Anti-Socialist Laws
The Anti-Socialist Laws or Socialist Laws (
The legislation gained support after two failed attempts to assassinate Kaiser
Background
The Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (SAPD), later renamed the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), was formed with the merger General German Workers' Association founded in 1863 in Leipzig, on the initiative of Ferdinand Lassalle, and the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany founded in 1869 in Eisenach by Wilhelm Liebknecht and August Bebel.
The terms "socialism" and "social democracy" at that time were understood as synonyms. They were formed under the influence of the philosophical, political and economic theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, who were then living in exile in London. According to the revolutionary theory, the "Social Democratic Party of Germany" claimed to represent the political interests of the labor movement and the working-class. The Social Democrats sought to improve the social position of the working class and ultimately eliminate the existing "non-democratic" structures of government.
August Bebel and Wilhelm Liebknecht protested against the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 and expressed solidarity with the revolutionary Paris Commune in 1871, for which they were sentenced in 1872 by the Leipzig Court to two years in prison in a high treason case.[3]
In 1878 two unsuccessful assassinations were carried out on Kaiser Wilhelm I: on May 11 by Max Hödel and on June 2 by Karl Eduard Nobiling. Bismarck took these attacks as an opportunity to use the Socialist Law to take more rigorous and effective action against the social democracy, which was becoming increasingly influential in the workforce. Although Hödel had been expelled from the SAP shortly before his attack and Nobiling's attack was guided by personal delusions, Bismarck had the narrative spread that the attacks could be traced back to the Social Democrats. A connection between the attacks and social democracy that goes beyond the two individual perpetrators was and has still not been demonstrated.[4]
Laws
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Back in May 1878, after the first attempt on the Kaiser's life, Bismarck presented a draft "Law on the Prevention of Social Democratic Excesses" (German: Gesetzes zur Abwehr sozialdemokratischer Ausschreitungen), which, however, was rejected by the Reichstag by an overwhelming majority.[5]
In the second assassination attempt on June 2, 1878, the Kaiser was seriously wounded. Bismarck used the ensuing public outrage to dissolve the Reichstag and campaign against the Social Democrats, whom he accused of ideologically aiding criminals. In the newly elected Reichstag, a toughened draft of the "Law on Socialists" was presented, over which disputes arose between individual parliamentary groups. On October 19, 1878, supporters of the toughened bill won: 221 votes against 149.
On October 21, the Law was approved by the Bundesrat, then signed by Kaiser Wilhelm I, and on October 22, 1878, it was promulgated and entered into force. It operated until September 30, 1890. The term of the Law was initially limited to 2.5 years, and then extended four times (May 31, 1880, May 28, 1884, April 20, 1886, and March 18, 1888).[6]
Although the law did not ban the SPD directly, it aimed to cripple the organization through various means. The banning of any group or meeting of whose aims were to spread
The law also banned the display of
Repeal of the law and aftermath
Despite the government's attempts to weaken the SPD, the party continued to grow in popularity. The failure by Bismarck of a bill of permanent validity that was otherwise tightened as well as the strengthening of the social democracy in the Reichstag elections on February 20, 1890, played a decisive role in the overthrow of Bismarck and his dismissal by
Overall, social democracy emerged stronger from the conflict. In the first Reichstag elections after the end of the Socialist Act on June 15, 1893, the Social Democratic Party received more votes than ever before (23.4%). Socialists therefore celebrated these elections to the Reichstag as a "great victory for freedom and peace".
Timeline
- 11 May 1878: two shots fired at Wilhelm I by Max Hödel.
- 17 May 1878: the Prussian government demands the Bundesrat ban the SPD. In the Reichstag, only conservatives supported the bill.
- 2 June 1878: Wilhelm I is shot by Karl Nobiling.
- 11 June 1878: the Reichstag dissolved.
- 30 July 1878: in new elections, socialists lose three of their 12 seats. The Anti-Socialist bill is passed by the two conservative parties and the National Liberals.
- 19 October 1878: the bill passed by 221 to 149. The Social Democrats voluntarily dissolved the party.[9][10]
- 18 November 1878: a minor state of siege is declared in Berlin, with 67 Social Democrats expelled.
- 21–23 August 1880: the Wyden[11] party congress sees the expulsion of Johann Most and Wilhelm Hasselmann for anarchism by the SPD's moderate wing.
- 28 October 1880: a minor state of siege is declared in Hamburg.
- 4 April 1881: the Social Democrats back accident insurance but demand several amendments.[12]
- June 1881: a minor state of siege is declared in Leipzig, with local SPD organization destroyed.
- 8 September 1881: the moderate socialist Louis Viereck begs Friedrich Engels to tone down the radicalism of the party newspaper Sozialdemocrat[13]
- 19–21 August 1882: a secret conference in Zürich is organized by Bebel, partly healing the division between moderates and radicals.[14]
- 1883: the Anti-Socialist Laws partly are relaxed, strengthening the SPD.[15]
- March 1883: a secret Copenhagen Congress condemns State Socialism.
- 13 January 1885: the Frankfurt police chief Rumpf is stabbed to death by the young anarchist Julius Lieske.[16]
- 2 April 1886: the Reichstag votes 173 to 146 to renew the Anti-Socialist Laws.
- 11 April 1886: the Prussian interior minister Puttkaner issues the strike decree which gives the police the power to use the Anti-Socialist Laws against strikers and expel their leaders.
- 11 May 1886: political meetings in Berlin now need police permission 48 hours before.[17]
- 20 May 1886: a minor state of siege is declared in Spremberg.
- 31 July 1886: nine Social Democratic leaders are convicted at the Saxon state court for joining an illegal organization.
- 16 December 1886: a minor state of siege in is declared Frankfurt am Main.
- 15 February 1887: a minor state of siege is declared in Stettin.
- 2–6 October 1887: the St. Gall party congress results in Bebel defeating his opponents.
- Fall 1887: Bismarck fails to get the Social Democratic leaders expelled from Germany.
- 2 May 1889: a coal miners strike in the Rühr is not supported by the SPD
- 14–20 July 1889: the Second International is founded in Paris.
- 25 January 1890: the Reichstag refuses to renew the Anti-Socialist Laws.
- 20 February 1890: the Social Democrats win 19.75% of the vote.
- 18 March 1890: Bismarck resigns.
Prominent Social Democratic members of the Reichstag during the period
-
Wilhelm Liebknecht
(1826–1900) -
August Bebel
(1840–1913) -
Wilhelm Hasenclever
(1837–1889) -
Johann Most
(1846–1906)
See also
References
- ^ Lidtke (1966), 339.
- ^ John Belchem and Richard Price, eds. A Dictionary of 19th-Century World History (1994) pp 33-34.
- S2CID 144852105.
- OCLC 6733743.
- ^ "Verhandlungen des Deutschen Reichstags". www.reichstagsprotokolle.de. Retrieved 2021-12-19.
- ISBN 9783112308547, retrieved 2021-12-19
- ^ "Metropolitan. v.38 1913". HathiTrust. p. 63. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
- ^ "Verhandlungen des Deutschen Reichstags". www.reichstagsprotokolle.de. Retrieved 2021-12-19.
- ^ Lidtke (1966), 119.
- ^ Lidtke (1966), 70–77.
- ^ Lidtke (1966), 82.
- ^ Lidtke (1966), 159.
- ^ Lidtke (1966), 131.
- ^ Lidtke (1966), 135–38.
- ^ Lidtke (1966), 273.
- ^ Lidtke (1966), 125.
- ^ Lidtke (1966), 244–46.
Further reading
- Bonnell, Andrew G. "Socialism and Republicanism in imperial Germany." Australian Journal of Politics & History 42.2 (1996): 192–202.
- Hall, Alex. "The War of Words: Anti-socialist Offensives and Counter-propaganda in Wilhelmine Germany 1890-1914." Journal of Contemporary History 11.2 (1976): 11–42. online.
- Lidtke, Vernon L. The Outlawed Party: Social Democracy in Germany, 1878-1890. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966. online free to borrow.
- Lidtke, Vernon L. "German social democracy and German state socialism, 1876–1884." International Review of Social History 9.2 (1964): 202–225. online.