Urkesh

Coordinates: 37°3′25″N 40°59′50″E / 37.05694°N 40.99722°E / 37.05694; 40.99722
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Urkesh
View of Tell Mozan from the north.
Urkesh is located in Syria
Urkesh
Shown within Syria
Urkesh is located in Near East
Urkesh
Urkesh (Near East)
Alternative nameTell Mozan
LocationAl-Hasakah Governorate, Syria
RegionTaurus Mountains
Coordinates37°3′25″N 40°59′50″E / 37.05694°N 40.99722°E / 37.05694; 40.99722
TypeSettlement
History
Founded4th millennium BC
Abandoned1350 BC
Site notes
ConditionIn ruins

Urkesh, also transliterated Urkish (

fourth millennium BC, possibly by the Hurrians, on a site which appears to have been inhabited previously for a few centuries. The city god of Urkesh was Kumarbi, father of Teshup.[1]

Geography

There are other contemporary ancient sites in this area of upper Khabur River basin. For example, Chagar Bazar is 22 km south of Mozan. Tell Arbid is located 45 km south of Tell Mozan. Tell Brak is about 50 km to the south.

Tell Leilan is located about 50 km to the east of Urkesh. Leilan, Brak and Urkesh were particularly prominent during the Akkadian period.[2]

History

Urkesh is the only third millennium site that can be securely associated with the Hurrians.[3] Throughout the Bronze Age, the city was a major Hurrian center.[4] Seal inscriptions give evidence for a city ruler with the Hurrian name of Tupkish, and his queen with the Akkadian name of Uqnitum. Tupkish, who ruled during the ascendancy of the Akkadian Empire, assumed the title of "king of Urkesh and Nagar".[5] The king was known by the title of endan, meaning king in Hurrian.

Urkesh was an ally of the

second millennium BC the city passed into the hands of the rulers of Mari, a city a few hundred miles to the south. The king of Urkesh became a vassal (and apparently an appointee) of Mari. The people of Urkesh evidently resented this, as the royal archives at Mari provide evidence of their strong resistance; in one letter, the king of Mari tells his Urkesh counterpart that "I did not know that the sons of your city hate you on my account. But you are mine, even if the city of Urkesh is not." In the middle of the millennium, Tell Mozan was the location of a Mitanni religious site.[6] The city appears to have been largely abandoned circa 1350 BC, although the reason for this is unknown to archaeologists at this time.[7]

Archaeology

The Louvre lion and accompanying stone tablet bearing the earliest known text in Hurrian

The entire site covers around 135 hectares (330 acres), mostly made up of the outer city. The high mound covers about 18 hectares (44 acres) and rises to a height of 25 metres (82 ft), with 5 sub-mounds. The high mound is surrounded by a mudbrick city wall that was roughly 8 metres (26 ft) wide and 7 metres (23 ft) high.[8]

Important excavated structures include the royal palace of Tupkish, an associated necromantic underground structure (Abi), a monumental temple terrace with a plaza in front and a temple at the top, residential areas, burial areas, and the inner and outer city walls.[9][10]

Soundings at the site were first made by

UCLA and Marilyn Kelly-Buccellati of California State University, Los Angeles.[13][14][15][16][17]
The 2007 season was primarily dedicated to working on publication material, primarily excavation units A16, J1, J3 and J4. A small sounding was done in J1 to clarify the transition between Mittani and Khabur. The excavations have been assisted at various times by other groups including the German Archaeological Institute.

The excavations at Tell Mozan are known for the project's interest in pursuing the uses of technology in an archaeological context. The main focus is on the 'Global Record', a method of documentation that combines journal entries into a hypertext based output. This system marries the advantages of both the database and prose type approaches, in that elements are individually linked across both stratigraphy and typology, and yet remain tied in a more synthetic whole through the narrative of the archaeological record. Another focal point of research at the site is the application of conservation.[18]

Ishtar destroy the seeds of whoever removes this tablet. Shaum-shen is the craftsman."[19]

The mud brick architecture which comprises the majority of the structures found to date has been preserved over the years though an innovative system. This system protects the monument while still allowing a detailed inspection of the primary document as originally unearthed. The same system affords an overview of the architectural volumes as perceived by the ancients. A sizeable lab in the field research facility allows the conservators to give the best possible on-site care while interacting with the excavations.

Special emphasis is placed on documenting the concrete types of contact which are observed in the ground. This is done with great detail at the level of each individual feature. From this evidence is automatically derived a complete depositional history of all elements in contact. The strata are conceived as segments of this continuum in which a single depositional moment can be reconstructed. The phases are periods that are culturally identifiable on the basis of typological and functional analysis. Horizons are the broad chronological subdivisions based on comparative material and as they can be linked to the general historical understanding.

One of the most important fixed points of reference for chronology are impressions on door sealings of the seal of Tar'am-Agade, the daughter of Naram-Sin, which because of stratigraphy can be firmly linked to phase 3 of the AP palace occupation.[20]

Finds from the excavations at Tell Mozan are on display in the Deir ez-Zor Museum.[21]

Syrian Civil War 2015-present

Excavations are on hold during the

Syrian Civil War since 2011. The site lies close to the Turkish border, and is protected by Kurdish troops and a team of local workers.[22]

Kings of Urkesh

The kings of the city were known by the title of endan, meaning king in Hurrian.[23] The known kings of Urkesh include:

  • Tupkish (c. 2250 BC)
  • Tish-atal (date unknown)
  • Shatar-mat (date unknown)
  • Atal-shen (date unknown)
  • Te'irru (c. 1800 BC)

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Buccellati, Giorgio, and Marilyn Kelly-Buccellati. “Urkesh: The First Hurrian Capital.” The Biblical Archaeologist, vol. 60, no. 2, 1997, pp. 77–96
  2. ^ Margreet L. Steiner, Ann E. Killebrew, The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant: C. 8000-332 BCE. OUP Oxford, 2014 p398
  3. ^ Marilyn Kelly- Buccellati. Andirons at Urkesh: New Evidence for the Hurrian Identity of the Early Trans-Caucasian Culture. (2004) [1]
  4. ISBN 9781134159086
    .
  5. ISBN 9781134159086
    .
  6. ^ [2] Kelly-Buccellati, Marilyn. "The Urkesh Mittani Horizon: Ceramic Evidence." talugaeš witteš (2020): 237-256
  7. ^ [3] Giorgio Buccellati and Marilyn Kelly‐Buccellati, Tell Mozan - ancient Urkesh. A visitor’s guide., 2007
  8. ISBN 0-918986-57-5
    .
  9. JSTOR 41668230
    .
  10. ISBN 1-934309-22-2
  11. ISBN 1-58579-010-9
  12. ISSN 0362-4331
    . Retrieved 2015-06-06.
  13. ISBN 0-89003-195-9
  14. ISBN 0-89003-276-9
  15. ^ Giorgio Buccellati and Marilyn Kelly-Buccellati, The Seventh Season of Excavations at Tell Mozan, 1992, Chronique Archéologique en Syrie, vol. 1, pp. 79-84, 1997
  16. ^ Giorgio Buccellati and Marilyn Kelly Buccellati, Preliminary Report on the 21th Season of Excavations at Tell Mozan-Urkesh (July–September 2008), Chronique Archéologique en Syrie IV, pp. 127-132, 2010
  17. ^ Giorgio Buccellati et al, Preliminary Report on the 22nd Season of Excavations at Tell Mozan-Urkesh (July–October 2009), Chronique Archéologique en Syrie V, pp. 107-116,2011
  18. ^ Buccellati, G. and S. Bonetti, Conservation at the core of archaeological strategy. The case of ancient Urkesh at Tell Mozan., The Getty Conservation Institute Newsletter, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 18-21, 2003
  19. ^ "Royal inscriptions". urkesh.org.
  20. ^ [4] Tar'am-Agade, Daughter of Naram-Sin, at Urkesh, Buccellati, Giorgio and Marilyn Kelly-Buccellati, in Of Pots and Plans. Papers on the Archaeology and History of Mesopotamia and Syria presented to David oates in Honour of his 75th Birthday, London: Nabu Publications, 2002
  21. OCLC 638775287
    .
  22. ^ Lawler, Andrew (June 4, 2015). "Saving an Ancient 'Lost' City in War-torn Syria". National Geographic News. Archived from the original on June 7, 2015. Retrieved 2015-06-06.
  23. ISBN 9781134159086
    .

Further reading

External links

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