Assiniboine

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see Assiniboine (disambiguation).

Assiniboine
Stoney[1]
Nakota / Nakoda / Nakona[2]
"ally / friend"
PersonNakóda[3]
PeopleNakón Oyáde[3]
LanguageNakón Iyábi[4]
Nakón Wíyutabi[4]
CountryNakón Mąkóce

The Assiniboine or Assiniboin people (

endonym Nakota (or Nakoda or Nakona), are a First Nations/Native American people originally from the Northern Great Plains
of North America.

Today, they are centred in present-day Saskatchewan. They have also populated parts of Alberta and southwestern Manitoba in Canada, and northern Montana and western North Dakota in the United States. They were well known throughout much of the late 18th and early 19th century, and were members of the Iron Confederacy with the Cree. Images of Assiniboine people were painted by 19th-century artists such as Karl Bodmer and George Catlin.

Names

The Europeans and Americans adopted names that other tribes used for the Assiniboine; they did not until later learn the tribe's

autonym, their name for themselves. In Siouan, they traditionally called themselves Nakoda. With the widespread adoption of English, however, many now use the name that became common in English. The English adopted Assiniboine, used by the Canadian French colonists. It was a transliteration into French phonetics of what they heard the Ojibwe use as a term for these western people. The Ojibwe name is asinii-bwaan (stone Sioux). In Cree
they are called asinîpwâta (asinîpwâta ᐊᓯᓃᐹᐧᑕ noun animate singular, asinîpwâtak ᐊᓯᓃᐹᐧᑕᐠ noun animate plural).

In the same way, Assnipwan comes from the word asinîpwâta in the western Cree dialects, from asiniy ᐊᓯᓂᐩ noun animate 'rock, stone' and pwâta ᐹᐧᑕ noun animate 'enemy, Sioux'. Early French-speaking traders in the west were often familiar with Algonquian languages. They transliterated many Cree or Ojibwe exonyms for other western Canadian indigenous peoples during the early colonial era. English speakers referred to the Assiniboine by adopting terms from French spelled using English phonetics.

The word Assiniboine has its origin as follows: They split from the Sioux in the 1500's. Their ancient rivals the Ojibwe, knew of these as a new people and they start calling them Asini Pwat meaning "Stone Dakota."

Other tribes associated "stone" with the Assiniboine because they primarily cooked with heated stones. They dropped hot stones into water to heat it to boiling for cooking meat. Some writers believed that the name was derived from the Ojibway term assin, stone, and the French bouillir, to boil, but such an etymology is very unlikely.[5]

Language

Assiniboine is a Mississippi Valley Siouan language, in the Western Siouan language family. As of the early 21st century, about 150 people speak the language[1] and most are more than 40 years old. The majority of the Assiniboine today speak only American English. The 2000 census showed 3,946 tribal members who lived in the United States.

Assiniboine are closely linked by language to the

Nakota, a distant, but not mutually intelligible, variant of the Sioux language.[6]

History

Early history

The Assiniboine, along with the

Stoney of Alberta, share a common ancestry with the Sioux nation. While it was formerly believed that the Yankon-Yanktonai division of the Dakota Sioux, descend from the Assiniboine, linguistic analysis indicates that the Assiniboine and Stoney together form a group coordinate with that of the Santee, Lakota, and Yankon-Yanktonai, and that they are no more related to one of these subdivisions than another. The separation of the Assiniboine from the Sioux must have occurred at some time prior to 1620, as Paul Le Jeune names them along with the "Naduessi" (Sioux) in his Jesuit Relations of that year.[7]

The Assiniboine and Sioux were both gradually pushed westward onto the plains from the woodlands of Minnesota by the Ojibwe, who had acquired firearms from their French allies. Later, the Assiniboine acquired horses via raiding and trading with neighboring tribes of Plains Indians such as the Crow and the Sioux on their south.

The Assiniboine eventually developed into a large and powerful people with a horse and warrior culture; they used the horse to hunt the vast numbers of bison that lived within and outside their territory. At the height of their power, the Assiniboine dominated territory ranging from the North Saskatchewan River in the north to the Missouri River in the south, and including portions of modern-day Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Manitoba, Canada; and North Dakota and Montana, United States of America.

Contact with Europeans and fur trade

See also: North American fur trade

The first person of European descent to describe the Assiniboine was an employee of the Hudson's Bay Company named Henry Kelsey in the 1690s. Later explorers and traders Jean Baptiste de La Vérendrye and his sons (1730s), Anthony Henday (1754–55), and Alexander Henry the younger (1800s) confirmed that the Assiniboine held a vast territory across the northern plains, including into the United States (which achieved independence in 1776 but did not acquire the plains until 1803 in the Louisiana Purchase from France.)

The Assiniboine became reliable and important trading partners and middlemen for fur traders and other Indians, particularly the British Hudson's Bay Company and North West Company, operating in western Canada in a vast area known then as Rupert's Land. During the later 18th century and early 19th century, south of the border in what became Montana and the Dakota territories, the Assiniboine traded with the American Fur Company and the competing Rocky Mountain Fur Company. The Assiniboine obtained guns, ammunition, metal tomahawks, metal pots, wool blankets, wool coats, wool leggings, and glass beads, as well as other goods from the fur traders in exchange for furs. Beaver furs and bison hides were the most commonly traded furs.

Assiniboine 1851 treaty territory. (Area 300)

Increased contact with Europeans resulted in Native Americans contracting Eurasian infectious diseases that were endemic among the Europeans. They suffered epidemics with high mortality, most notably smallpox among the Assiniboine. The Assiniboine population crashed from around 10,000 people in the late 18th century to around 2600 by 1890.[8]

The Lewis and Clark Expedition was mounted by the United States in 1804–1806 to explore the Louisiana Territory, newly acquired from France. The expedition's journals mention the Assiniboine, whom the party heard about while returning from Fort Clatsop down the Missouri River. These explorers did not encounter or come in direct contact with the tribe.

Noted European and American painters traveled with traders, explorers, and expeditions for the opportunity to paint the West and its Native American peoples. Among those who encountered and painted the Assiniboine from life were painters Karl Bodmer, Paul Kane, and George Catlin.

The Assiniboine signed the Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851).[9]

In 1885, some Assiniboine scouts aided the Canadian North West Field Force track down Cree renegades who were participating in the Second Riel Rebellion of Métis.[10]

Interactions with other tribes

In 1857, a group of Sioux warriors, including Sitting Bull, attacked an Assiniboine camp, they had killed all except an 11-year-old boy who was still fighting against the raiders with his child-sized bow. Some Sioux warriors threatened to kill him, but before they could, he turned to Sitting Bull and wrapped his arms around his waist and said "please brother don't kill me!" Sitting Bull stopped his warriors and said, "This boy is too brave to die! I take him as my brother." While living with the Lakota they gave him the name Little Assiniboine and later changed it to Stays Back, because of his unwillingness to return to the Assiniboine. Sitting Bull later changed it to Jumping Bull after his father, who had been dealing with a toothache throughout the day when a war party of Crows attacked them, jumped on his horse chasing after the raiders and was killed by a Crow Chief. Sitting Bull was not in camp and upon his return learned of his fathers fate. In his anger he went after the Crows and killed their Chief, when he returned he pointed at Stays Back and said "from now on your name is Jumping Bull!" Jumping Bull stayed loyal to Sitting Bull and later died alongside him at Standing Rock in 1890 while attempting to defend him.[11]

Iron Confederacy

Main article: Iron Confederacy

The Assiniboine were a major part of an alliance of northern Plains Indian nations known as the Iron Confederacy, or Nēhiyaw-Pwat, as it is known in

Nez Perce (pasú oȟnóga). Other Indian peoples on the northern plains, such as the Gros Ventre
(ȟaȟátųwą), were occasionally part of the confederacy.

The confederacy became the dominant force on the northern plains. It posed a major threat to Indian nations not associated with it, such as the

Crow (kąǧí tóga or tógabi = "enemies") further south. Their most mighty and most dangerous enemy, however, were their former trading partner the Blackfoot Confederacy (sihásaba = Blackfeet or tógabi = "enemies"). The kindred Sioux peoples (įhą́ktuwą) and their allies, the Arapaho (maȟpíyato) and Cheyenne (šahíyena), were also enemies. The Iron Confederacy also attacked European-American settlements on the Plains. The eventual decline of the fur trade and overhunting of the bison herds by Canadian and American hunters, which destroyed the Confederacy nations' most important food source, led to the defeat and breaking up of the confederacy. It engaged in military action with Canada during the North-West Rebellion.[10]

Traditional lifestyle

Assiniboine Hunting Buffalo, 1851
Hunting. Made by an Assiniboine.

Traditionally the Assiniboine were semi-nomadic people. During the warmer months, they followed and hunted the herds of plains bison. Women, as life-givers, have had primary responsibility for the survival and welfare of the families (and future of the tribe). Women usually gathered and cultivated plants, used plants and herbs to treat illnesses, cared for the young and the elderly, made all the clothing and instruments, and processed and cured meat and skins from the game. The women processed and preserved the meat for winter, and used hides, tendons, and horns for clothing, bedding, tools, cord and other items. Every part of the animal was used by the people.

Assiniboine Family, Montana, 1890–1891

The men hunted, traded and made war on horseback using bow and arrows. The tribe is known for its excellent horsemanship. They first obtained horses by trading with the Blackfeet and the Gros Ventre tribes. Assiniboine, Stoney (as well as Lakota and Dakota) girls were encouraged to learn to ride, hunt and fight. Though fighting in war has mostly been left to the boys and men, occasionally women have fought as well – both in battles and in defense of the home – especially if the tribe was severely threatened.

Pigeon's Egg Head, painted by George Catlin

They worked with the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara tribes.

The Sun god and Thunder god were considered the most important manifestations of the Great Spirit. The Assiniboine people participated in the sun dance like other Plains Native peoples. They also took guidance from personal visions in vision quests.[11]

The Nakoda Oyadebi ("Assiniboine Nation"), was historically divided into up to 40 separate Dagugichiyabi (bands), each of which was led by its own Hųgá / Hunga (tribal chief) and an advisory band council - the so-called Hungabi ("little chiefs"). Other important personalities were the įtą́cą (war chief), who led the warriors in war, and the Wócegiye įtącą (medicine man), who acted both as a religious leader and traditional healer. War deeds, important news, and decisions by the band council were announced by the Hogíyesʼa (camp crier), the Agícida (soldier; camp watcher) acted as "police" and were responsible for maintaining order in the camp, on the hunt and at wartime.

The individual bands were again divided into several Tiʼóšpaye (local groups), which consisted of one or more

extended families. The smallest social unit was the Tiwáhe (nuclear family), which usually lived in one Wiʼį́kceya tíbi / įkcéwąga (tipi
) or two neighboring tipis.

As a patrilineal tribe hereditary leadership passes through the male line, and children are considered to belong to the father and his clan.

Mythology

The figure of Iktome from the Assiniboine

Anishinabe and Ojibwe peoples. The only animal who succeeds is the muskrat who floats to the surface dead. Ikotme uses the earth the muskrat was clutching in his dead hands to create land. Unlike other creators, Ikotme is amoral. Ikotme kills a frog who challenges his plans to create an endless winter but eventually yields and shortens the length to seven months. He creates horses and humans out of dirt and teaches the Assinibone how to steal horses. Some of the elements in modern versions of the myth include elements that are later additions such as the presence of horses which were introduced to North America by the Spanish.[12]

Subgroups and bands

The bands of chief Manitupotis (also known as Wankanto –

Cypress Hills massacre. An estimated 25 to 30 Assiniboine were killed by American Wolfers to take revenge for horse-stealing Cree in Montana. This massacre led to the development of the North-West Mounted Police (NWMP), later known as the Royal Canadian Mounted Police
(RCMP).

Present situation

Today, a substantial number of Assiniboine people live jointly with other tribes, such as the

Gros Ventre
, in several reservations in Canada and the United States. In Manitoba, the Assiniboine survive as individuals, holding no separate communal reserves.

Montana, United States

In March 2012, these two reservations has received 63 American bison from Yellowstone National Park, to be released to a 2,100-acre game preserve 25 miles north of Poplar. There are many other bison herds outside Yellowstone; this is one of the few genetically pure ones in which the animals were not cross-bred with cattle. Native Americans celebrated this action for restoration of the bison. It came more than a century after the bison were nearly destroyed by overhunting by European Americans and government action to destroy the food source of the powerful Plains Indians. The Assiniboine and Gros Ventre tribes at the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation will also receive a portion of this herd. [21]

Saskatchewan, Canada

  • Carry the Kettle Nakoda First Nation (Assiniboine: Céǧa kʾína oyáde)[22](the reserve Carry the Kettle Nakoda First Nation No. 76, also known as: 'Assiniboine #76', or Carry the Kettle #76-18,19,22, in SE Saskatchewan, 80 km east of Regina and 18 km south of Sintaluta, of 2,387 registered Assiniboine only about 850 live on the reserve)[23]
  • Battleford, ca. 127 km2, in 2003 there were about 1,119 registered Assiniboine)[24]
  • White Bear First Nation (Assiniboine: Matóska oyáde)[22](reserves: White Bear #70 and Treaty Four Reserve Grounds #77 are in SE corner of the Moose Mountain area of Saskatchewan, Tribal Headquarters are located 13 km north of Carlyle, ca. 172 km2, about 1,990 Assiniboine, Saulteaux (Anishinaabe), Cree and Dakota)[25]
  • Ocean Man First Nation (reserves: Ocean Man #69, 69A-I, Treaty Four Reserve Grounds #77, Tribal Headquarters are located 19 km north of Stoughton, ca. 41 km2, of 454 registered Assiniboine, Cree and Saulteaux (Anishinaabe) only 170 are living on reserve grounds)[26]
  • Kisbey, about 333 Assiniboine, Saulteaux (Anishinaabe) and Cree)[27]

Namesakes

A 1900 map showing the boundaries of the District of Assiniboia

Canada Steamship Lines named one of their new ships the CSL Assiniboine.[28]

HMCS Assiniboine was the name given to two ships of the Royal Canadian Navy. The first was a destroyer that saw service during the Second World War, and the second was a destroyer during the Cold War era.[29]

"Fort Assiniboine" was a name given to trading posts opened in 1793 in Manitoba and in 1824 in Alberta.

The Assiniboine River drains much of Saskatchewan and Manitoba into the Red River of the North, which, in turn, flows into the Hudson Bay via Lake Winnipeg and the Nelson River.

Assiniboia refers to two historical districts of Canada's North-West Territories. The name is taken from the Assiniboine First Nation.

  • Two young Assiniboine boys
    Two young Assiniboine boys
  • A skin lodge of an Assiniboine chief
    A skin lodge of an Assiniboine chief
  • Tomb platforms of Assiniboine in trees
    Tomb platforms of Assiniboine in trees
  • Assiniboine in Montana, 1890–1891
    Assiniboine in Montana, 1890–1891
  • Full Moon/Sophie Hamilton, an Assiniboine Woman, 1898
    Full Moon/Sophie Hamilton, an Assiniboine Woman, 1898
  • Assiniboine baby carrier
    Assiniboine baby carrier
  • An Assiniboine man named Cloud Man
    An Assiniboine man named Cloud Man
  • Black Eagle, Assiniboine man, 1908 photo by Edward Sheriff Curtis
    Black Eagle, Assiniboine man, 1908 photo by
    Edward Sheriff Curtis
  • Mounted Assiniboine warrior attacking a Blackfoot. Made by an Assiniboine
    Mounted Assiniboine warrior attacking a Blackfoot. Made by an Assiniboine
  • Victory dance of the Assiniboine. Made by an Assiniboine at Fort Union
    Victory dance of the Assiniboine. Made by an Assiniboine at Fort Union

Assiniboine people

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Assiniboine.

References

  1. ^ a b c "Assiniboine." Ethnologue. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
  2. ^ For the usage of the term "Nakona" by Fort Peck's Assiniboine, cf. http://fpcctalkindian.nativeweb.org/ and http://www.neh.gov/grants/guidelines/hisamples/HI-TCU-FortPeck.pdf Archived 2011-06-15 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ a b "Assiniboine". AISRI Dictionary Database Search. American Indian Studies Research Institute. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
  4. ^ a b "Language". AISRI Dictionary Database Search. American Indian Studies Research Institute. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
  5. ^ George Bryce, The Assiniboine River and its Forts, Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, 1893, Section II, p. 69
  6. ISBN 978-0-9761082-9-0
    .
  7. ^ Parks, Douglas R., Raymond J. Demallie. "Sioux, Assiniboine, and Stoney Dialects: A Classification." Anthropological Linguistics, No. 34, Issue 1/4 (1992), 233–55.
  8. ^ "Assiniboine". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on March 12, 2012. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
  9. ^ Kappler, Charles (1904): Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties. Vol. 2. Washington. P. 594.
  10. ^ a b Neal McLeod. "Cree". The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Canadian Plains Research Centre. Retrieved November 13, 2012.
  11. ^
    ISBN 0816062730
    .
  12. ^ Leeming, David A. Creation Myths of the World. p. 39.
  13. ^ Hochspringen ↑ AISRI Dictionary Database Search – Assiniboine Dictionary
  14. ISBN 978-0-557-56744-7[self-published source
    ]
  15. ^ Fort Edmonton was known to the Beaver Hills Cree as Amiskwāciwakahikan – "Beaver Hills House" and by the Assiniboine / Stoney as Ti oda – "great house"
  16. doi:10.1525/aa.1937.39.3.02a00040
    .
  17. ISBN 978-1-931832-35-9
  18. ^ History of the Fort Peck Reservation Archived October 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  19. ^ Fort Peck Tribes
  20. ^ Fort Belknap Indian Community Archived October 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ "Yellowstone bison return to tribal land". Great Falls Tribune. March 21, 2012. Archived from the original on March 2, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2012.
  22. ^ a b c d Collette, Vincent. “Nakoda Vocabulary and Phrases.” Academia.edu, November 14, 2017. Link.
  23. ^ "Carry the Kettle First Nation". Archived from the original on January 23, 2011. Retrieved October 27, 2011.
  24. ^ FIRST NATION CONNECTIVITY PROFILE – 2003 Archived April 3, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  25. ^ White Bear First Nation
  26. ^ Ocean Man First Nation Archived April 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  27. ^ Pheasant Rump Nakota Nation Archived July 17, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  28. ^ Great Lakes and Seaway Shipping (2005). "CSL Assiniboine". Archived from the original on June 16, 2007. Retrieved May 2, 2007.
  29. ^ Navy, Royal Canadian (January 26, 2018). "HMCS Assiniboine". aem. Retrieved August 9, 2020.

Further reading
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