Christian Democratic Union of Germany

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Christian Democratic Union of Germany
Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands
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Flag of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany
Website
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The Christian Democratic Union of Germany (German: Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands [ˈkʁɪstlɪç demoˈkʁaːtɪʃə ʔuˈni̯oːn ˈdɔʏtʃlants], CDU [ˌtseːdeːˈʔuː] ⓘ) is a Christian democratic[4] and conservative[5] political party in Germany. It is the major party of the centre-right[6] in German politics.[7]

Chancellor of Germany. The CDU is the largest party in the Bundestag, the German federal legislature, with 208 out of 630 seats, having won 28.5% of votes in the 2025 federal election. It forms the CDU/CSU Bundestag faction, also known as the Union, with its Bavarian counterpart, the Christian Social Union in Bavaria (CSU). The group's parliamentary leader is also Friedrich Merz
.

Founded in 1945 as an interdenominational Christian party, the CDU effectively succeeded the pre-war Catholic Centre Party, with many former members joining the party, including its first leader Konrad Adenauer. The party also included politicians of other backgrounds, including liberals and conservatives.[9] As a result, the party claims to represent "Christian-social, liberal and conservative" elements.[10] The CDU is generally pro-European in outlook.[11][12] Black is the party's customary and historical electoral colour. Other colours include red for the logo, orange for the flag, and black-red-gold for the corporate design.[13]

After the election defeat in the 2021 federal election, the CDU was in opposition at federal level, until 2025. It previously led the

federal government from 1949 to 1969, 1982 to 1998, and 2005 to 2021. Germany's three longest-serving post-war Chancellors have all come from the CDU, specifically: Helmut Kohl (1982–1998), Angela Merkel (2005–2021), and Konrad Adenauer (1949–1963). The party also currently leads the governments of seven of Germany's sixteen states
.

The CDU is a member of the

MEPs. Ursula von der Leyen, the current President of the European Commission
, is also a member of the CDU.

History

Founding period

1949 election poster of the CDU reading "We cannot do magic — but we can work/do our job. Help us. Vote for CDU. Germany is at stake!"
1949 election poster of the CDU reading "The Rescue: CDU"

Immediately following the end of

Westfalen
in September of the same year.

The founding members of the CDU consisted primarily of former members of the

Nazis as well as Nazi collaborators into its higher ranks (like Hans Globke and Theodor Oberländer but also future CDU chairman and West German chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger). A prominent member was theologian Eugen Gerstenmaier
, who became Acting Chairman of the Foreign Board (1949–1969).

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The result of these meetings was the establishment of an inter-confessional (

convention on 21 October 1950, at which future West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer
was named the first Chairman of the party.

Adenauer era (1949–1963)

The election poster of 1957 reading "No experiments" and featuring then Chancellor Konrad Adenauer (This was the only federal election in which the CDU obtained an absolute majority in the Bundestag.)

In the beginning, it was not clear which party would be favored by the victors of

nationalist and sought German reunification even at the expense of concessions to the Soviet Union (USSR), depicting Adenauer as an instrument of both the Americans and the Vatican. The Western powers appreciated the CDU's right-ward slant, its commitment to capitalism, and its value as a pivotal oppositional force to the communists, thereby keeping consistent with US/UK foreign policy. In addition, Adenauer was also trusted by the British.[15]

However, the party was split over issues of rearmament within the Western alliance and German unification as a neutral state. Adenauer staunchly defended his pro-Western position and outmaneuvered some of his opponents. He also refused to consider the

SPD as a party of the coalition until he felt sure that they shared his anti-communist position. The principled rejection of a reunification that would alienate Germany from the Western alliance made it harder to attract Protestant voters to the party, as most refugees from the former German territories east of the Oder river were of that faith, as were the majority of the inhabitants of East Germany.[15]

Therefore, the CDU was the dominant political party for the first two decades following the establishment of West Germany in 1949. The durable alliance that the party had established with the liberal Free Democratic Party (FDP) as the leading tandem of several federal governments, and, implicitly, the strong partnership between Chancellor Adenauer and President Theodor Heuss enabled West Germany to thoroughly rebuild itself in the wake of World War II. Adenauer remained the party's leader until 1963, when former Minister of Economics Ludwig Erhard replaced him.[16] As the Free Democratic Party (FDP) withdrew from the governing coalition in 1966 due to disagreements over fiscal and economic policy, Erhard was forced to resign. Consequently, a grand coalition with the SPD took over government under CDU Chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger.

Opposition against social-liberal governments (1969–1982)

The SPD quickly gained popularity and succeeded in forming a

Heimatvertriebene associations (Germans who fled or were expelled from the eastern territories) who hoped for a return of or in these territories. Seven Bundestag members, including former vice chancellor Erich Mende, defected from the FDP and SPD to the CDU in protest against these treaties, depriving Brandt of his majority, and providing a thin majority for the CDU and CSU. In April 1972, the CDU saw its chance to return to power, calling a constructive vote of no confidence. CDU chairman Rainer Barzel was almost certain to become the new Chancellor. But not all parliamentarians voted as expected (it was later revealed that two CDU/CSU deputies had been bribed by the East German Stasi): Brandt won the vote and stayed in office. Thus, the CDU continued its role as opposition
for a total of thirteen years. In 1982, the FDP withdrew from the coalition with the SPD and allowed the CDU to regain power.

Kohl era (1982–1998)

CDU Chairman Helmut Kohl became the new Chancellor of West Germany and his CDU/CSU–FDP coalition was confirmed in the 1983 federal election.

East German CDU leader Lothar de Maizière (left) with West German CDU leader Helmut Kohl in September 1990

After the

collapse of the East German government in 1989, Kohl—supported by the governments of the United States and reluctantly by those of France and the United Kingdom—called for German reunification. On 3 October 1990, the government of East Germany was abolished and its territory acceded to the territory of the Basic Law already in place in West Germany. The East German CDU merged with its West German counterpart and elections were held for the reunified country. Public support for the coalition's work in the process of German reunification was reiterated in the 1990 federal election in which the CDU–FDP governing coalition experienced a clear victory. Although Kohl was re-elected, the party began losing much of its popularity because of an economic recession in the former GDR and increased taxes in the west. The CDU was nonetheless able to win the 1994 federal election
by a narrow margin thanks to an economic recovery.

Kohl served as chairman until the party's electoral defeat in 1998, when he was succeeded by Wolfgang Schäuble. In the 1998 federal election, the CDU polled 28.4% and the CSU 6.7% of the national vote, the lowest result for those parties since 1949; a red–green coalition under the leadership of Gerhard Schröder took power until 2005.

Merkel era (2000–2018)

Angela Merkel was the first female leader of the CDU and the third longest serving of the party overall, after Kohl and Adenauer.

Schäuble resigned in early 2000 as a result of a party

financing scandal and was replaced by Angela Merkel, the first woman and the first person from East Germany to lead the federal party. She remained the leader of the CDU for more than eighteen years. In the 2002 federal election, Merkel ceded the position of CDU/CSU's joint candidate for the chancellor's office to the leader of the sister party, Bavarian minister-president Edmund Stoiber
. CDU and CSU polled slightly higher (29.5% and 9.0%, respectively), but still lacked the majority needed for a CDU–FDP coalition government and stayed in opposition.

In 2005, early elections were called after the CDU dealt the governing SPD a major blow, winning more than ten state elections, most of which were

landslide victories. The resulting grand coalition between the CDU/CSU and the SPD faced a serious challenge stemming from both parties' demand for the chancellorship. After three weeks of negotiations, the two parties reached a deal whereby CDU received the chancellorship while the SPD retained 8 of the 16 seats in the cabinet and a majority of the most prestigious cabinet posts.[17] The coalition deal was approved by both parties at party conferences on 14 November.[18] Merkel was confirmed as the first female Chancellor of Germany by the majority of delegates (397 to 217) in the newly assembled Bundestag on 22 November.[19] Since her first term in office, from 2005 to 2009, there have been discussions if the CDU was still "sufficiently conservative" or if it was "social-democratising".[20] In March 2009, Merkel answered with the statement "Sometimes I am liberal, sometimes I am conservative, sometimes I am Christian-social—and this is what defines the CDU."[21]

Although the CDU/CSU lost support in the 2009 federal elections, their "desired partner" the FDP experienced the best election cycle in its history, thereby enabling a CDU/CSU–FDP coalition. This marked the first change of coalition partner by a Chancellor in German history and the first centre-right coalition government since 1998. CDU candidate Christian Wulff won the 2010 presidential election in the third ballot, while opposition candidate Joachim Gauck (a Protestant pastor and former anti-communist activist in East Germany, who was favoured even by some CDU members) received a number of "faithless" votes from the government camp.

The decisions to

Psephologist and Merkel advisor Matthias Jung coined the term "asymmetric demobilisation" for the CDU's strategy (practised in the 2009, 2013 and 2017 campaigns)[23] of adopting issues and positions close to its rivals, e.g. regarding social justice (SPD) and ecology (Greens), thus avoiding conflicts that might mobilise their potential supporters. Some of the promises in the CDU's 2013 election platform were seen as "overtaking the SPD on the left".[24] While this strategy proved to be quite successful in elections, it also raised warnings that the CDU's profile would become "random", the party would lose its "essence"[22]
and it might even be dangerous for democracy in general if parties became indistinguishable and voters demotivated.

President Wulff resigned in February 2012 due to allegations of corruption, triggering an early presidential election. This time the CDU supported, reluctantly, nonpartisan candidate Joachim Gauck. The CDU/CSU–FDP coalition lasted until the 2013 federal election, when the FDP lost all its seats in the Bundestag while the CDU and CSU won their best result since 1990, only a few seats short of an absolute majority. This was partly due to the CDU's expansion of voter base to all socio-structural groups (class, age or gender), partly due to the personal popularity of Chancellor Merkel.[25] After talks with the Greens had failed, the CDU/CSU formed a new grand coalition with the SPD.

Despite their long-cherished slogan of "There must be no democratically legitimised party to the right of CDU/CSU",

2015 refugee crisis, lamenting a purported loss of sovereignty and control or even "state failure". Nearly 10 percent of early AfD members were defectors from the CDU.[27]

In 2017, the Bundestag voted to legalise same-sex marriage. Merkel had allowed the conscience vote to happen despite her personal objections. While she herself and the majority of the party's representatives voted against the proposal, a number of CDU deputies supported it.[28] In the 2017 election, the CDU and CSU lost a large portion of their voteshare: With 26.8 percent of party list votes, the CDU received its worst result since 1949, losing more than fifty seats in the Bundestag (despite an enlargement of the parliament). After failing to negotiate a coalition with the FDP and Greens, they continued their grand coalition with the SPD. In October 2018, Merkel announced that she would step down as leader of the CDU that December and not seek reelection, but wanted to remain as Chancellor until 2021.[29]

Post-Merkel (2018–present)

On 7 December 2018, Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer was elected as federal chairwoman of the CDU. Kramp-Karrenbauer was considered Merkel's ideological successor, though holding more socially conservative positions, such as opposition to same-sex marriage. Kramp-Karrenbauer's election saw a rise in support for the CDU in national polling, and her personal popularity was initially high.[30] However, she suffered a sharp decline in popularity in the lead-up to the 2019 European Parliament election, in which the CDU/CSU suffered its worst ever result in a national election with just 29%. Kramp-Karrenbauer thereafter remained one of the least popular politicians nationally.[31][32]

The CSU's Manfred Weber was the Spitzenkandidat for the European People's Party in the 2019 European Parliament election. However, the EPP group ultimately nominated the CDU's Ursula von der Leyen as their candidate for President of the European Commission; she was elected in July 2019, becoming the first woman to hold the office.[33]

Kramp-Karrenbauer resigned as party chair on 10 February 2020, in the midst of the 2020 Thuringian government crisis. The Thuringian CDU had been perceived as cooperating with the Alternative for Germany (AfD) to prevent the election of a left-wing government, breaching the long-standing taboo in Germany surrounding cooperation with the far-right. Kramp-Karrenbauer was perceived as unable to enforce discipline within the party during the crisis, which she claimed was complicated by unclear positions within the party regarding cooperation with the AfD and The Left, which party statute holds to be equally unacceptable. While the Thuringia crisis was the immediate trigger for Kramp-Karrenbauer's resignation, she stated the decision had "matured some time ago",[34] and media attributed it to the troubled development of her brief leadership.[35]

Kramp-Karrenbauer remained in office as Minister of Defence and interim party leader from February until the leadership election was held in January 2021.[36][37] Originally scheduled for April 2020, it was delayed multiple times due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and was ultimately held online. Minister-President of North Rhine-Westphalia Armin Laschet won the election with 52.8% of delegate votes. His main opponent Friedrich Merz, was seen as more right-wing, who won 47.2% of vote; Merz had also run against Kramp-Karrenbauer in 2018 and been defeated. Laschet's election was seen as an affirmation of Merkel's leadership and the CDU's centrist orientation.[38]

On 7 October 2021, Armin Laschet, signaled that he would step down after a disastrous general election result, with the CDU suffering its worst ever general election result.[39] A new leadership election was called in December and Friedrich Merz, of the right-wing faction of the CDU, was elected by a large majority of 62.1% of voters, defeating pro-Merkel candidates Norbert Röttgen and Helge Braun.[40] The Congress of the CDU officially elected Merz as new party Chairman on 22 January 2022, and he assumed office on 31 January 2022.[8][41]

In the

nuclear energy, advocating reactivation of closed reactors and construction of new plants.[43]

The CDU contested the 2025 German federal election with Friedrich Merz as their chancellor candidate.[44] Their manifesto signalled a shift to the right on immigration as well as increased support for Ukraine.[45] The CDU eventually won the election, gaining 12 seats.[46][47] Following the election results, the CDU began negotiations with the SPD to form another grand coalition.[48]

Ideology and platform

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In her 2005 campaign, Angela Merkel was unwilling to express explicitly Christian views while maintaining that her party had never lost its concept of values. Merkel and Bundestag President Norbert Lammert have been keen to clarify that CDU references to the "dominant culture" imply "tolerance and living together".[15] According to party analyst Stephan Eisel, her avoiding the values issue may have had the opposite effect as she failed to mobilize the party's core constituency.[49]

The CDU applies the principles of

political Catholicism, Catholic social teaching and political Protestantism as well as economic liberalism and national conservatism. The party has adopted more liberal economic policies since Helmut Kohl
's term in office as the Chancellor of Germany (1982–1998).

As a

anti-terrorism offensives. In terms of immigrants, the CDU supports initiatives to integrate immigrants through language courses and aims to further control immigration. It holds that dual citizenship
should only be allowed in exceptional cases.

In terms of foreign policy, the CDU commits itself to European integration and a strong relation with the United States. In the European Union, the party opposes the entry of Turkey, preferring instead a privileged partnership. In addition to citing various human rights violations, the CDU also believes that Turkey's unwillingness to recognise Cyprus as an independent sovereign state contradicts the European Union policy that its members must recognise the existence of one another.

The party supports a business-friendly adaptation of the European Green Deal, and would like to continue to allow vehicles with combustion engines, research synthetic fuels and promote research into nuclear fusion. The party calls for EU member states to limit their annual borrowing to three percent of their gross domestic product. [50]

The CDU has governed in four federal-level and numerous state-level Grand Coalitions with the Social Democratic Party (SPD) as well as in state and local-level coalitions with the Alliance 90/The Greens.

Cordon sanitaire

The CDU has an official party congress adjudication that prohibits coalitions and any sort of cooperation with either The Left or the Alternative for Germany.[51]

CDU officially prohibits any cooperation with the AfD, but does not clearly define what that means. In the eastern federal states, however, there is ongoing tolerance for, or cooperation of CDU with, the right-wing radical AfD at the local and district level.[52][53][54]

CDU leader Friedrich Merz took blowback for his political approaches to the AfD after he called his party in 2023 an "alternative... with substance".[55] Political observers from abroad say that the CDU's boundaries with the far right are eroding.[56][57]

Organisation

Structure

Party congress

28th party conference in 2015

The party congress is the highest organ of the CDU. It meets at least every two years, determines the basic lines of CDU policy, approves the

party program and decides on the statutes
of the CDU.

The CDU party congress consists of the delegates of the CDU regional associations, the foreign associations and the honorary

chairmen
. The state associations send exactly 1,000 delegates who have to be elected by the state or district conventions. The number of delegates that a regional association can send depends on the number of members of the association six months before the party congress and the result of the last federal election in the respective federal state. The foreign associations recognized by the federal executive committee each send a delegate to the party congress, regardless of their number of members.

Federal committee

The federal committee is the second highest body and deals with all political and organizational matters that are not expressly reserved for the federal party congress. For this reason it is often called a small party congress.

Federal executive board and presidium

The CDU federal executive heads the federal party. It implements the resolutions of the federal party congress and the federal committee and convenes the federal party congress. The CDU Presidium is responsible for executing the resolutions of the federal executive committee and handling current and urgent business. It consists of the leading members of the federal executive board and is not an organ of the CDU in Germany.

Leadership

Leader of the CDU, 1946–present

Leader Year
1 Konrad Adenauer 1946–1966
2 Ludwig Erhard 1966–1967
3 Kurt Georg Kiesinger 1967–1971
4 Rainer Barzel 1971–1973
5 Helmut Kohl 1973–1998
6 Wolfgang Schäuble 1998–2000
7 Angela Merkel 2000–2018
8 Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer 2018–2021
9 Armin Laschet 2021–2022
10 Friedrich Merz 2022–present

Leader of the CDU/CSU Group in the Bundestag

Leader in the Bundestag Year
1 Heinrich von Brentano
(First term) 		1949–1955
2 Heinrich Krone 1955–1961
(1) Heinrich von Brentano
(Second term) 		1961–1964
3 Rainer Barzel 1964–1973
4 Karl Carstens 1973–1976
5 Helmut Kohl 1976–1982
6 Alfred Dregger 1982–1991
7 Wolfgang Schäuble 1991–2000
8 Friedrich Merz
(First term) 		2000–2002
9 Angela Merkel 2002–2005
10 Volker Kauder 2005–2018
11 Ralph Brinkhaus 2018–2022
(8) Friedrich Merz
(Second term) 		2022–present

Regional Leadership

State Leader
 Baden-Württemberg Manuel Hagel
 Berlin Kai Wegner
 Brandenburg Jan Redmann
 Bremen Carsten Meyer-Heder
 Hamburg Dennis Thering
 Hesse Boris Rhein
 Lower Saxony Sebastian Lechner
 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Daniel Peters
 North Rhine-Westphalia Hendrik Wüst
 Rhineland-Palatinate Christian Baldauf
 Saarland Stephan Toscani
 Saxony Michael Kretschmer
 Saxony-Anhalt Reiner Haseloff
 Schleswig-Holstein Daniel Günther
 Thuringia Mario Voigt

Membership

Before 1966, membership totals in the CDU organisation were only estimated. The numbers after 1966 are based on the total from 31 December of the previous year. In 2023, the CDU had 363.101 members.[58]

Special organizations

Notable suborganisations of the CDU are the following:

Konrad Adenauer Foundation

1978 conference in Rhöndorf with eminent historian Golo Mann (center)

The Konrad Adenauer Foundation is the think-tank of the CDU. It is named after the first Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany and first president of the CDU. The foundation offers political education, conducts scientific fact-finding research for political projects, grants scholarships to gifted individuals, researches the history of Christian democracy and supports and encourages European unification, international understanding and development-policy cooperation. Its annual budget amounts to around 120 million euro and is mostly funded by taxpayer money.[59]

Relationship with the CSU

Junge Union
in Cologne

Both the CDU and the Christian Social Union in Bavaria (CSU) originated after World War II, sharing a concern for the Christian worldview. In the Bundestag, the CDU is represented in a common faction with the CSU. This faction is called CDU/CSU, or informally the Union. Its basis is a binding agreement known as a Fraktionsvertrag between the two parties.

The CDU and CSU share a common youth organisation, the

Ring Christlich-Demokratischer Studenten and a common Mittelstand organisation, the Mittelstands- und Wirtschaftsvereinigung [de
].

The CDU and CSU are legally and organisationally separate parties; their ideological differences are sometimes a source of conflict. The most notable and serious such incident was in 1976, when the CSU under

Franz Josef Strauß
ended the alliance with the CDU at a party conference in Wildbad Kreuth. This decision was reversed shortly thereafter when the CDU threatened to run candidates against the CSU in Bavaria.

The relationship of CDU to the CSU has historic parallels to previous

Christian-democratic parties in Germany, with the Catholic Centre Party having served as a national Catholic party throughout the German Empire and the Weimar Republic while the Bavarian People's Party functioning as the Bavarian variant.[citation needed
]

Since its formation, the CSU has been more conservative than the CDU. The CSU and the state of Bavaria decided not to sign the

Bundesrat, the parliamentary elections of the German President, the European Parliament and meetings with Mikhail Gorbachev
in Russia.

Notable members

Federal presidents from the CDU

President of Germany Time in office
Heinrich Lübke 1959–1969
Karl Carstens 1979–1984
Richard von Weizsäcker 1984–1994
Roman Herzog 1994–1999
Horst Köhler 2004–2010
Christian Wulff 2010–2012

German chancellors from the CDU

Chancellor of Germany Time in office
Konrad Adenauer 1949–1963
Ludwig Erhard 1963–1966
Kurt Georg Kiesinger 1966–1969
Helmut Kohl 1982–1998
Angela Merkel 2005–2021

Vice-chancellors from the CDU

Vice-Chancellor of Germany Time in office
Ludwig Erhard 1957–1963
Hans-Christoph Seebohm 1966

Election results

Federal parliament (Bundestag)

Election Leader Constituency Party list Seats +/– Government
Votes % Votes %
1949 Konrad Adenauer 5,978,636 25.2 (#1)
115 / 402
 CDU/CSU–FDP–DP
1953 9,577,659 34.8 (#1) 10,016,594 36.4 (#1)
197 / 509
 Increase 82 CDU/CSU–FDP–DP
1957 11,975,400 39.7 (#1) 11,875,339 39.7 (#1)
222 / 519
 Increase 25 CDU/CSU–DP
1961 11,622,995 36.3 (#2) 11,283,901 35.8 (#2)
201 / 521
 Decrease 21 CDU/CSU–FDP
1965 12,631,319 38.9 (#2) 12,387,562 38.0 (#2)
202 / 518
 Increase 1 CDU/CSU–FDP (1965–66)
CDU/CSU–SPD (1966–69)
1969 Kurt Georg Kiesinger 12,137,148 37.1 (#2) 12,079,535 36.6 (#2)
201 / 518
 Decrease 1 Opposition
1972 Rainer Barzel 13,304,813 35.7 (#2) 13,190,837 35.2 (#2)
186 / 518
 Decrease 15 Opposition
1976 Helmut Kohl 14,423,157 38.3 (#2) 14,367,302 38.0 (#2)
201 / 518
 Increase 15 Opposition
1980 13,467,207 35.6 (#2) 12,989,200 34.2 (#2)
185 / 519
 Decrease 16 Opposition (1980–82)
CDU/CSU–FDP (1982–83)
1983 15,943,460 41.0 (#1) 14,857,680 38.1 (#2)
202 / 520
 Increase 17 CDU/CSU–FDP
1987 14,168,527 37.5 (#2) 13,045,745 34.4 (#2)
185 / 519
 Decrease 17 CDU/CSU–FDP
1990 17,707,574 38.3 (#1) 17,055,116 36.7 (#1)
268 / 662
 Increase 83 CDU/CSU–FDP
1994 17,473,325 37.2 (#2) 16,089,960 34.2 (#2)
244 / 672
 Decrease 24 CDU/CSU–FDP
1998 15,854,215 32.2 (#2) 14,004,908 28.4 (#2)
198 / 669
 Decrease 46 Opposition
2002 Angela Merkel 15,336,512 32.1 (#2) 14,167,561 29.5 (#2)
190 / 603
 Decrease 8 Opposition
2005 15,390,950 32.6 (#2) 13,136,740 27.8 (#2)
180 / 614
 Decrease 10 CDU/CSU–SPD
2009 13,856,674 32.0 (#1) 11,828,277 27.3 (#1)
194 / 622
 Increase 14 CDU/CSU–FDP
2013 16,233,642 37.2 (#1) 14,921,877 34.1 (#1)
254 / 630
 Increase 61 CDU/CSU–SPD
2017 14,027,804 30.2 (#1) 12,445,832 26.8 (#1)
200 / 709
 Decrease 54 CDU/CSU–SPD
2021 Armin Laschet 10,445,571 22.6 (#2) 8,770,980 19.0 (#2)
152 / 735
 Decrease 48 Opposition
2025 Friedrich Merz 12,601,967 25.5 (#1) 11,194,700 22.5 (#1)
164 / 630
 Increase 12 CDU/CSU–SPD

European Parliament

Election Votes % Seats +/– EP Group
1979 10,883,085 39.08 (#2)
33 / 81
 New EPP
1984 9,308,411 37.46 (#1)
32 / 81
 Increase 1
1989 8,332,846 29.54 (#2)
24 / 81
 Decrease 8
1994 11,346,073 32.04 (#2)
39 / 99
 Increase 15
1999 10,628,224 39.28 (#1)
43 / 99
 Increase 4
EPP-ED
2004 9,412,009 36.51 (#1)
40 / 99
 Decrease 3
2009 8,071,391 30.65 (#1)
34 / 99
 Decrease 6 EPP
2014 8,807,500 30.02 (#1)
29 / 96
 Decrease 5
2019 8,437,093 22.57 (#1)
23 / 96
 Decrease 6
2024 9,431,567 23.70 (#1)
23 / 96
 Steady 0

State parliaments (Länder)

The CDU does not contest elections in Bavaria due to the alliance with Bavarian sister party, the Christian Social Union in Bavaria.

State parliament Election Votes % Seats +/– Government
Baden-Württemberg 2021 1,168,745 24.1 (#2)
42 / 154
 Steady 0 Greens–CDU
Berlin
2023
 428,100 28.2 (#1)
52 / 147
 Increase 22 CDU–SPD
Brandenburg 2024 181,632 12.1 (#4)
12 / 88
 Decrease 3 Opposition
Bremen 2023 331,380 26.7 (#2)
24 / 84
 Steady 0 Opposition
Hamburg 2025 864,700 19.8 (#2)
26 / 121
 Increase 11 TBA
Hesse 2023 972,595 34.6 (#1)
52 / 133
 Increase 12 CDU–SPD
Lower Saxony 2022 1,017,276 28.1 (#2)
47 / 146
 Decrease 3 Opposition
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 2021 121,566 13.3 (#3)
12 / 79
 Decrease 4 Opposition
North Rhine-Westphalia 2022 2,552,276 35.7 (#1)
76 / 195
 Increase 4 CDU–Greens
Rhineland-Palatinate 2021 535,345 27.7 (#2)
31 / 101
 Decrease 4 Opposition
Saarland
 2022 129,156 28.5 (#2)
19 / 51
 Decrease 5 Opposition
Saxony
 2024 749,216 31.9 (#1)
41 / 120
 Decrease 4 CDU–SPD
Saxony-Anhalt 2021 394,810 37.1 (#1)
40 / 97
 Increase 10 CDU–SPD–FDP
Schleswig-Holstein 2022 601,943 43.4 (#1)
34 / 69
 Increase 9 CDU–Greens
Thuringia 2024 285,141 23.6 (#2)
23 / 88
 Increase2 CDU–BSW–SPD
Best historic state results
State Election % Seats Result
Baden-Württemberg 1976 56.7 (#1)
71 / 121
 Majority
Berlin 1981 48.0 (#1)
65 / 132
 Minority
Brandenburg 1999 26.5 (#2)
25 / 89
 Coalition
Bremen 1999 37.1 (#2)
42 / 100
 Coalition
Hamburg 2004 47.2 (#1)
63 / 121
 Majority
Hesse
2003
 48.8 (#1)
56 / 110
 Majority
Lower Saxony 1982 50.7 (#1)
87 / 171
 Majority
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 1990 38.3 (#1)
29 / 66
 Coalition
North Rhine-Westphalia 1958 50.5 (#1)
104 / 200
 Majority
Rhineland-Palatinate 1983 51.9 (#1)
57 / 100
 Majority
Saarland
 1975 49.1 (#1)
25 / 50
 Coalition
Saxony
 1994 58.1 (#1)
77 / 120
 Majority
Saxony-Anhalt 1990 39.0 (#1)
48 / 106
 Coalition
Schleswig-Holstein 1971 51.9 (#1)
40 / 73
 Majority
Thuringia 1999 51.0 (#1)
49 / 88
 Majority

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Since September 2023[3]
  2. ^ Officially before September 2023

References

  1. ISBN 978-3-923632-06-0
  2. ^ Goldenberg, Rina. "A guide to Germany's political parties". Deutsche Welle.
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    • Lappenküper (2004). Gehler; Kaiser (eds.). Between Concentration Movement and People's Party: The Christian Democratic Union in Germany. Vol. 2. Routledge. pp. 21–32.
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  39. ^ Gehrke, Laurenz (7 October 2021). "Germany's Armin Laschet signals his departure as CDU leader". POLITICO. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
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  43. ^ Tadhg Nagel (11 October 2024). ""Schnellstmöglich": Union bereitet Rückkehr zur Atomkraft vor" (in German). Frankfurter Rundfunk.
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Further reading

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