDF). Malatya Chamber of Commerce and Industry. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
- ^ Prothero, W.G. (1920). Armenia and Kurdistan. London: H.M. Stationery Office. p. 62.
- .
- ^ "Hangi İlçenin Sakini Olduk?". Malatya Haber. 27 December 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
- ^ "Malatya". Milliyet. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
- ^ "Malatya Kasım 2015 Genel Seçimi Sonuçları". Yeni Şafak. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
- ^ Trolleybus Magazine No. 314 (March–April 2014), p. 54. National Trolleybus Association (UK). ISSN 0266-7452.
- ^ Trolleybus Magazine No. 321 (May–June 2015), p. 90.
- ^ Trolleybus Magazine No. 328 (July–August 2016), p. 124.
Further reading
- Başgelen, Nezih. Malatya: Bir zamanlar (Malatya: Once upon a time). Ankara, 1998. (in Turkish)
- (in Armenian) Alboyajian, Arshag. Պատմութիւն Մալաթիոյ հայոց (The History of Armenian Malatya). Beirut, 1961.
External links
- Malatya Sivil Toplum Örgütleri Birliği Malatya Sivil Toplum Örgütleri Birliği
- Malatya NetHaber Malatya NetHABER
- Malatya Haber Ajansı Malatya Haberleri
- Malatyam.com Malatya Haber Portalı – Malatya'nın Güncel Haberleri
- Malatya Sonsöz gazetesi Malatya Haberleri
- Malatya Oto Kiralama Malatya Oto Kiralama
- Malatya Haber Archived 2022-12-02 at the Wayback Machine Malatya Haber