Armenian national awakening
Rise of nationalism in the Balkans Nationalism under the Ottoman Empire |
---|
|
The Armenian national awakening resembles that of other non-Turkish ethnic groups during the
During the Armenian national awakening, "
Origins
Prehistoric-Historic Era
The discovery of Urartu has come to play a significant role in 19th and 20th-century Armenian nationalism.[1]
Beyond the mostly accepted terms of the Armenian nationalism as given in the above paragraphs, the concept has come to include a range of interpretations of Prehistoric Armenia, including the link to the Iron Age kingdom of Urartu. The Armenians are the original inhabitants of the territory of what is named as historic Armenia. Identification with the distant glories of Urartu and its prehistoric forerunners, together with Mount Ararat has come to be a powerful symbol of Armenian ethnicity especially among the diaspora.[2]
The idea which claims people living under Urartu were consciously Armenian,
Armenian Classic Era
In the Ottoman Empire, the social structure of "Armenians" before the 18th century was based on the system of "Millet."
The
Armenian Renaissance
Enlightenment among Armenians, sometimes called as renaissance of the Armenian people, came from two sources; First one was the Armenian monks belonging to the
The 18th century generated new schools and libraries and chance to study in the universities of Western Europe for different elasticities of the Ottoman Empire. The initial aim of Protestant missionaries were the
Mekhitarist Order had exclusive devotion to persons and things Armenian. Mekhitar, was born at Sebastia in Ottoman Empire in 1676. He entered a monastery, but was concerned about the level of culture and education in Armenia at that period, and sought to do something about it. Contacts with Western missionaries led him to become interested in translating material from the West into Armenian and setting up an order to facilitate education. Amongst their countrymen the influence of the Mekhitarist Order has been not only directive in the way of holiness and true service to God and the Church, but creative of a wholesome national ambition and self-respect. Apostles of culture and progress, they may be said, with strict justice, to have preserved from degradation and neglect the language and literature of their country, and in so doing, have been the saviors of the Armenian race. Father
In 1863, Ottoman Armenians were introduced to major reforms as an extension of Tanzimat. Attempting to stem the tide of
National Revival
The Armenian national ideology developed long after the Greek movement, however the factors contributing to the emergence of
Kagik Ozanyan claims that Tanzimat regulations, helped the formation of an Armenian political strata and incited the Armenian national spirit, which was aligned with the nation building through revolution aligned with the French Revolution perspective.[7][unreliable source?] General Mayewski, who was the Russian Consul General to Ottoman Empire recorded the following[8]
The rebellion of Armenians resulted from the following three causes:
(1). Their known evolution in political matters (Issue of Civilizations),
(2). Development of ideas of nationalism, salvation and independence in Armenian opinion (Revolution Perspective),
(3). Supporting of these ideas by Western governments and publication through the inspiration and efforts of Armenian clerical men (Humanitarian intervention).[8]— Russian General Counsel Mayewski
Civilization Perspective
According to one position the breakdown of the "coexistence of the communities within the Ottoman Empire" was a direct result of the Christian Armenians and Muslims (Turks and Kurds) inability of living together. Armenian Patriarch Nerses Varjabedyan expresses his position to British Minister of Foreign Affairs, Lord Salisbury on April 13, 1878.[9]
It is no longer possible for the Armenians and the Turks to live together. Only a Christian administration can provide the equality, justice and the freedom of conscience. A Christian administration should replace the Muslim administration. Armenia (Eastern Anatolia) and Kilikya, are the regions, where the Christian administration should be founded... The Turkish Armenians want this... That is, a Christian administration is demanded in Turkish Armenia, as in Lebanon.[9]
Most of the Ottoman sources do not give credit to these claims. They present the argument that the system of "
Armenian Question Perspective
The Greeks were thus the first of the Ottoman Empire's subject peoples to secure recognition as an independent sovereign power. After a long and bloody struggle, and with the aid of the
The stipulation in favor of Armenian autonomy in the treaty of Berlin produced an immediate change. Unfortunately there were special difficulties for the realization of the so-called Ottoman liberal political program that could end with what article stipulated. For one thing not all the Armenians were under the Ottoman Empire. As the population considered, there was
After the Armenian Massacres of 1894-1896 the Armenian population in the six vilayets, which were also the Kurdish regions, had a sharp decline somewhere between 80,000 and 300,000
The first effective intervention had come by the Woodrow Wilson who agreed to transfer what will be named as "Wilsonian Armenia" back to the Armenians in the Treaty of Sèvres.
Revolution Perspective
Ottoman Armenians educated with the
The
During 1880-1890 the local communication channels were developed. The organizations were fully functional under Ankara, Amasya, Çorum, Diyarbakır, Yozgat, and Tokat. In 1893 they began to use wall newspapers (newspapers like billboards) directed toward the non Armenian subjects. The main theme of these materials were people should take control of their own life against the oppressors.[14] These ideological communicants did not have any effect on the Muslims. These activities ended with clashes between revolutionaries and Ottoman police. Generally resulted with the jail time. Every jail time ended with official exchanges between Ottoman Empire and Britain, as it was the protectorate of the Educated revolutionaries who can print papers. It was more than probable' that Armenian revolutionaries were responsible parties in this conflict, Britain concluded.[15] Sultan panicked, and local authorities act against them as they were cutting telegraph wires, bombing the odd government buildings. Britain or European powers concluded that however if there would be more interference these would end with religious fanaticism, and a civil war (massacres) would occur.[16]
Armenians mainly lived in the intersection of three empires,
Armenian national movement was clearly an international movement. However, practical center for Armenian revolutionaries was the
The
See also
- Rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire
External links
References
- ISBN 978-0-631-22037-4., p. 276.
- ISBN 978-0-521-48065-9, p. 276.
- ISBN 978-0-521-48065-9, p. 157f.
- ^ G. Warneck, Outline of a History of Protestant Missions (Edinburgh and London, 1901), p. 241.
- ^ Richard G. (EDT) Hovannisian "The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times", page 198
- ^ The Armenian Genocide: History, Politics, Ethics By Richard G. Hovannisian p.129
- ^ Esat Uras, Tarihte Ermeniler ve Ermeni Meselesi, İstanbul 1976, 5. 463;
- ^ a b General MAYEWSKI; Statistique des Provinces de Van et de Bitlis, pp. 11-13
- ^ a b F.O. 424/70, No. 134/I zikr., Bilal N. ªimsir, British Documents On Ottoman Armenians 1856-1880), Vol. I, Ankara 19R2, pp.173. Document No. 69
- ^ Akcam, Taner. A Shameful Act. 2006, page 42.
- ^ a b c d Denise Natali. The Kurds and the State. (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2005)
- ^ The Times, 10 January 1883, p. 5; ibid., 8 June 1883, p. 5
- ^ "Chapter VIII: WESTERN ARMENIA (FROM 1820 TO 1913)". Armenianhistory.info. Archived from the original on 2003-05-24. Retrieved 2006-11-09.
- ^ Sir Robert W. Graves, Storm Centres of the Near East: personal memories, 1879-1929
- ^ Graves, Storm Centres, p. 138
- ^ Graves, Storm Centres, pp. 132-139
- ^ Eddie Arnavoudian; In defence of the Armenian National Liberation Movement, 2002
- ^ Vartanian; The Western Armenian Liberation Struggle, Yerevan, 1967
- ^ Nalbandian, Armenian Revolutionary Movement, p. 115.
- ^ Nalbandian, Armenian Revolutionary Movement, pp. 145–7.
- ^ Suny. Looking Toward Ararat, p. 46