Apocrita

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Apocrita
Temporal range: Early Jurassic–Recent
Seleucus cuneiformis (Ichneumonidae)
Vespula germanica (Vespidae)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
(unranked):
Unicalcarida
Suborder: Apocrita
Gerstaecker, 1867[1]
Subgroups

Apocrita is a

petiole) formed between the first two segments of the actual abdomen; the first abdominal segment is fused to the thorax, and is called the propodeum. Therefore, it is general practice, when discussing the body of an apocritan in a technical sense, to refer to the mesosoma and metasoma (or gaster) rather than the "thorax" and "abdomen", respectively. The evolution of a constricted waist was an important adaption for the parasitoid lifestyle of the ancestral apocritan, allowing more maneuverability of the female's ovipositor.[2] The ovipositor
either extends freely or is retracted, and may be developed into a stinger for both defense and paralyzing prey. Larvae are legless and blind, and either feed inside a host (plant or animal) or in a nest cell provisioned by their mothers.

Apocrita has historically been split into two groups,

paraphyletic
: the clade would contain the Aculeata. "Parasitica" is therefore a rankless grouping in many present classifications, if it appears at all.

Parasitica comprises the majority of hymenopteran insects, its members living as

biological control agents to control pests, such as caterpillars, true bugs and hoppers, flies, and weevils.[6]

Aculeata is a

social hymenopterans.[7]
Among the nonparasitic and nonsocial Aculeata, larvae are fed with captured prey (typically alive and paralyzed) or may be fed pollen and nectar. The
fungi
, or nonviable eggs (ants).

Extant families and superfamilies

The Apocrita contains a large number of families. Some traditional taxa such as the

paraphyletic. Parasitoidism evolved once, and it is found today across most Apocritan families, though it has been secondarily lost several times. The phylogenetic tree gives a condensed overview of the phylogeny, illustrated with major groups. The sawflies are paraphyletic as the Apocrita evolved inside that group. The tree is not fully resolved.[7][8][9][3]

Cladogram of Apocrita after Peters et al.(2017)[3]

Apocrita
Parasitoida

Trigonaloidea

Aculeata

Chrysidoidea

Vespoidea (potter, honey and social wasps)

Pompiloidea (velvet ants, spider wasps and relatives)

Scolioidea

Formicoidea
(ants)

Apoidea

Ampulicidae

Sphecidae

"Crabronidae" (digger wasps)

Anthophila
(bees)

References

  1. ^ Gerstaecker, C.E.A. (1867). "Ueber die Gattung Oxybelus Latr. und die bei Berlin vorkommenden Arten derselben". Zeitschrift für die Gesammten Naturwissenschaften (in German). 30 (7): 1–144.
  2. ISBN 978-0-521-82149-0
    .
  3. ^
    PMID 28343967
    .
  4. PMID 21540117
    .
  5. ISBN 978-0-12-374144-8
    .
  6. ^ "Parasitoid Wasps (Hymenoptera)". University of Maryland. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 6 June 2016.
  7. ^
    PMID 28376325
    .
  8. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00233.x
    .
  9. ^ Schulmeister, S. "Symphyta". Archived from the original on 21 June 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2016.

External links

Look up apocrita in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apocrita.
Wikispecies has information related to Apocrita.
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