360s BC
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This article concerns the period 369 BC – 360 BC
Events
369 BC
By place
Greece
- After driving off the .
- helotpopulation.
- On returning to Thebes, Epaminondas is put on trial by his political enemies who charge that he has retained his command longer than constitutionally permitted. While this charge is considered to be true, Epaminondas persuades the Thebans that this has been necessary to protect Thebes and its allies and reduce the power of Sparta. As a result, the charges against him are dropped.
- In a search for a balance of power against the now powerful Thebes, Athens responds to an appeal for help from Sparta and allies itself with its traditional enemy.
- On the death of the Macedonian King Amyntas III, his eldest son Alexander II becomes king. The young king is simultaneously faced with an Illyrian invasion from the north-west and an attack from the east by the pretender of the Macedonian throne, Pausanias (who quickly captures several cities and threatens the queen mother, Eurydice). Alexander defeats his enemies with the help of the Athenian general Iphicrates, who has been sailing along the Macedonian coast on the way to recapture Amphipolis.
- Alexander of Pherae becomes tyrant of Thessaly following the death of his father. Alexander's tyranny causes the Aleuadae of Larissa to seek the help of Alexander II of Macedon. Alexander II successfully gains control of Larissa and several other cities but, betraying a promise he has made, put garrisons in them. This provokes a hostile reaction from Thebes. The Theban general Pelopidas drives the Macedonians from Thessaly.
- Pelopidas forces Alexander to abandon his alliance with Athens in favour of Thebes by threatening to support Alexander's brother-in-law, Ptolemy of Aloros. As part of this new alliance, Alexander is compelled to hand over hostages, including his younger brother Philip, the future conqueror of Greece.
- Agiad king of Sparta.
368 BC
By place
Greece
- While the previous year's intervention by the Macedonians in Thessaly is successful, after the Macedonian troops withdraw, Alexander of Pherae treats his subjects as cruelly as before. So the Thessalians seek Thebes' support. Pelopidasis sent to their assistance, but is treacherously seized and imprisoned.
- In response, Epaminondas is reinstated in command of Theban troops and leads the Theban army into Thessaly, where he outmanoeuvres the Thessalians and secures the release of Pelopidas without a fight.
- At the instigation of Alexander's brother-in-law, Ptolemy of Aloros, Perdiccas III becomes the next king, he is under age, and Ptolemy is appointed regent.
China
- Zhou Dynasty of China.
By topic
Philosophy
- Plato's Republic is completed. It lays down the rules for an ideal, righteous society and suggests that kings ought to be philosophers (or at least taught by philosophers).
367 BC
By place
Greece
- The Peloponnesus, but this time achieves little beyond winning Sicyonover to an alliance with Thebes. When he returns to Thebes, he is again put on trial, and again acquitted.
- Arcadians.
- Theban leader Pelopidas goes on an embassy to the Persian king Artaxerxes II and induces him to propose a settlement of the Greek states' disputes according to the wishes of the Thebans. Artaxerxes II issues an edict consisting of peace terms for the Greeks, but his edict is not obeyed by any of the Greek states.
- Plato's Academy.[1]
Sicily
- Dion, brother-in-law of the elder Dionysius, assumes control and persuades Plato, whose friendship he has acquired, to train the new tyrant in the practical application of his philosophical principles.
- Dionysius II makes peace with Carthage on the same terms established after his father's defeat by Carthage in the previous decade.
Roman Republic
- During the ten-year period that consulship to the plebs, requires a plebeian consul seat, limits the amount of public land that one person can hold, and regulates debts. The patricians oppose these laws, though they are now finally passed and take effect from 366 BC.
- The temple to Forum Romanum in Rome is built by Marcus Furius Camillus.
By topic
Philosophy
366 BC
By place
Persian Empire
- In Persia, a number of satraps of King Artaxerxes II begin a revolt, in alliance with Athens, Sparta, and Egypt, that lasts until 358 BC.
Greece
- Kos on the island of Kos in the Aegean Sea.
- oligarchies, and bind their cities ever more closely to Sparta.
- Thebes makes peace with Sparta and then turns its attention on Athens, which is trying to revive its maritime empire and is interfering in Macedoniandynastic quarrels.
- Thebes captures the city of Oropus.
Sicily
- The experiment by , in the practical application of Plato's philosophical principles fails and Dion and Plato are banished from Syracuse.
Roman Republic
- The use of military tribunes with consular power is abandoned permanently and the dual consulship is restored. A new magistracy is established, which is called the praetorship. Its holder, the consuls. Nevertheless, the praetor can command an army, convene a Senate or an assembly, as well as exercise the consular functions.
- Two additional aediles, called Roman hierarchy. These are at first patricians; but those of the next year are plebeians and so on year by year alternately. They are elected in the assembly of the tribes, with the consulpresiding.
By topic
Arts
- The Abduction of Macedonia, is made (approximate date).
365 BC
By place
Greece
- Amyntas III and Eurydice II, kills Ptolemy of Aloros, who has been the regent of Macedon since he arranged the assassination of Perdiccas III's brother Alexander II in 368 BC. With Ptolemy's death, Perdiccas III becomes King of Macedon in his own right.[citation needed]
- The ]
Roman Republic
364 BC
By place
Greece
- On the advice of the city's military leader, Epaminondas, Thebes builds a fleet of 100 triremes to help combat Athens. Thebes destroys its Boeotian rival Orchomenus.[3]
- Philip II of Macedon, brother of the reigning king of Macedonia, returns to his native land after having been held as a hostage in Thebes since 369 BC.[4]
- The army of Thebes under their statesman and general, Pelopidas, defeats Alexander of Pherae in the Battle of Cynoscephalae in Thessaly, but Pelopidas is killed during the battle.[5] As a result of his loss of this battle, Alexander is compelled by Thebes to acknowledge the freedom of the Thessalian cities, to limit his rule to Pherae, and to join the Boeotian League.
- The
- The Chersonese. Cotys I is victorious and controls the whole Chersonese peninsula by 359 BC.[7]
- Timophanes, along with a number of colleagues, including his brother Timoleon, takes possession of the acropolis of Corinth and Timophanes makes himself master of the city. Later, Timoleon, after ineffectual protests, tacitly acquiesces to his colleagues putting Timophanes to death for his actions.
China
- The belonging to Jupiter, and makes the earliest known sunspotobservations.
363 BC
By place
Egypt
- The Egyptian pharaoh Teos (or Tachos) succeeds his father Nectanebo I to the throne.[8] Planning a great attack on Persia, he invites Sparta to help him.
Greece
- The Theban general, Epaminondas, makes a bold attempt to challenge Athens' naval empire. With a new Boeotian fleet, he sails to Byzantium, with the result that a number of cities in the Athenian Empire rebel against their now threatened masters.
362 BC
By place
Persian Empire
- Mausolus of Caria joins the revolt of the satraps of Anatolia against the Persian king Artaxerxes II.
Egypt
- King Agesilaus II of Sparta arrives with 1,000 men to assist Egypt in its fight with Persia.
Greece
- The outbreak of civil war in the Peloponnesus. He is met by Sparta (led by Spartan general Archidamus III), Athens, and their allies in the Battle of Mantinea. In the battle, Epaminondas is victorious, but is killed. His dying command to make peace with the enemy is followed by all sides and a general peace is established in Greece. The period of Theban domination of Greece comes to an end.
China
- The states of Qin, Han and Zhao defeat the state of Wei and Qin captures the prince of Wei. The Battle of Shaoliang is then fought between Qin and Wei, which Wei loses, whereupon Qin captures the prime minister of Wei.
361 BC
By place
Persian Empire
- With the Persian empire weakening, revolts occur in many parts of the empire, including Sidon, a prosperous and rich Phoenician city.
Egypt
- The Egyptians under their King Teos and the Spartans under King Agesilaus II, with some Athenian mercenaries under their general Chabrias, set out to attack the Persian King's Phoenician cities. However, they have to return almost at once due to revolts back in Egypt. Subsequently, Agesilaus II quarrels with the Egyptian king and joins a revolt against him.
Greece
- attempts at reconquest.
Sicily
- Dion, who Dionysius II banished in 366 BC. Because of this, Plato is forced to flee Syracuse to save his life.
360 BC
By place
Egypt
- With the help of King talentsfor their help.
Judea
- Jerusalem has been rebuilt and the power of Judaism's hereditary priesthood is firmly established.
Greece
- The King of Eurypontid king of Sparta.
- As the Arymbasbrings his non-combatant people to safety elsewhere. When the Illyrians have finished looting, they are burdened with booty and are thus easily defeated by the Molossians.
Roman Republic
By topic
Literature
Births
369 BC
- Zhuang Zhou, Chinese Taoist philosopher
367 BC
- Ptolemy, Macedonian general, later founder of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt (d. 282 BC)[9]
363 BC
- Barsine, mistress of Alexander the Great
362 BC
361 BC
- Agathocles, tyrant of Syracuse (d. 289 BC)
360 BC
- Callisthenes of Olynthus, Greek historian (d. 327 BC)[10]
- Lysimachus, Macedonian diadochus (d. 281 BC)[11]
- philosopher (d. c. 270 BC)
Deaths
369 BC
- Macedonia
- Theaetetus, Athenian mathematician (b. c. 417 BC)
- Zhou Dynasty
368 BC
- Alexander II, King of Macedonia (assassinated)
367 BC
- Dionysius I, tyrant of Syracuse (b. 430 BC)[12]
365 BC
- Marcus Furius Camillus, Roman soldier and statesman. (b. c. 446 BC)
- Eurydice II, Macedonian queen and mother of Philip II of Macedon
- Antisthenes, Athenian philosopher (b. c. 445 BC)
364 BC
- Pelopidas, Theban statesman (killed in the Battle of Cynoscephalae in Thessaly)[13]
363 BC
- Nectanebo I, pharaoh of Egypt
- State of Han
362 BC
- Epaminondas of Thebes, Greek general and statesman (b. c. 418 BC)
- Zhou Dynasty state of Qin
- Datames, satrap of Cappadocia and military leader
361 BC
- Leosthenes, Athenian admiral
360 BC
References
- ^ Amadio, Anselm H.; Kenney, Anthony J.P. (January 5, 2024). "Aristotle". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
- ISBN 978-0-74327-003-8.
- ^ "Ancient Greek civilization - Theban expansion". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-11-02.
- ^ "Philip II of Macedon". Biography. Retrieved 2020-11-02.
- ^ "Alexander Of Pherae | Greek ruler". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-11-02.
- ISBN 978-0-252-06740-2.
- ^ "King Cotys I | Ancient Treasures, Ancient Thracians". Retrieved 2020-11-02.
- OCLC 121060.
- ISBN 978-0-8108-6250-0.
- ^ "Callisthenes of Olynthus | Greek historian". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
- ^ "King Lysimachus, King of Thrace, Asia Minor and Macedon (c.360-281 BC) as horned Alexander the Great (356 – 323 BC) 1276669.2". www.nationaltrustcollections.org.uk. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ "Dionysius I | ruler of Syracuse | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
- ^ "Pelopidas | Theban statesman". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-11-02.
- ^ "Agesilaus II | king of Sparta". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 12 June 2022.