Alaska Territorial Guard
Alaska Territorial Guard | |
---|---|
Alaska Territory, United States | |
Nickname(s) | Eskimo Scouts, Tundra Army |
Engagements | World War II |
Commanders | |
Notable commanders | Marvin R. Marston |
The Alaska Territorial Guard (ATG), more commonly known as the Eskimo Scouts, was a
One first-hand estimate states that around 20,000 Alaskans participated, officially or otherwise, in ATG reconnaissance or support activities.[6]
The ATG served many vital strategic purposes to the entire Allied effort during World War II:
- They safeguarded the only source of the strategic metal platinum in the Western Hemisphere against Japanese attack.[7]
- They secured the terrain around the vital Lend-Lease air route between the United States and the Soviet Union.
- They placed and maintained survival caches primarily along transportation corridors and coastal regions.
In addition to official duties, ATG members are noted for actively and successfully promoting racial integration within US Armed Forces,[8][9] and racial equality within the communities they protected.[10]
Several former members of the ATG were instrumental in achieving
In 2000 all ATG members were granted US veteran status by law, acknowledging the contribution of the ATG, some of whose members are still living.[11] But efforts to find the surviving ATG members and assist them through the application process are difficult due to lack of written records, oral cultures, lack of trained staff, passage of time, and unclear bureaucracies and advocates.
Nevertheless, active correction of the historical record is proceeding through the Alaska Army National Guard, office of Cultural Resources Management and Tribal Liaison ((888) 248-3682 toll-free) as well as the Office of Veterans Affairs, State of Alaska, PO Box 5800, Ft. Richardson, AK 99505-5800, (907) 428-6016.
Conditions leading up to the ATG
Before World War II, Alaska was regarded by US military decision makers as too distant from the contiguous United States to effectively protect, and of little strategic importance.[13]
"...the mainland of Alaska is so remote from the strategic areas of the Pacific that it is difficult to conceive of circumstances in which air operations therefrom would contribute materially to the national defense." – General Malin Craig, US Army Chief of Staff, November 1937[14]
This stands in marked contrast to the attitudes of US military leaders during the Cold War immediately after World War II:
"...as I continue to correspond and to talk with people throughout the United States and the Department of Defense, they too can see clearly the importance of these two battalions which you make up. The real honest-to-God and real-world first line of defense in Alaska ... nearer our opponent, Communist Russia, than any other armed troops in the United States." – General James F Hollingsworth, Commanding General, United States Army Alaska (USARAL), February 1971[15]
True to the earlier viewpoint, the US Army reassigned all
That enemy was demonstrating a definite interest in taking Alaska. In the early months of 1942, a Japanese Navy reconnaissance unit was caught on film making detailed surveys of Alaska coastline.
Enemy combatants strode unopposed onto American soil and made inquiries among the populace about the local economy. that June.
Creation of the ATG
By the time of the Dutch Harbor bombing, Major Marvin R Marston had submitted a new plan to defend the entire Alaska coast by enlisting the local citizens.
Motivated by the recent Dutch Harbor attack, the
The enrollment drive continued into early 1943, the organizers travelling in all kinds of weather and by every available mode of transport, including
Thanks to Marston and Mogg's heroic effort, the ATG stood as a first line of defense for the terrain around the
Organization of the ATG
Authority
The Alaska Territorial Guard was organized in June 1942 under the authority of the office of the territorial governor, Ernest Gruening, who served as Commander-In-Chief. All members took an oath to obey the Governor's orders. The governor was directly supported by the ATG
Mission
The mission of the ATG was to play a defensive role for the entire coast of Alaska.[25] Offensive action was the responsibility of Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Ocean Areas, with North Pacific forces operating from large bases at Dutch Harbor, Cold Bay and Anchorage.
Explicit within the ATG mission was that of protecting the terrain around the American terminus of the
By Date
The Alaska Territorial Guard operated from its inception in June 1942[26] until it was officially disbanded on 31 March 1947.[27]
By Geographic Area
The Territory of Alaska was divided vertically by the 156th Parallel[28] into Eastern and Western Areas. To the Eastern Area was added Southwest Alaska, including the Aleutian Islands, which had been evacuated of non-combatants.[29]
The Western Area had a Field Headquarters in
The Eastern Area was headquartered in
.By Ethnic Group
The Alaska Territorial Guard was drawn from 107 communities and from these ethnic groups:
, and probably more.By Rank
The ATG, being organized by US Army officers,[30] made use of the same US Army rank structure, with these exceptions:
- Throughout the duration of the ATG, no member rose above the rank of Lieutenant Colonel, including the Adjutant "General".
- The designation "Private" appears to have been little used, though most members were in fact of Private rank.[31]
By Workload and Pay
The 21 staff officers were all full-time, paid positions (except for the governor, whose ATG duties were in addition to his regular office and without added salary). All other positions were strictly part-time volunteer, without pay.
By Sex
That total includes at least 27 ATG members who were women. Most women served as nurses at the
By Age
The age of ATG members at enrollment ranged from 80 years old[4] to as young as twelve,[5][21] even though official regulations put the minimum age at sixteen.
By Number
All told, there were 6,389 members of the Alaska Territorial Guard, according to an official roster.[1]
Unofficial tally
Alongside those who served in the ATG, many others worked to support them, including food service, providing equipment and supplies to the Quartermaster, repair work, etc. Major Marston put the estimate at 20,000 Alaskans who materially participated in ATG activities, in his Western Area alone.[6]
ATG Activities
All ATG members except the 21 staff officers served without pay, and had to perform their new ATG duties in addition to the often difficult challenges of subsisting in Arctic and extreme marine environments.
The ATG trained for and/or actively carried out the following:
- Issuing of weapons and ammunition[32]
- Instruction, drill and target practice[33]
- Transport of equipment and supplies[34]
- Construction of ATG buildings and facilities[6]
- Construction of airstrips and support facilities for other military agencies as needed[35]
- Coastal and inland scouting patrols
- Breaking hundreds of miles of wilderness trails[36]
- Setup and repair of dozens of emergency shelter cabins[36]
- Distribution of emergency food and ammunition containers for the US Navy[37]
- Firefighting[36]
- Land and sea rescue[36]
- Enemy combat
The ATG received commendations for:
- Shooting down Japanese air balloons carrying bombs and eavesdropping radios[38]
- Rescue of a downed airman[36]
In addition, some ATG members performed the following:
- Medical care at the field hospital in Kotzebue[39]
ATG Artists
During the 1930s, as part of
- Magnus Colcord "Rusty" Heurlin - An ATG lieutenant, his painting was reproduced as the posters "Back the Attack"[40] and "From Metlakatla to Barrow - The Territorial Guard".[41][42][43]
- Joe Jones[44][45]
- Henry Varnum Poor - His "Major Muktuk Marston Signs Up Soldiers" now hangs in the Pentagon's Hall of Fame.[46]
Other artists, born in Alaska and already well-known, gained further exposure through contact with ATG members and artists:
- George Aden Ahgupuk (also known by the indigenous name Twok) [1] - a Shishmaref artist since boyhood and later the village's postmaster, he was befriended by Major Marston, who wrote and spoke of his artistry within and outside the ATG.[49]
ATG influences
Several former members of the ATG were instrumental in achieving Alaska Statehood. In 1958 three of the eleven members of the Alaska Statehood Committee were former ATG members.[50] Seven delegates to the Alaska Constitutional Committee had served with the ATG. Both are listed below under Noted ATG Members.
The ATG actively and successfully promoted
did elsewhere during World War II.ATG members were also active in promoting racial equality in their communities, insisting on equal treatment for natives and whites alike at movie theaters, restaurants and other public facilities.[10]
Recent developments
In 2000 Alaska's senior
The bill was signed into law by President Bill Clinton that August.[52]
Because of disagreement as to whose responsibility it was to seek the ATG veterans out to inform them of the new law, and because of the advanced age and geographic isolation of many of the veterans, a temporary position, filled by retired colonel
Bob Goodman and the ATGO have pleaded the case of the ATG members and spouses with US senators, two Alaskan governors, most of the
- 1931 - The Asia-Pacific.
- 1935 - US military leadership.[53] Earlier, Billy Mitchell was court-martialled for advocating the value of military air power.
- 1937 - The US Army officially declines a request for an air base in Alaska.[54]
- 1939 - Ernest Gruening is appointed Alaska territorial governor by his friend, National Guardunits organized in the Alaska Territory.
- 1940, March - A bill for an air base in Alaska fails to pass in the US House.[14]
- 1940, April - Hitler invades Norway and Denmark (whose territory includes Greenland).
- 1940, May - US Congress approves an air base in Alaska.[14] Air raids from northern Alaska would help counter any Nazi bases built in Greenland, as a polar projection map will attest).
- 1941, March - Marvin Marston is commissioned at the Pentagon as a major with orders to Alaska.[55]
- Mid-1941 - Ernest Gruening seeks a new guard organization for Alaska, anticipating the reassignment of the Alaska National Guard.[16]
- 1941, August - The US Army reassigns Alaska National Guard soldiers away from Alaska, leaving the state with no military reserves or Home Guard.[16]
- 1941, December 7 - The US Pacific Fleet. Soldiers' families are ordered evacuated from Alaska.[56]
- 1942, Feb-March - A Japanese Navy reconnaissance unit is filmed making detailed surveys of the Alaska coastline. Japanese crewmen (enemy combatants) came ashore and questioned the locals about the area.[17]
- 1942, March - Major Marston realizes the practicality of a 'tundra army' to defend the entire Alaskan coast.
- 1942, March - Japanese aircraft are sighted over Saint Lawrence Island.[57]
- 1942, Mar/April - Major Marston presents a formal plan for the defense of Alaska shoreline.[58]
- 1942, June - Japanese forces raid Dutch Harbor and take control of Attu, Kiska and Adak.
- 1942, June - The Alaska Command assigns Major Marvin Marston and Captain Carl Schreibner as military aides to Governor Gruening. Gruening and Marston soon embark on a trip to form the first units of the new Alaska Territorial Guard.[59]
- 1942 - Major Marston (by now known as "Muktuk" after an eating contest with a village headman) opts to make an ATG recruiting run by dogsled when a promised plane fails to show up.[60]
- 1943, January - Major Marston completes his circuit around the Seward Peninsula by dogsled during the coldest winter in 25 years.[22] Living by native methods, he continues to travel the Arctic through 1945.
- 1945, August - VJ Day, The Empire of Japan surrenders.
- 1947 - The Alaska Territorial Guard is disbanded.[61]
- 1966 - The State of Alaska awards a medal to all ATG members.[27]
- 2000 - US Senator Ted Stevens' (R-AK) bill granting ATG members full veteran status is passed into law. Little is done to find and inform surviving ATG members and spouses, many of whom relocated numerous times in the intervening 53 years.[11]
- 2003 - Robert A "Bob" Goodman, Colonel (Retired), Alaska Air National Guard, takes up the task of finding as many former ATG members as possible, to help them apply for recognition as US veterans.[11]
- 2006 - Bob Goodman founds the Alaska Territorial Guard Organization, a 501(c)(3) non-profit, to support his efforts on behalf of all former ATG members. To date, they have found and helped gain approval for about 150 ATG veterans.[11]
Noted ATG members
- Atwood, Robert - Editor and publisher of the Anchorage Times, ATG lieutenant, Statehood Committee chair
- Egan, William A.- territorial & state representative, ATG corporal, Constitutional Convention president, state governor
- University of Alaska Museum's main building is named for him.
- US Senator
- Gutierrez, Fermin "Rocky"
- Heurlin, Magnus Colcord "Rusty" - WPA artist, ATG lieutenant, famed Alaskan artist, first art teacher at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, influenced fellow artist Fred Machetanz
- Ipalook, Percy - Inupiaq native, ATG chaplain, territorial & state legislator,[65] Stathehood Committee member
- Johnson, Maurice Theodore - ATG member, Constitutional Convention delegate
- Jorgensen, Holger - ATG sergeant, commercial airline pilot[66]
- Knight, William Wellington - ATG member, Constitutional Convention delegate
- Lisbourne, Daniel - ATG member, mayor
- Marston, Marvin R "Muktuk", Major, US Army - ATG organizer of Western Alaska, Constitutional Convention delegate, author of the book Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War on the ATG, published in 1969
- McNealy, Robert J - ATG corporal, Constitutional Convention delegate
- Mogg, Samuel Snell "Sammy" - ATG lieutenant, guide who led Major Marston by dogsled on an epic 680-mile (1,090 km) mid-winter organizing circuit around the Seward Peninsula.
- Tlingitnative; ATG captain; mayor; territorial & state representative; senator & senate president; Statehood Committee member; Constitutional Convention first vice president
- Reader, Peter L. - ATG member, Constitutional Convention delegate
- Schreibner, Carl, Captain, US Army - ATG organizer of Eastern Alaska
- Wright, Laura Beltz - ATG member, best sharpshooter in her company, shooting 98% bulls-eyes, former Queen of Fairbanks
See also
- Former United States special operations units
- Shadow Wolves
References
- ^ a b Roster of the Alaska Territorial Guard, Alaska Territorial Guard, 1947
- ^ Gruening, Ernest (1969), Introduction - Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, pp. 7–8
- ^ Marston, Marvin (1969), Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, pp. 104e
- ^ a b Marston, Marvin (1969), Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, pp. 127–128
- ^ a b Gruening, Ernest (1969), Introduction - Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, p. 5
- ^ a b c Marston, Marvin (1969), Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, p. 190
- ^ a b Marston, Marvin (1969), Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, pp. 51, 54–57
- ^ Marston, Marvin (1969), Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, pp. 210–212
- ^ Necrason, C F (1969), Epilogue - Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, pp. 210–212, 215–217
- ^ a b Marston, Marvin (1969), Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, pp. 130–140
- ^ a b c d e f Alaska Territorial Guard Organization
- ^ http://www.ak-prepared.com/asdf/Acrobat_Docs/ASDF%20Recruiting%20TriFold.pdf [dead link]
- ^ Gruening, Ernest (1969), Introduction to Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, pp. 2–3
- ^ a b c Gruening, Ernest (1969), Introduction - Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, p. 3
- ^ Marston, Marvin (1969), Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, pp. 209–212
- ^ a b c d Gruening, Ernest (1969), Introduction - Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, pp. 3–4
- ^ a b Marston, Marvin (1969), Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, pp. 32–33
- ^ Marston, Marvin (1969), Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, pp. 33–34, 54–57
- ^ Marston, Marvin (1969), Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, pp. 37–48
- ^ Marston, Marvin (1969), Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, pp. 31–32
- ^ a b Marston, Marvin (1969), Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, pp. 45–47
- ^ a b Marston, Marvin (1969), Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, p. 123
- ^ Marston, Marvin (1969), Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, pp. 66–70
- ^ a b Marston, Marvin (1969), Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, pp. 40l, 65–66
- ^ Blakeney, Thomas (1969), Appendix A - Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, pp. 221–222
- ^ Marston, Marvin (1969), Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, pp. 44–47, 50–52
- ^ a b Necrason, C F (1969), Epilogue - Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, p. 190
- ^ Marston, Marvin (1969), Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, p. 50
- ^ Marston, Marvin (1969), Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, p. 207
- ^ Gruening, Ernest (1969), Introduction to Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, p. 4
- ^ Roster of the Alaska Territorial Guard, Alaska Territorial Guard, 1947
- ^ Marston, Marvin (1969), Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, pp. 104n
- ^ Marston, Marvin (1969), Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, pp. 40g, 40i, 40o, 104f, 104i, 200e, 200f, 200k, 204
- ^ Marston, Marvin (1969), Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, pp. 104a, 104f
- ^ Marston, Marvin (1969), Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, pp. 34–37
- ^ a b c d e Marston, Marvin (1969), Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, p. 204
- ^ Marston, Marvin (1969), Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, pp. 40p
- ^ Marston, Marvin (1969), Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, pp. 159, 204
- ^ Marston, Marvin (1969), Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, pp. 40k
- ^ Heurlin, Rusty, Back the Attack
- ^ Heurlin, Rusty, From Metlakatla to Barrow - The Territorial Guard
- ^ Gruening, Ernest (1969), Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, p. 6
- ^ Marston, Marvin (1969), Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, pp. 40g, 40n
- ^ Jones, Joe, Major Marston
- ^ Jones, Joe, Signing Eskimos into the Alaska Territorial Guard
- ^ Marston, Marvin (1969), Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, pp. 40d, 40p
- ^ a b "Florence Nupok Malewotkuk". www.calacademy.org. Archived from the original on June 10, 2007.
- ^ Marston, Marvin (1969), Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, pp. 191–192
- ^ Marston, Marvin (1969), Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, pp. 103–104
- ^ Alaska Statehood Committee, University of Alaska, archived from the original on 2006-09-08
- ^ Marston, Marvin (1969), Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, pp. 205, 210–212, 215–217
- ^ "govinfo". www.govinfo.gov. Retrieved 2021-10-17.
- ^ Gruening, Ernest (1969), Introduction - Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, p. 1
- ^ Gruening, Ernest (1969), Introduction - Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, p. 2
- ^ Marston, Marvin (1969), Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, pp. 17–22
- ^ Marston, Marvin (1969), Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, pp. 24–25
- ^ Marston, Marvin (1969), Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, pp. 33–34
- ^ Marston, Marvin (1969), Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, pp. 37–39
- ^ Marston, Marvin (1969), Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, pp. 45–50
- ^ Marston, Marvin (1969), Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, pp. 65–68
- ^ Necrason, C F (1969), Epilogue - Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, p. 214
- ^ Marston, Marvin (1969), Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, pp. 138, 191–192
- ^ Gruening, Ernest (1969), Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, pp. 1–9
- ^ Marston, Marvin (1969), Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, pp. 200m
- ^ Gruening, Ernest (1969), Introduction - Men of the Tundra: Alaska Eskimos at War, October House, pp. 8–9
- ^ Lester, Jean. 2008. Jorgy: The Life of Native Alaskan Bush Pilot and Airline Captain Holger "Jorgy" Jorgensen. Ester Republic Press.