Mikayel Nalbandian

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Mikayel Nalbandian
Saint Petersburg University (doctorate)
Genre
  • Poems
  • novels
  • essays
  • articles[1]
Subjects
Literary movementRealism
Years active1851–1866
Notable works
Signature

Mikayel Nalbandian[a] (Armenian: Միքայել Նալբանդյան; 14 November [O.S. 2 November] 1829 – 12 April [O.S. 31 March] 1866) was a Russian-Armenian writer, poet, political theorist and activist.

Nalbandian was born in

Italian unification, Nalbandian advocated reform, cultural nationalism and agrarianism among Armenians. In his later years he was influenced by Russian radicals such as Alexander Herzen and Nikolay Chernyshevsky
. For his association with them, he was persecuted and died in exile at 37.

A champion of modernism, he is seen as a follower of Khachatur Abovian. In turn, he influenced many others, including the novelist Raffi, Armenian nationalist revolutionaries (especially the Dashnaks), and Armenian Marxists, such as Alexander Miasnikian. Nalbandian was widely revered in the Soviet period, while Dashnaks adopted "Mer Hayrenik", based on his poem "The Song of an Italian Girl", as the anthem of the First Republic of Armenia in 1918. It was re-adopted by independent Armenia in 1991. Another poem by Nalbandian, glorifying freedom, has become a celebrated anthem since it was written in 1859.

Life

The house of the Nalbandian family in New Nakhichevan

Early years

Mikayel Nalbandian was born on 14 November (2 November in

Nerses Ashtaraketsi in October 1845.[16] Nerses and Harutiun Khalibian, the pro-clerical mayor of Nakhichevan, believed Patkanian went too far by promoting secular subjects at his school.[17]

From July 1848 to July 1853 Nalbandian worked as the secretary of Archbishop Matteos Vehapetian, the

Odessa, Kherson, and Crimea for health treatment.[7] During this period, he was known as a dpir, a low-level rank in the Armenian church akin to a clerk or deacon.[19][17] For his liberal writings, he incurred the enmity of the church authorities.[12] Catholicos Nerses developed an enmity towards Nalbandian for his alleged immoral writings. He was forced to flee Kishnev and New Nakhichevan to avoid religious persecution.[20]

Moscow

The header of Hyusisapayl, a self-styled journal of national enlightenment and education, which Nalbandian helped to establish and contributed to extensively

Nalbandian thereafter abandoned his plans to become a priest,

Saint Petersburg Imperial University.[22] There, he became acquainted with Stepanos Nazarian.[8] Nalbandian was briefly arrested in Moscow in January 1854 for alleged "illegal activities", prompted by the Catholicos Nerses. He was fired from the Lazarev Institute in September 1854.[23] After twice failing to enter as an regular student,[24] Nalbandian attended the Imperial Moscow University from 1854 to 1858 as an auditing student of medicine.[8][15]

In 1858 he collaborated with Stepanos Nazarian to establish the monthly journal Hyusisapayl («Հիւսիսափայլ», Northern Lights or Aurora Borealis), which was published in Moscow until 1864. It has been characterized as a radical, secular, and anti-clerical journal,[12][25] which was the earliest public voice of liberalism among Armenians.[14] The name was influenced by the journal Poliarnaia zvezda ("Northern Star"), published by Russian radicals Herzen and Ogarev in London.[26] He left the editorial board of the monthly in the fall of 1859; however, his works continued to be published there.[8] Until his departure, Nalbandian authored and translated most of the articles for Hyusisapayl.[27]

From March to July 1859 he traveled throughout Europe, visiting

Saint Petersburg Imperial University.[8][15] His dissertation was titled "On the Study of the Armenian Language in Europe and Scientific Significance of Armenian Literature".[29] To become a candidate, he had earlier passed exams in history, theology and the following languages: Russian, Armenian, Georgian, and Turkish.[30]

Travels

An undated photo of Nalbandian

He subsequently left for

Tiflis, where he met Ghazaros Aghayan and other Armenian intellectuals, Russian (Eastern) Armenia and Constantinople.[32] In his only visit to Russian Armenia, he traveled to Yerevan, Etchmiadzin (the center of the Armenian Church), and the grave of Mesrop Mashtots, the 5th century inventor of the Armenian alphabet, in Oshakan.[33] In Constantinople he met with Harutiun Svadjian, the editor of Meghu, and other members of the local Armenian intelligentsia.[8][34]

On his way to London to obtain official permission for his journey, he visited Italy (

Madras.[37] After successfully arranging the transfer of the money of Maseh Babajan, Nalbandian left India in September 1861.[38]

Arrest and death

While in London, he created tight connections with the "London propagandists": Alexander Herzen and Nikolay Ogarev, participated in framing the program of the reformist organization Land and Liberty (Zemlya i volya). With Mikhail Bakunin he searched for means to disseminate Kolokol in southern Russia, the Caucasus, and the Ottoman Empire. In Paris he met with Ivan Turgenev, and published two political works: "Two lines" (Erku togh, 1861) and "Agriculture as the True Way" (Երկրագործութիւնը որպէս ուղիղ ճանապարհ, 1862).[8]

In May 1862 he returned to Petersburg, where he participated in the activities of Land and Liberty along with Nikolay Chernyshevsky and Nikolai Serno-Solovyevich. His contacts with Russian radicals led to his arrest on 14 June 1862 in New Nakhichevan.[39] He was initially taken to Ekaterinoslav, subsequently to Moscow,[40] and eventually to the Peter and Paul Fortress in Petersburg on 27 July 1862.[41] He was held at the Alekseyevskiy ravelin of the fortress with Nikolay Chernyshevsky, Nikolai Serno-Solovyevich, and others.[42] In prison he acquired rheumatism.[43]

He was allowed to read books by the prison administrations. He read encyclopedias,[44] Khachatur Abovian's Wounds of Armenia and made extensive annotations,[45] Henry Thomas Buckle's History of Civilisation in England,[46] Georg Kolb's Handbuch der vergleichenden Statistik,[47] Dmitri Mendeleev's textbook Organic Chemistry,[48] and Alexis de Tocqueville's Democracy in America.[49]

On 10 December 1865 Nalbandian was found guilty by the Governing Senate in the following crimes: being aware of the criminal intentions of the "London propagandists", supporting them in disseminating banned literature in southern Russia among Armenians, and an aspiration to start an anti-government movement.[50][51]

The bust of Nalbandian at his grave at the courtyard of Holy Cross Armenian Church, Rostov-on-Don

From May to late November 1865 Nalbandian was put into virtual house arrest in St. Petersburg. He was then exiled to the city of Kamyshin in the Saratov Governorate. He reached Kamyshin "more dead than alive," in his own words.[52] Having already contracted tuberculosis, he also frequently had a high fever.[53] Nalbandian died on 31 March (12 April in the New Style) in Kamyshin.[42][54]

In accordance to his wishes, his two brothers took his body to New Nakhichevan.[55] On 13 April they reached New Nakhichevan and took his body to the Armenian Cathedral of St. Gregory the Illuminator.[54] His funeral took place on 14 April; thousands of people attended it.[56] He was buried at the courtyard of the Holy Cross Armenian Church in Rostov-on-Don,[57] located some 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) to the north of New Nakhichevan.[8] His funeral turned into an anti-government demonstration, which led to a year-long investigation by the Russian police.[58] In 1902 the Armenian community of New Nakhichevan erected Nalbandian's bust on his grave.[59]

Views and philosophy

A

utopian socialist.[2][63] The historian Bardakjian summarizes his views as follows:[51]

In both his literary and journalistic pieces, Nalbandian emerges as an unrelenting champion of freedom and equality; a fearless opponent of despotism, imperialism, and serfdom; an interpreter of human life from materialistic positions; a tireless propagandist of enlightenment, science, and scientific approach; a believer in agriculture as the key to prosperity and independence; uncompromisingly anti-clerical; and a zealous supporter of Modern Armenian. A large body of literature and evidence, amassed by Soviet Armenian critics, establishes him as a revolutionary democrat.
Leo

Ronald Grigor Suny notes that Nalbandian was "used and misused by Soviet historians as the Armenian equivalent to the Russian 'enlighteners' of the late 1850s and early 1860s—Herzen, Ogarev, Chernyshevskii, and Dobroliubov." According to Louise Nalbandian, he "became a link between the revolutionary movement in Russia and that of Armenia."[64] According to Suny, although Nalbandian was "influenced by many of the same intellectual currents as the Russian radicals, Nalbandian's interests were almost exclusively contained within the world of the Armenians."[12] He has been described as ideologically a narodnik.[65] Soviet historiography portrayed him as an internationalist, who fought for the liberty of all peoples, especially those of Russia.[66] In 1862 Nalbandian spoke out in support of the North during the American Civil War, which aimed to end slavery.[67]

He believed in the importance of both individual and national freedom.

humanistic.[70] In 1859 essay on Alexander von Humboldt, he argued that science should serve humanity. He had an intense interest in how science-based policies could improve human conditions.[71] Soviet historians considered Nalbandian to be a follower of the "anthropological materialism" of Ludwig Feuerbach.[72][73][2]

Nalbandian admired many Western European authors, including

Hegel, in which he extensively quoted Chernyshevsky.[83]

Religion

"We Armenians have lacked secular learning up to the present time; for better or worse, we have had and continue to have only religious learning.... The times have passed when the priests could reinforce whatever direction they chose by apportioning and weighing and measuring out the light of wisdom to the nation."

 —from Nalbandian's foreword to his translation (1859) of Eugène Sue's The Wandering Jew.[60]

Although Nalbandian initially planned to become a priest of the Armenian Apostolic Church, he abandoned those plans after learning about the corruption within the church. He became highly critical of the conservative clergy of the Armenian Apostolic Church. He often verbally attacked and criticized high-level clergy, such as Catholicos Nerses Ashtaraketsi and Archbishop Gabriel Aivazovsky. He attacked conservative clerics (and other perceived obscurantist community leaders) for their efforts to stifle secular and Western-style learning in Armenian schools.[12]

In his historical essays he often made positive references to the

Protestant and unbeliever by Hovhannes Chamurian (Teroyents), a contemporary conservative cleric.[85] A Constantinople-based conservative journal declared him a heretic.[86] Nalbandian's religious views have been described by Vardan Jaloyan as being essentially deistic and liberal Christian.[87][88] Although he never self-identified as such, Soviet historians widely called him an atheist.[42][89][90]

Nalbandian, along with other secular and, usually, anti-clerical writers such as Raffi, contributed to the

anti-Christian. In fact, he considered Christianity a means of abolishing despotism and a source of love and freedom.[32] However, he argued that religion is distinct from national identity and cannot be pivotal to human existence. Nalbandian viewed religion as primarily a tool to formulate moral values.[92] He criticized the Armenian church's claim that it had preserved Armenian identity through centuries of foreign rule. Instead, he argued, that Armenians have assimilated in Christian countries, and the primary cause of perseverance of Armenian identity has been Muslim rule.[93]

Anti-Catholicism

Nalbandian was highly

French Enlightenment and the European Revolutions of 1848.[97]

Nationalism

Nalbandian was a key figure in the formation of secular Armenian nationalism by the mid-19th century.

national consciousness among the ordinary people. He emphasized the widespread use, both in written and oral forms, of the Armenian language. "The heart and soul of the nation can keep their quality and distinctiveness pure only by being fashioned under the influence of the national language," he argued. He reserved an important role to women in instilling national consciousness into their children.[103][104]

His nationalism has been described as "non-territorial" and cultural, which focused on the people rather than territory.[105] However, he also made references to the Armenian homeland. In a 1861 letter addressed to Harutiun Svadjian, his major Western Armenian ally, he wrote: "Etna and Vesuvius are still smoking"—in reference to the Italian unification—"is there no fire left in the old volcano of Ararat?"[32]

Language

Nalbandian's native language was the New Nakhichevan dialect, a Western Armenian dialect. He wrote his letters to his brothers in the dialect.[106] In his literary career, however, he mostly used standard vernacular Eastern Armenian. In his early years, he had used classical Armenian (grabar). In his mature years Nalbandian became a staunch advocate of literary Modern Armenian (ashkharhabar),[107][108] only through which, he believed, could the Armenian people be enlightened.[102] Nalbandian's and other modernizers' (e.g. Raphael Patkanian, Abovian) promotion of Modern Armenian became a primary cause of cultural innovation and educational reform.[109] He defended his insistence of the use of Modern Armenian by citing Dante Alighieri's successful use of Italian, as opposed to Latin.[110]

In 1865, while in prison, he formulated the notion of a "national literature." He aligned with realism ("art as a mirror of reality") and valued such pieces as Abovian's Wounds of Armenia, Sos and Vartiter by Perch Proshian, and Vartan Pasha's Akabi, written in Turkish using the Armenian script.[61] He also authored a modern Armenian rendering of Ghazar Parpetsi's A Letter to Vahan Mamikonian (Թուղթ առ Վահան Մամիկոնեան).[53]

Economics

The cover of "Agriculture as the True Way"

Nalbandian stressed that economic freedom is the basis of national freedom. Agriculture was, in his view, the key towards economic freedom and considered the trade capital of Armenian merchants as not contributing to the formation of a national economy among Armenians.[111] Nalbandian's chief work on economics is "Agriculture as the True Way"[112] (Երկրագործութիւնը որպէս ուղիղ ճանապարհ), published in Paris in 1862 under the pseudonym Simeon Manikian.[113] It is considered the first modern Armenian-language political tract or pamphlet. It advocated land reform, namely equal redistribution of land following the Emancipation reform of 1861, which emancipated serfs throughout the Russian Empire.[114][112][115] Louise Nalbandian considered it a display of Nalbandian's "socialist viewpoint" and his "conviction that only the equal distribution of land could bring prosperity and happiness to the people."[57] The pamphlet influenced the economic views of both Russian (Eastern) Armenian, and, to a lesser degree, Ottoman (Western) Armenian intellectuals.[116]

His views may have been influenced by the French

anti-capitalist.[119]

Works

Nalbandian's oeuvre consists of poems on patriotism and freedom, novels that expose social ills, essays and articles on national and political issues, economics, philosophy, education, and a series of pieces of

Leo, it was the first printed Russian Armenian novel, being printed in Moscow in 1857, a year before Abovian's Wounds of Armenia, printed a year later in Tiflis. Leo considered it a weak work literarily, but gave some credit to its ethnographic scenes.[122]

Poetry

Nalbandian's first poem, in

political liberty into Armenian letters with these poems.[115]

"Freedom" has become an anthem of liberty and freedom since the 19th century and one of the most popular pieces of poetry in Armenian literature.[124] It may have been influenced by Nikolay Ogarev's poem of the same name. The poem was first published in 1859 in Hyusisapayl as part of Nalbandian's series titled "Memoirs" (Hishatakaran). Harutiun Svadjian, a friend of Nalbandian, first published the poem separately, in his Constantinople-based newspaper Meghu in 1860.[124] Perhaps as early as late 1860s, it was set to music and sang by Armenian youth. Often, it was written on back of his photograph.[125] The poem has been included in Armenian literature textbooks since the Soviet period.[124] It has been translated into English at least twice,[5][126] and three times into Russian.[127]

"The Song of an Italian Girl", although dated by Nalbandian himself to 1859, was more likely written in 1860–61. It is inspired by the

Yeghishe's description of Armenian women.[128] The lyrics of the poem were adopted by the government of the First Republic of Armenia (1918–20) for the country's national anthem, "Mer Hayrenik" ("Our Fatherland"), the poem's incipit. The anthem was reinstated by the government of Armenia on 1 July 1991 with some changes.[102][129][130]

His other noted poems include "Days of Childhood" (Մանկության օրեր, 1860), "To Apollo" (Ապոլլոնին, 1861), and "Message" (Ուղերձ, 1864).[42] He also translated poems by Alexander Pushkin, Mikhail Lermontov, Heinrich Heine, and Pierre-Jean de Béranger.[82]

Recognition and influence

Nalbandian on a 2005 stamp of Armenia

revolutionism.[6] Ronald Grigor Suny described him as "perhaps the most radical, certainly the most contentious and openly anticlerical of the mid-century Armenian patriots."[12] He was part of Russian Armenian intellectuals of the mid-to-late 19th century that were experiencing their own "amalgamated version of the Reformation and the Enlightenment simultaneously."[131] Hacikyan et al. described him as a revolutionary intellectual and pioneer of the Armenian Renaissance.[132] Christopher J. Walker noted that despite his short life, "his example and his writings remained a vivid inspiration to his people."[9]

In the last years of his life Nalbandian had become a contentious figure, hated by the leadership of the Armenian church.[112] The "bold, somewhat reckless, and ultimately victimized" Nalbandian was the most outspoken representative of the secular Armenian intelligentsia.[100] Archbishop Matteos Vehapetian, under whom he worked for five years, and Stepanos Nazarian, with whom he founded Hyusisapayl, both had ambivalent views on Nalbandian. Although personally sympathetic to him, they disagreed with his views, considering them extreme.[133] Vehapetian often defended him, despite disagreeing with his views and called him an excellent moral person.[86]

Nalbandian has been well-regarded by fellow writers.

Leo ranked Nalbandian lower than Raphael Patkanian in his 1904 book, but noted that he had a high reputation among the youth. He attributed Nalbandian's reputation to his poems that were set to music and the fact that Nalbandian wrote about the societal ideals: self-recognition, revival, freedom, and fatherland.[135]

Salbi (1867), to the memory of Nalbandian.[136] The influence of Nalbandian's views on agriculture (namely, equal distribution of land) are evident in Salbi.[114] Hovhannes Tumanyan and Yeghishe Charents wrote poems dedicated to Nalbandian's memory in 1916 and 1929, respectively.[137][138]

Political influence

Zeytun uprising of 1862

Main article: First Zeitun Resistance

Nalbandian indirectly influenced the Armenian rebels of Zeitun, a mountainous region in Cilicia, Ottoman Empire that enjoyed some autonomy up to the 19th century. The uprising there took place in 1862. The rebel leaders were in contact with some of the Armenian intellectuals based in Constantinople who had met Nalbandian in 1860–61 and were influenced by Nalbandian's ideas. The intellectuals' organization, named the Benevolent Union, included Tserents, Harutiun Svadjian, Mgrdich Beshiktashlian, Serovbe Takvorian, and Dr. Kaitiban. Nalbandian regularly corresponded with Tagvorian, Kaitiban, and Svadjian.[139] Besides the aim to improve the conditions of the Armenians, they promoted economic development of the Armenians through better agricultural methods. According to Louise Nalbandian the pronounced "interest in agriculture was no doubt due to the influence of Nalbandian"[140] and that Nalbandian's "political influence was felt in Constantinople by a group of revolutionaries who had direct relations with the Zeitun insurgents."[141]

An undated photo of Andranik, a prominent Armenian fedayi. The text on the flag seen in the background is from Nalbandian's poem "The Song of an Italian Girl".

Posthumous

Nalbandian's political influence has been ubiquitous. He was quickly lionized by liberals, nationalists,[142] and leftists.[143]

In 1879 philologist

Armenian national liberation movement in both Russian and Ottoman empires.[147] According to Louise Nalbandian the founders of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation were the "spiritual descendants" of Nalbandian and other secular nationalist intellectuals such as Khachatur Abovian, Raphael Patkanian, and Raffi.[148] Armenian revolutionaries's use of violence (armed struggle) since the late 1880s against their oppressors, especially Ottomans and Kurds, was also influenced by the writings of Nalbandian, Patkanian and Raffi.[149][150]

Nalbandian also influenced the

agrarian and utopian socialist,[154] who "came close to modern materialism," which Miasinikian considers a great achievement. He also called Nalbandian a friend of the Armenian proletariat and peasantry.[155]

Soviet period

Nalbandian's 1965 statue in Yerevan

Soviet Armenian critics elevated Nalbandian to the status of a

Armenian Academy of Sciences.[160]

In 1921, in the first year of Soviet rule, one of the central streets of Yerevan was renamed after Nalbandian. A public school in Yerevan was renamed in his honor in 1941. In 1949 the Pedagogical Institute of Leninakan (current Gyumri) was renamed after Nalbandian. In 1950 a village known as Shahriar was renamed Nalbandian in his honor.[161] In 1965 a 4.5-metre (15 ft) bronze statue of Nalbandian was erected in Yerevan.[162] In Rostov-on-Don, in the part that was formerly New Nakhichevan, a street has been named for Nalbandian.[163]

References

Notes

  1. ^ Alternative spellings: Mikael, Nalbandyan, Nalpantian. He was known as Mikayel Nalbandiants (Միքայէլ Նալբանդեանց) during his lifetime.[3] In Russian, he signed his letters in a Russified version of his name: Mikhail Nalbandov (Михаил Налбандов, pre-reform spelling: Михаилъ Налбандовъ).[2][4] Sometimes anglicized as Michael.[5][6]
  2. ^ Nalbandian was more likely born on 26 October (7 November in the New Style) and baptized on 2/14 November. However, the latter date is widely used in scholarly literature as his birthdate.[7]

Citations

  1. ^ a b c Hacikyan et al. 2005, pp. 292–293.
  2. ^ a b c d Daronian 1974, p. 225.
  3. ^ a b Inchikian 1954, p. 31.
  4. ^ Inchikian 1954, pp. 68, 224–5.
  5. ^ a b Blackwell, Alice Stone (1917). "Michael Nalbandian: Liberty". Armenian Poems. Boston: Atlantic Printing Company. p. 39.. Also published in Blackwell, Alice Stone (1 June 1917). "Liberty (from the Armenian of Michael Nalbandian)". The New Armenia. IX (11). New York: 167.
  6. ^
    ISBN 9781571816665
    .
  7. ^ a b Inchikian 1954, p. 311.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Daronian 1982, p. 150.
  9. ^ a b Walker 1990, pp. 56–57.
  10. ISBN 978-0-226-33228-4
    .
  11. ^ Inchikian 1954, p. 179.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i Suny 1993, p. 60.
  13. ^ Sargsian 1954, p. 6.
  14. ^ a b Adalian 2010, p. 468.
  15. ^ a b c d e f Hacikyan et al. 2005, p. 291.
  16. ^ Sargsian 1954, p. 7.
  17. ^ a b Shmavonian 1983, p. 45.
  18. ^ Inchikian 1954, p. 23.
  19. ^ Inchikian 1954, pp. 26, 29.
  20. ^ Jrbashian 1983, p. 52.
  21. ^ Inchikian 1954, p. 42.
  22. ^ Inchikian 1954, pp. 45–46.
  23. ^ Inchikian 1954, p. 63.
  24. ^ Inchikian 1954, pp. 315–6.
  25. ISBN 9781848858114
    .
  26. ^ Khachaturian 1983, p. 2.
  27. ^ Khachaturian 2011, p. 83.
  28. ^ Inchikian 1954, pp. 113–119.
  29. ^ Inchikian 1954, p. 137.
  30. ^ Inchikian 1954, pp. 132–135.
  31. ^ Inchikian 1954, pp. 139, 141.
  32. ^ a b c Hacikyan et al. 2005, p. 292.
  33. ^ Inchikian 1954, pp. 143, 151.
  34. ^ a b Nalbandian 1963, p. 59.
  35. ^ Inchikian 1954, pp. 154–156.
  36. ^ Inchikian 1954, pp. 160, 163.
  37. ^ Inchikian 1954, pp. 170–175.
  38. ^ Inchikian 1954, p. 184.
  39. ^ Inchikian 1954, p. 211.
  40. ^ Inchikian 1954, pp. 213.
  41. ^ Inchikian 1954, p. 214.
  42. ^ a b c d e Daronian 1982, p. 151.
  43. ^ Inchikian 1954, pp. 245–246.
  44. ^ Inchikian 1954, p. 227.
  45. ^ Inchikian 1954, p. 242.
  46. ^ Inchikian 1954, p. 245.
  47. ^ Inchikian 1954, p. 249.
  48. ^ Inchikian 1954, p. 156.
  49. ^ Inchikian 1954, p. 262.
  50. ^ Inchikian 1954, p. 286.
  51. ^ a b Bardakjian 2000, p. 138.
  52. ^ Inchikian 1954, pp. 295–301.
  53. ^ a b Inchikian 1954, p. 302.
  54. ^ a b Inchikian 1954, p. 306.
  55. ^ a b Walker 1990, pp. 433–434.
  56. ^ Inchikian 1954, p. 307.
  57. ^ a b c Nalbandian 1963, p. 60.
  58. ^ Inchikian, Aram M. [in Armenian]; Babakhanian, A. G. (1962). "Նոր վավերագրեր Միքայել Նալբանդյանի հանդիսավոր թաղման վերաբերյալ [Recent Documents Relating to the Ceremonial Funeral of Mikael Nalbandian]". Patma-Banasirakan Handes (in Armenian). 2 (2): 153–181.
  59. ^ Sargsian 1954, p. 17.
  60. ^ a b Suny 2004, p. 119.
  61. ^ a b c d Oshagan 2004, p. 162.
  62. ^ Hacikyan et al. 2005, p. 294.
  63. ^ Jrbashian 1983, p. 50.
  64. ^ a b Nalbandian 1963, pp. 58–59.
  65. ^ Matossian 1962, p. 107.
  66. ^ Galoyan, Galust [in Armenian] (1979). "Միքայել Նալբանդյանի աշխարհայացքի ինտերնացիոնալիզմը [The internationalism of Mikayel Nalbandian's worldview]". Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri (in Armenian). 11 (11): 18–28. Archived from the original on 15 January 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
  67. ^ Nersessian, M. G. (1961). "Քաղացիական պատերազմը Ամերիկայում հայ պարբերական մամուլի լուսաբանությամբ [The Civil War in the USA as Elucidated in the Armenian Periodicals]". Patma-Banasirakan Handes (in Armenian). N 2 (2): 48–49. Archived from the original on 30 January 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2019. {{cite journal}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  68. ^ Suvaryan & Suvaryan 2012, p. 114.
  69. ^ Brutyan, Anahit Kh. (2005). "Կանանց կրթության հիմնախնդիրը XIX դարի արևելահայ մանկավարժական մամուլում [The Problem of Women's Education in the 19th Century Eastern Armenian Periodical Press]" (PDF). Banber Yerevani Hamalsarani (in Armenian). 3 (117). Yerevan State University: 156–161. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 February 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
  70. ^ Jrbashian 1983, p. 67.
  71. ^ Jrbashian 1983, p. 60.
  72. ^ Gharibjanian 1979, p. 11.
  73. ^ Piloyan, H. (1982). "Կրոնական բարոյականության քննադատությունը Մ. Նալբանդյանի երկերում" (PDF). Banber Yerevani Hamalsarani (in Armenian). 1 (46). Yerevan State University: 176–181. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  74. ^ Jrbashian 1958, pp. 73–74.
  75. ^ Jrbashian 1958, pp. 74–77.
  76. ^ Jrbashian 1958, pp. 70–71.
  77. ^ Jrbashian 1958, p. 72.
  78. ^ Jrbashian 1958, p. 71.
  79. ^ Jrbashian 1958, pp. 68–69.
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