Christians

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"Christian" redirects here. For other uses, see Christian (disambiguation).

Christians
Reformed churches, Lutheranism, Methodism, Pentecostalism and other denominations)[4]
  • 10% Eastern Orthodox Church[4]
  • 2% Oriental Orthodox[4]
  • 1% Other Christian traditions (incl. Assyrian Church of the East, Latter Day Saint movement, Jehovah's Witnesses, Unitarianism and Nondenominational churches)[4]
    • Scriptures
    Bible (Old and New Testament)
    Languages
    • Predominant spoken languages:[8]
    Sacred languages:
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    A Christian (

    Christian churches, or in a proverbial sense "all that is noble, and good, and Christ-like."[15]
    It does not have a meaning of 'of Christ' or 'related or pertaining to Christ'.

    According to a 2011

    Protestant (37%).[4] Orthodox communions comprise 12% of the world's Christians.[4] Other Christian groups make up the remainder. By 2050, the Christian population is expected to exceed 3 billion.[4] According to a 2012 Pew Research Center survey, Christianity will remain the world's largest religion in 2050, if current trends continue. In recent history, Christians have experienced persecution of varying severity, especially in the Middle-East, North Africa, East Asia, and South Asia.[16][17][18]

    Etymology

    The Greek word Χριστιανός (Christianos), meaning "follower of Christ", comes from Χριστός (Christos), meaning "anointed one",[19] with an adjectival ending borrowed from Latin to denote adhering to, or even belonging to, as in slave ownership.[20] In the Greek Septuagint, christos was used to translate the Hebrew מָשִׁיחַ (Mašíaḥ, messiah), meaning "[one who is] anointed".[21] In other European languages, equivalent words to Christian are likewise derived from the Greek, such as Chrétien in French and Cristiano in Spanish.

    The abbreviations Xian and Xtian (and similarly formed other parts of speech) have been used since at least the 17th century: Oxford English Dictionary shows a 1634 use of Xtianity and Xian is seen in a 1634–38 diary.[22][23] The word Xmas uses a similar contraction.

    Early usage

    The Church of Saint Peter near Antioch (modern-day Antakya), the city where the disciples were called "Christians"[24]

    The first recorded use of the term (or its

    1 Peter 4:16
    ).

    Kenneth Samuel Wuest holds that all three original New Testament verses' usages reflect a derisive element in the term Christian to refer to followers of Christ who did not acknowledge the emperor of Rome.

    Early Church Fathers from Ignatius and Polycarp onwards.[27]

    The earliest occurrences of the term in non-Christian literature include

    Tacitus, writing near the end of the 1st century. In the Annals he relates that "by vulgar appellation [they were] commonly called Christians"[29] and identifies Christians as Nero's scapegoats for the Great Fire of Rome.[30]

    Nazarenes

    Another

    Acts 24:5. The latter verse makes it clear that Nazarene also referred to the name of a sect or heresy, as well as the town called Nazareth.[citation needed
    ]

    The term Nazarene was also used by the Jewish lawyer

    Babylonian Talmud
    , and is still the modern Israeli Hebrew term for Christian.

    Modern usage

    chrestianos, first mention of Christians in Tacitus' Annals. 11th century copy.
    The Latin cross and Ichthys symbols, two symbols often used by Christians to represent their religion

    Definition

    A wide range of beliefs and practices are found across the world among those who call themselves Christian.

    Christian Fundamentalism), for example, would not acknowledge Mormonism or Christian Science as Christian. In fact, the nearly 77 percent of Americans who self-identify as Christian are a diverse pluribus of Christianities that are far from any collective unity.[32]

    Jesus as an ethical role model.[33]

    Hebrew terms

    Nazareth is described as the childhood home of Jesus. Many languages employ the word "Nazarene" as a general designation for those of Christian faith.[34]

    The identification of Jesus as the Messiah is not accepted by Judaism. The term for a Christian in Hebrew is נוֹצְרִי (Notzri—"Nazarene"), a Talmudic term originally derived from the fact that Jesus came from the Galilean village of Nazareth, today in northern Israel.[35] Adherents of Messianic Judaism are referred to in modern Hebrew as יְהוּדִים מְשִׁיחִיִּים (Yehudim Meshihi'im—"Messianic Jews").

    Arabic terms

    In Arabic-speaking cultures, two words are commonly used for Christians: Naṣrānī (نصراني), plural Naṣārā (نصارى) is generally understood to be derived from Nazarenes, believers of Jesus of Nazareth through Syriac (Aramaic); Masīḥī (مسيحي) means followers of the Messiah.[36] Where there is a distinction, Nasrani refers to people from a Christian culture and Masihi is used by Christians themselves for those with a religious faith in Jesus.[37] In some countries Nasrani tends to be used generically for non-Muslim Western foreigners.[38]

    Another Arabic word sometimes used for Christians, particularly in a political context, is Ṣalībī (صليبي "Crusader") from ṣalīb (صليب "cross"), which refers to

    Ali ibn al-Athir.[41][42]

    Asian terms

    The most common

    Syriac for "Nazarene", and Tarsā (ترسا), from Middle Persian word Tarsāg, also meaning "Christian", derived from tars, meaning "fear, respect".[43]

    An old Kurdish word for Christian frequently in usage was felle (فەڵە), coming from the root word meaning "to be saved" or "attain salvation".[44]

    The Syriac term Nasrani (Nazarene) has also been attached to the

    Urdu: مسیحی) is a term Christians use to refer to themselves as well.[48]

    In the past, the Malays used to call Christians in Malay language by the Portuguese loanword Serani (from Arabic Nasrani), but the term now refers to the modern Kristang creoles of Malaysia. In the Indonesian language, the term Nasrani" is also used alongside Kristen.

    The Chinese word is

    Hakka dialect, the two characters are pronounced Jīdū in Mandarin Chinese. In Vietnam, the same two characters read Cơ đốc
    , and a "follower of Christianity" is a tín đồ Cơ đốc giáo.

    Japanese Christians ("Kurisuchan") in Portuguese costume, 16–17th century

    In Japan, the term

    Standard Japanese
    as キリスト教徒 (Kirisuto-kyōto) or the English-derived term クリスチャン (kurisuchan).

    Korean still uses 기독교도 (

    RR
    : Gidok), which refers to Christ himself.

    In Thailand, the most common terms are คนคริสต์ (RTGS: khon khrit) or ชาวคริสต์ (RTGS: chao khrit) which literally means "Christ person/people" or "Jesus person/people". The Thai word คริสต์ (RTGS: khrit) is derived from "Christ".

    In the Philippines, the most common terms are Kristiyano (for "Christian") and Kristiyanismo (for "Christianity") in most Philippine languages; both derives from Spanish cristiano and cristianismo (also used in Chavacano) due to the country's rich history of early Christianity during the Spanish colonial era. Some Protestants in the Philippines uses the term Kristiyano (before the term "born again" became popular) to differentiate themselves from Catholics (Katoliko).

    Eastern European terms

    The region of modern Eastern Europe and Central Eurasia has a long history of Christianity and Christian communities on its lands. In ancient times, in the first centuries after the birth of Christ, when this region was called Scythia, the geographical area of Scythians – Christians already lived there.[50] Later the region saw the first states to adopt Christianity officially – initially Armenia (301 AD) and Georgia (337 AD), later Bulgaria (c. 864) and Kyivan Rus (c. 988 AD).

    In some areas, people came to denote themselves as Christians (

    Old East Slavic: русини, руснаки, romanized: rusyny, rusnaky), or Ukrainians (Ukrainian: українці, romanized
    : ukraintsi).

    In time the Russian term "крестьяне" (khrest'yane) acquired the meaning "peasants of Christian faith" and later "peasants" (the main part of the population of the region), while the term Russian: христиане (khristiane) retained its religious meaning and the term Russian: русские (russkie) began to mean representatives of the heterogeneous Russian nation formed on the basis of common Christian faith and language,[citation needed] which strongly influenced the history and development of the region. In the region the term "Orthodox faith" (Russian: православная вера, pravoslavnaia vera) or "Russian faith" (Russian: русская вера, russkaia vera) from earliest times became almost as known as the original "Christian faith" (Russian: христианская, крестьянская вера khristianskaia, krestianskaia).[citation needed]

    Also in some contexts the term

    Old East Slavic
    : козак, казак, romanized: kozak, kazak) was used to denote "free" Christians of steppe origin and East Slavic language.

    Other non-religious usages

    Nominally "Christian" societies made "Christian" a default label for citizenship or for "people like us".[51] In this context, religious or ethnic minorities can use "Christians" or "you Christians" loosely as a shorthand term for mainstream members of society who do not belong to their group – even in a thoroughly secular (though formerly Christian) society.[52]

    Demographics

    For a detailed breakdown of Christian demographics, see Christianity by country.

    As of 2020,

    Roman Catholic Church, with 1.3 billion adherents, representing half of all Christians.[56]

    Christianity remains the dominant religion in the

    converted to Christianity.[57] Christianity is growing in Africa,[58] Asia,[59][60][61][62] Eastern Europe,[63] Latin America,[59] the Muslim world,[64][65] and Oceania.[66]

    Percentage of Christians worldwide, June 2014
    Christians (self-described) by region (Pew Research Center, 2011)[67][68][69]
    Region Christians % Christian
    Europe 558,260,000 75.2
    Latin America–Caribbean 531,280,000 90.0
    Sub-Saharan Africa 517,340,000 62.9
    Asia Pacific
    		 286,950,000 7.1
    North America 266,630,000 77.4
    Middle East–North Africa 12,710,000 3.7
    World 2,173,180,000 31.5

    Socioeconomics

    According to a study from 2015, Christians hold the largest amount of wealth (55% of the total world wealth), followed by Muslims (5.8%), Hindus (3.3%) and Jews (1.1%). According to the same study it was found that adherents under the classification Irreligion or other religions hold about 34.8% of the total global wealth.[70] A study done by the nonpartisan wealth research firm New World Wealth found that 56.2% of the 13.1 million millionaires in the world were Christians.[71]

    A

    post-graduate degrees per capita while in absolute numbers ranked in the first place (220 million).[72] Between the various Christian communities, Singapore outranks other nations in terms of Christians who obtain a university degree in institutions of higher education (67%),[72] followed by the Christians of Israel (63%),[73] and the Christians of Georgia (57%).[72]

    According to the study, Christians in

    education of women, which led to the eradication of illiteracy among females in Protestant communities.[72]

    Culture

    Main article: Christian culture
    Set of pictures showcasing Christian culture and famous Christian leaders

    Christian culture describes the cultural practices common to Christian peoples. There are variations in the application of Christian beliefs in different cultures and traditions.[74] Christian culture has influenced and assimilated much from the Greco-Roman, Byzantine, Western culture,[75] Middle Eastern,[76][77] Slavic,[78] Caucasian,[78] and Indian cultures.

    Since the spread of Christianity from the

    Latin Christendom rose to the central role of the Western world and Western culture.[83]

    Western culture, throughout most of its history, has been nearly equivalent to Christian culture, and a large portion of the population of the Western Hemisphere can be described as practicing or nominal Christians. The notion of "Europe" and the "Western World" has been intimately connected with the concept of "Christianity and Christendom".[83] Outside the Western world, Christians has had an influence and contributed on various cultures, such as in Africa, the Near East, Middle East, East Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Indian subcontinent.[84][85]

    Christians have made noted contributions to a range of fields, including philosophy,

    Nobel Prizes Laureates, have identified Christianity in its various forms as their religious preference.[100]

    Persecution

    Main article: Persecution of Christians
    See also: Anti-Christian sentiment

    In 2017, Open Doors, a human rights NGO, estimated approximately 260 million Christians are subjected annually to "high, very high, or extreme persecution",[101] with North Korea considered the most hazardous nation for Christians.[102][103]

    In 2019, a report

    Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) to investigate global persecution of Christians found religious persecution has increased, and is highest in the Middle East, North Africa, India, China, North Korea, and Latin America, among others,[17] and that it is global and not limited to Islamic states.[105] This investigation found that approximately 80% of persecuted believers worldwide are Christians.[18]

    See also

    References

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    2. ^ a b Johnson, Todd M.; Grim, Brian J., eds. (2020). "All Religions (global totals)". World Religion Database. Leiden, Boston: BRILL, Boston University.
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    4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Analysis (19 December 2011). "Global Christianity" (PDF). Pewforum.org. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
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      . Today, the Christian community in India includes approximately 62 million people, about 6 percent of the population. Of these, 14 million are Roman Catholic and 3 million are Orthodox.
    7. ISBN 978-1-59884-204-3
      . Protestants 21,100,000 Independents 18,200,000 Roman Catholics 21,700,000 (2010)
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    12. ^ Bickerman (1949) p. 145, "The Christians got their appellation from 'Christus,' that is, 'the Anointed,' the Messiah."
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    14. ^ Beal, Timothy (2008). Religion in America: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 35, 39. Beal states that, "Although all of them have their historical roots in Christian theology and tradition, and although most would identify themselves as Christian, many would not identify others within the larger category as Christian. Most Baptists and Fundamentalists, for example, would not acknowledge Mormonism or Christian Science as Christian. In fact, the nearly 77 percent of Americans who self-identify as Christian are a diverse pluribus of Christianities that are far from any collective unity."
    15. ^ Schaff, Philip. "V. St. Paul and the Conversion of the Gentiles (Note 496)". History of the Christian Church.
    16. ^ "Christian persecution 'at near genocide levels'". BBC News. 3 May 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
    17. ^ a b Kay, Barbara. "Our politicians may not care, but Christians are under siege across the world". National Post. 8 May 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
    18. ^ a b Wintour, Patrick. "Persecution of Christians coming close to genocide' in Middle East – report". The Guardian. 2 May 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
    19. ^ Christ at Etymology Online
    20. ^ Bickerman, 1949 p. 147, "All these Greek terms, formed with the Latin suffix -ianus, exactly as the Latin words of the same derivation, express the idea that the men or things referred to, belong to the person to whose name the suffix is added."
      p. 145, "In Latin this suffix produced proper names of the type Marcianus and, on the other hand, derivatives from the name of a person, which referred to his belongings, like fundus Narcissianus, or, by extension, to his adherents, Ciceroniani."
    21. ^ Messiah at Etymology Online
    22. ^ "X, n. 10". OED Online. Oxford University Press. March 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
    23. ISBN 9781843830436
      . Retrieved 8 January 2019. Throughout his diary, Rogers abbreviates 'Christ' to 'X' and the same is true of 'Christian' ('Xian'), 'Antichrist' ('AntiX') and related words.
    24. ^ "Acts 11:26 and when he found him, he brought him back to Antioch. So for a full year they met together with the church and taught large numbers of people. The disciples were first called Christians at Antioch". biblehub.com.
    25. ^ #Wuest-1973 p. 19. "The word is used three times in the New Testament, and each time as a term of reproach or derision. Here in Antioch, the name Christianos was coined to distinguish the worshippers of the Christ from the Kaisarianos, the worshippers of Caesar."
    26. ^ #Wuest-1973 p. 19. "The city of Antioch in Syria had a reputation for coining nicknames."
    27. Acts 11:26
      ) and which appeared next in Christian sources in Ignatius, Eph 11.2; Rom 3.2; Pol 7.3. Cf. too Did 12.4; MPol 3.1; 10.1; 12.1–2; EpDiog 1.1; 4.6; 5.1;"
    28. ^ Josephus. "Antiquities of the Jews — XVIII, 3:3". Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Translated by William Whiston. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023.
    29. ^ Tacitus, Cornelius; Murphy, Arthur (1836). The works of Cornelius Tacitus: with an essay on his life and genius, notes, supplements, &c. Thomas Wardle. p. 287.
    30. ISBN 0-8028-2505-2
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    31. ^ Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies: Volume 65, Issue 1 University of London. School of Oriental and African Studies – 2002 "around 331, Eusebius says of the place name Nazareth that 'from this name the Christ was called a Nazoraean, and in ancient times we, who are now called Christians, were once called Nazarenes';6 thus he attributes this designation"
    32. ^ Beal, Timothy (2008). Religion in America: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 35.
    33. ISBN 1-56639-081-8
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    34. ^ Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies: Volume 65, Issue 1 University of London. School of Oriental and African Studies – 2002.
    35. ^ Nazarene at Etymology Online
    36. ^ a b Society for Internet Research, The Hamas Charter Archived 25 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine, note 62 (erroneously, "salidi").
    37. ^ Jeffrey Tayler, Trekking through the Moroccan Sahara.
    38. ^ "Nasara". Mazyan Bizaf Show. Archived from the original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
    39. Akbar S. Ahmed, Islam, Globalization, and Postmodernity
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    41. ^ سنة ٤٩١ – "ذكر ملك الفرنج مدينة أنطاكية" في الكامل في التاريخ
    42. ^ "Account of al-Faranj seizing Antioch" Year 491AH, The Complete History
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    45. ISBN 978-1-5326-9722-7
      . "Isai" is the most common form of address for Christians throughout northern India.
    46. ^ "Catholic priest in saffron robe called 'Isai Baba'". The Indian Express. 24 December 2008. Archived from the original on 13 January 2012.
    47. ISBN 978-1-108-42530-8
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    49. ^ "基督とは".
    50. ^ "Вселенские Соборы - профессор Антон Владимирович Карташёв - читать, скачать". azbyka.ru.
    51. ^ Compare:
      ISBN 9780192802903
      . Retrieved 5 December 2016. In modern times the name Christian ... has tended, in nominally Christian countries, to lose any credal significance and imply only that which is ethically praiseworthy (e.g. 'a Christian action') or socially customary ('Christian name').
    52. ^ Compare: Sandmel, Samuel (1967). We Jews and You Christians: An Inquiry Into Attitudes. Lippincott. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
    53. ^ 33.39% of 7.174 billion world population (under "People and Society") "World". CIA world facts. 25 February 2022.
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    55. ^ "Major Religions Ranked by Size". Adherents.com. Archived from the original on 29 January 2010. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
    56. ^ Pontifical Yearbook 2010, Catholic News Agency. Accessed 22 September 2011.
    57. ^ Johnstone, Patrick; Miller, Duane Alexander (2015). "Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census". Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion. 11: 8. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
    58. ^ "Study: Christianity growth soars in Africa –". USA Today. 20 December 2011. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
    59. ^ a b Ostling, Richard N. (24 June 2001). "The Battle for Latin America's Soul". Time. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
    60. ^ "In China, Protestantism's Simplicity Yields More Converts Than Catholicism". International Business Times. 28 March 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
    61. ^ "Understanding the rapid rise of Charismatic Christianity in Southeast Asia". Singapore Management University. 27 October 2017.
    62. ^ "Number of Christians in China and India". Lausanne. 8 July 2011. Archived from the original on 13 June 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
    63. ^ "Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 10 May 2017.
    64. ^ Johnstone, Patrick; Miller, Duane Alexander (2015). "Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census". IJRR. 11 (10): 1–19. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
    65. ISBN 978-1-74253-416-9
      . Since the 1960s, there has been a substantial increase in the number of Muslims who have converted to Christianity
    66. ^ The Next Christendom: The Rise of Global Christianity. New York: Oxford University Press. 2002. 270 pp.
    67. ^ Analysis (19 December 2011). "Europe". Pewforum.org. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
    68. ^ Analysis (19 December 2011). "Americas". Pewforum.org. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
    69. ^ Analysis (19 December 2011). "Global religious landscape: Christians". Pewforum.org. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
    70. ^ "Christians hold largest percentage of global wealth: Report". deccanherald.com. 14 January 2015.
    71. ^ Frank, Robert (14 January 2015). "The religion of millionaires". CNBC.
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    73. ^ "المسيحيون العرب يتفوقون على يهود إسرائيل في التعليم". Bokra. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
    74. ISBN 1405108991
      .
    75. ^ Caltron J.H Hayas, Christianity and Western Civilization (1953), Stanford University Press, p.2: "That certain distinctive features of our Western civilization – the civilization of western Europe and of America— have been shaped chiefly by Judaeo – Graeco – Christianity, Catholic and Protestant."
    76. ISBN 9780198293880
      . Retrieved 29 April 2016.
    77. ISBN 9781351510721
      .
    78. ^
      ISBN 978-0-14-014656-1
      .
    79. ISBN 9780521616645
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    80. ^ Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "christendom. §1.3 Scheidingen". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.
    81. ISBN 978-0-913836-90-3
      .
    82. ^
      ISBN 978-1-4051-9833-2
      .
    83. ^
      ISBN 978-0-8132-1683-6
      .
    84. ISBN 9781351510721
      .
    85. ISBN 9781136001666
      .
    86. ISBN 978-1-4422-1942-7
      . ... The insights of Christian philosophy "would not have happened without the direct or indirect contribution of Christian faith" (FR 76). Typical Christian philosophers include St. Augustine, St. Bonaventure, and St. Thomas Aquinas. The benefits derived from Christian philosophy are twofold....
    87. ISBN 9780830868148
      .
    88. ISBN 0-521-81456-1
      . ... Many of the scientists who contributed to these developments were Christians...
    89. ISBN 978-0-19-102513-6
      . ... the Christian contribution to science has been uniformly at the top level, but it has reached that level and it has been sufficiently strong overall ...
    90. ^ Graves, Daniel (7 July 1998). "Christian Influences in the Sciences". rae.org. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015.
    91. William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin and James Clerk Maxwell
      .
    92. ISBN 978-1-78720-304-4
      . Many prominent Catholic physicians and psychologists have made significant contributions to hypnosis in medicine, dentistry, and psychology.
    93. ISBN 9780195157185
      .
    94. ISBN 9781596983281
      .
    95. ISBN 9781461632924
      .
    96. ISBN 9781107031654
      .
    97. ISBN 1405108991
      . Virtually every major European composer contributed to the development of church music. Monteverdi, Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Rossini, and Verdi are all examples of composers to have made significant contributions in this sphere. The Catholic church was without question one of the most important patrons of musical developments, and a crucial stimulus to the development of the western musical tradition.
    98. ISBN 9781469626987
      .
    99. ISBN 9781469626987
      .
    100. ISBN 978-0-935047-37-0
      .
    101. ^ Weber, Jeremy. "'Worst year yet': the top 50 countries where it's hardest to be a Christian". Christianity Today. 11 January 2017. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
    102. ^ Enos, Olivia. "North Korea is the world's worst persecutor of Christians". Forbes. 25 January 2017. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
    103. ^ Worldwatchlist2020, Most dangerous countries for Christians. "Serving Persecuted Christians – Open Doors USA". www.opendoorsusa.org. Archived from the original on 2 March 2000. Retrieved 24 March 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
    104. ^ Mounstephen, Philip. "Interim report". Bishop of Truro's Independent Review for the Foreign Secretary of FCO Support for Persecuted Christians. April 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
    105. ^ a b Mounstephen, Philip. "Final Report and Recommendations". Bishop of Truro's Independent Review for the Foreign Secretary of FCO Support for Persecuted Christians. July 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.

    Bibliography

    Wikimedia Commons has media related to Christians.

    Etymology

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