Los Angeles crime family
This article needs additional citations for verification. (September 2023) |
Founded | c. 1900s |
---|---|
Founder | Joseph Ardizzone |
Founding location | Los Angeles, California, United States |
Years active | c. 1900s–present |
Territory | Southern California and Las Vegas |
Ethnicity | Italians as "made men" and other ethnicities as associates |
Membership (est.) | 15–20 made members (2003)[1] |
Activities | Racketeering, loansharking, money laundering, murder, extortion, gambling, drug trafficking, fencing, fraud, prostitution and pornography[2] |
Allies | |
Rivals |
|
The Los Angeles crime family, also known as the L.A. Mafia or the Southern California crime family,
The sources for much of the current information on the history of the Los Angeles Cosa Nostra family is the courtroom testimony and the published biographies of Aladena "Jimmy the Weasel" Fratianno, who in the late 1970s became the second member – and the first acting boss – in American Mafia history to testify against Mafia members,[10] and The Last Mafioso (1981), a biography of Fratianno by Ovid Demaris. Since the 1980s, the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO Act) has been effective in convicting mobsters and shrinking the American Mafia; like all families in the United States, the L.A. Mafia now only holds a fraction of its former power.[11] Not having a strong concentration of Italian Americans in the region leaves the family to contend with the many street gangs of other ethnicities in the city. The Los Angeles crime family is the last Mafia family left in the state of California.[12]
Origins and predecessors
The early years of
When prominent Black Hand leader Joseph Ardizzone was involved in a dispute with George Maisano, a member of the Matranga gang, they both went to Joseph Cuccia to mediate the dispute. Cuccia was a well-respected criminal amongst the underworld, who served as a translator in court for Italians who didn't speak English.[14] This made him a well liked man in the Italian community. Cuccia was a relative of Ardizzone's and ruled in Ardizzone's favor, causing the Matrangas to threaten Cuccia. In response, Ardizzone shot and killed Maisano on July 2, 1906.[15] Ardizzone then fled authorities and became a wanted fugitive.
With Ardizzone gone, the Matrangas fulfilled their promise of revenge. On September 25, 1906, Cuccia was shot and killed, allegedly by Tony Matranga. With both Ardizzone and Cuccia gone, the Matrangas became the dominant criminal force in Italian Plaza community. To expand their power they began cooperating with the police. Giving up information on their enemies and receiving immunity for most of their crimes, the Matrangas were able to expand their power and influence. Ardizzone returned to Los Angeles in 1914 and resumed his feud with the Matranga family. Sam and his successor, Pietro "Peter" Matranga, were both murdered within 33 days of each other in 1917.[16] Mike Marino (aka Mike Rizzo), an Ardizzone ally, was responsible for the murders.[17][18] While their next leader, cousin Tony Buccola was able to get revenge and kill Marino in 1919, many years of violence ruined the Matranga family. It was becoming clear that Ardizzone's faction was winning the war. With the rise of bootleggers in the 1920s, the Matranga's power declined and was eliminated with Buccola's disappearance in 1930.
History
Dragna era
For independent bookmakers, Dragna would use extortion to collect money from their operations. While most mobsters simply threatened harm on a business for not paying tribute to their organization (protection racket), Dragna's family came up with a more sophisticated course of action. Dragna would send in men to threaten businesses, then the owners would pay Dragna for protection (unaware that these were Dragna's own men).[26] Dragna wasn't however, able to control 100% of independent gambling rackets. Along with Dragna avoiding the spotlight and public life, he often was given the reputation as a weak ruler.[27] According to Mickey Cohen, Dragna was very powerful and very well respected, but did not put things together the way the East Coast bosses preferred.[26] Although there was not as big a pool of Italians to recruit on the West Coast like there was back East, the L.A. family worked around this by accepting members from across the country, such as Johnny Roselli from Chicago, Nick Licata from Detroit, and Aladena "Jimmy the Weasel" Fratianno and Dominic Brooklier from Cleveland. Armed with top hitman Frank Bompensiero and Jimmy Fratianno (who committed over 30 murders on the orders of their superiors), Dragna muscled his way into controlling territory stretching throughout California and Southern Nevada. The Dragna family also had connections within the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department,[25] who were more corrupt than the city police (LAPD).[28] Although not having a big hand in labor union rackets, the Dragna crime family did infiltrate some unions in the laundromat and dress importing business.[29][30][31]
When Lucky Luciano sent Benjamin "Bugsy" Siegel from New York City to Los Angeles to take control of their interests on the West Coast (including Las Vegas), he formed an uneasy partnership with Dragna. Siegel was able to get independent bookies to pay tribute to Dragna's already flourishing gambling business.[32] Aside from this however, Dragna resented Siegel's power to infiltrate unions in the movie industry. Siegel made millions extorting movie production companies and only had to pay Dragna a tribute for working on his territory. With New York on Siegel's side, there was little Dragna could do to take control of The Commission's grip of the city.[32] The main reason Siegel came to California was to organize a horse racing wire service on the West Coast for the National Syndicate, which Siegel and Dragna worked closely together on setting up.[33] Dragna and Siegel tried many methods to take over Continental Press Service (the main wire service at the time).[34] Attempts to buy out the company and to strong arm its owners didn't work, so they set up their own company called Trans-America.[33][35] The Chicago Outfit eventually took over rival Continental Racing Services and gave the entire percentage of the racing wire on the West Coast to Dragna, enraging Siegel.[10][36]
Battle of Sunset Strip
Once Siegel ran out of favor with New York, he was ordered to be killed. Although his murder officially remains unsolved, one theory is that Dragna's men were given the order to kill him. After Siegel's death, his chief lieutenant
The number of high-profile murders and gangsters moving into the West Coast, combined with the recall of Mayor
DeSimone and Licata
While other Mafia families in the country were prospering in the 1950s, the L.A. family was beginning its decline. When William H. Parker became Chief of Police for the Los Angeles Police Department in 1950, the police started cracking down on organized crime instead of assisting it. The weakened Los Angeles family lost ground to the Chicago Outfit and New York families.[40] Due to over 50 unsolved gangland killings in the first half of the century, the L.A.P.D. formed a special task force to deal with the problem: "The Gangster Squad". This group of men harassed Dragna's family, as well as Cohen's throughout the 1950s.[41] Frank Bompensiero and Jimmy Fratianno started serving prison sentences in 1953 and 1954, respectively.[42] In 1956 Jack Dragna died of a heart attack and a vote was made by the senior members of the family to elect its new boss. Johnny Roselli was seen as the most logical choice, but lawyer-turned-gangster Frank DeSimone was victorious.[43] A disappointed Roselli, who felt that DeSimone rigged the election,[44] transferred back to the Chicago Outfit. Fratianno did the same after his release from prison in 1960.[10]
With Dragna gone and his brother Tom retired after his death, the crime family slipped out of control. It quickly became apparent that DeSimone was an incompetent boss. According to an unidentified informant, he raped the wife of former underboss
DeSimone's second underboss
Fratianno flips
Licata's successor, Dominic Brooklier, was initially able to stabilize the family's businesses, but later endured considerable damage done by FBI informants. Brooklier was able to make a lot of money in pornography, extortion, and drugs, but wasn't able to take back control of many independent bookmaking rackets in Los Angeles.[58] The Last Mafioso described several instances during the time when the Los Angeles family would shake down movie producers in the porn industry. These producers would then pay a fee to their Mafia backers, usually on the East Coast, to set things straight with the L.A. mob. Once the producers paid, the Mafia backers would secretly split the money with the L.A. family. Brooklier later ordered the death of Frank Bompensiero for his growing criticism of the family, and later finding good evidence that Bompensiero was cooperating with the FBI. When Brooklier was sentenced to a 20-month prison stint along with underboss Samuel Sciortino in 1975, Jimmy Fratianno on Tom Dragna's request, transferred back to the L.A. family from Chicago, and was named co-acting Los Angeles boss with Dragna.[59] Fratianno traveled across the country making new connections and deals.[10] Fratianno's goal was to bring back the ailing L.A. family stature and reputation amongst the Mafia. Since Jack Dragna's 1956 death, Los Angeles was starting to be seen as an "open city" where any Mafia family could do business, but Fratianno hoped that by restoring the ailing family, he would be a candidate to officially run the family after Brooklier was released. However, upon release from prison, Brooklier quickly took back control of the family, and Fratianno was left back to being a low level soldier.
The fall of the Los Angeles family came when Fratianno became the second American Mafioso to turn state's evidence and testify against the Mafia in court.[10] On October 6, 1977, Danny Greene was killed by a car bomb in Ohio, and Ray Ferritto was arrested for the murder. Ferritto implicated Fratianno in the planning of the murder, and Fratianno was indicted for charges related to the bombing.[60] Fearing for his safety, Fratianno agreed to become a government witness against the Mafia. In return for his testimony, he pleaded guilty to the murder charges and received a five-year prison sentence, of which he served 21 months.[60] In 1980, after testifying for the government that led to the racketeering convictions of five reputed Mafia figures, Fratianno entered the federal Witness Protection Program.[60] Fratianno claimed that the Mafia had a $100,000 contract on his life.[60][10] Brooklier, who didn't trust Fratianno, ordered the hit because Fratianno had claimed he was presenting himself as boss of the family, and felt that he was trying to usurp him.[61] Fratianno testified against mobsters not only in Los Angeles, but across the entire country. Although the Justice Department thought it finally crippled the Mafia in Los Angeles, a Federal Judge gave Brooklier, Sciortino, Michael Rizzitello, Dragna, and Jack LoCicero light sentences ranging from two to five years in 1981 for racketeering and extortion.[62] Brooklier still ran the family from his prison cell until he died of a heart attack in 1984. With Brooklier's imprisonment, capo Peter Milano quickly stepped up and began running the family in 1981.[9]
The Milano brothers
Peter Milano was officially made boss of the Los Angeles crime family with Brooklier's death in 1984. He made his brother Carmen "Flipper" Milano his underboss.[63] Since Milano's reign, the family was heavily involved in narcotics, pornography, gambling and loan sharking.[64] 20 reputed organized crime figures were arrested in 1984, in what law enforcement officials said was a bid to take over a $1 million-a-week bookmaking operation in Los Angeles. Neither of the Milano brothers (nor six of the others originally arrested) were charged due to lack of evidence.[9] When Peter Milano became boss, he rejuvenated the depleted family by inducting new members[9][65] such as Stephen "Steve the Whale" Cino, singer Charles "Bobby Milano" Caci, Luigi "Louie" Gelfuso Jr. and shylock brothers Lawrence and Anthony "The Animal" Fiato into the family. Mobster turned informant Kenny Gallo credited the brothers with "help[ing] Pete Milano revamp the L.A. Family".[66] With a beefed up family Milano succeeded in having nearly every bookie in Los Angeles pay a mob tax to the L.A. family. Robert "Puggy" Zeichick gave Anthony Fiato a $1 million loan which was used to finance a huge loan shark operation. The L.A. family became the dominant loan shark operators in the area. The family's influence stretched all the way to Las Vegas, where they had long standing ties to what the Mafia considered an "open city" where any family could work.
The entire hierarchy of the family including the Milano brothers, captains Mike Rizzitello, Jimmy Caci, and Luigi Gelfuso along with many other mobsters were arrested on various charges in the late 1980s, due largely to information and recordings collected by the Fiato brothers.[40][67] These charges to so many members permanently crippled the family and put the family on the brink of extinction.[68] While Rizzitello, who was acquitted of his original charges at trial, was sentenced to 33 years in prison in 1989 for attempted murder (where he would die in 2005)[69] the Milano brothers pleaded guilty to lesser charges; Peter received a six-year prison sentence and Carmen received six months. Almost every member of the family charged pleaded guilty to receive lesser sentences and the F.B.I. considered the Mafia finished in Los Angeles.
However, since Peter Milano's paroled release in 1991, he took back control of the weakened family. The Los Angeles family since made moves into Las Vegas with the Buffalo crime family. The family made headlines again with the murder of Chicago Outfit associate Herbert "Fat Herbie" Blitzstein by Buffalo and Los Angeles family associates in 1997.[70] Blizstein had a lucrative loan shark and auto insurance fraud business the two families moved in to take over. This caused a great deal of scrutiny from the FBI on both families. Members like Stephen Cino and Alfred Mauriello were convicted on related charges along with other associates who cooperated with officials to receive a reduced sentence, putting the L.A. crime family on its last leg.[71] By the 1990s the L.A. family was estimated to have 20 official members, who have, however, been ineffective for many years because the group has not been able to enforce its territorial control.[12]
Latest position
Much of the crime family's activities have become unknown since the Las Vegas indictments. Law enforcement has moved its attention of organized crime towards street gangs such as Mexican and African American gangs who are far more prevalent and widespread. Until his death, Peter Milano was still believed to be the official Boss of the Los Angeles crime family. However, since the late 1990s, his involvement in crime along with other members had become greatly reduced. Some members, like Rocco Zangari and Russell Massetia, moved out of the state and left the family altogether. Other members, like Carmen Milano and Jimmy Caci died of old age with no younger people having to replace them.[62][72] Los Angeles doesn't have a high concentration of Italians like the East Coast to support them, so recruiting new members is challenging. With Southern California's many racial groups, La Cosa Nostra faced an uphill battle to challenge the many street gangs in the area over criminal rackets.[51] Law enforcement also considers East Coast Mafia members moving to California as a threat.[73]
Tommaso "Tommy" Gambino, a Los Angeles-based prosecco magnate and son of Rosario Gambino, has been the reputed boss of the family since 2012.[74][75] According to informants for the FBI and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), the Canadian gangster and Musitano crime family associate Albert Iavarone was inducted into the Los Angeles family shortly before he was shot dead in Hamilton, Ontario on September 13, 2018.[75] According to reports from informants, Gambino inducted Iavarone as a favor to the New York bosses so Iavarone could act as a new liaison between the Canadian Mafia and American Mafia. Iavarone was killed two weeks after his alleged induction, reportedly ordered by Joseph Todaro Jr. whose Buffalo crime family had historically been the liaison between the Canadian and American mobsters.[75]
Historical leadership
Boss (official and acting)
- 1922–1925: Rosario DeSimone – stepped down.
- 1925–1931: Joseph "Iron Man" Ardizzone – murdered.
- 1931–1956: Jack Dragna – died on February 23, 1956.
- 1956–1967: Frank DeSimone
- 1967–1974: Nicolo "Old Man Nick" Licata
- 1974–1984: Dominic "Jimmy" Brooklier – imprisoned 1975–1977, 1981–1984, died in 1984.
- Acting 1975–1977: Aladena "Jimmy The Weasel" Fratianno
- Acting 1981–1984: Peter Milano – became official boss.
- 1984–2012: Peter Milano[9]
- 2012–present: Tommaso "Tommy" Gambino[75]
Underboss
- 1925–1931: Jack Dragna
- 1931–1956: Girolamo "Momo" Adamo – demoted.
- 1956–1962: Simone "Sam" Scozzari
- 1962–1967: Nicolo "Old Man Nick" Licata
- 1967–1974: Joseph "Joe Dip" Dippolito
- 1974: Dominic "Jimmy" Brooklier[76]
- 1974–1979: Samuel Sciortino
- 1984–2006: Carmen Milano
- 2006–2012: Tommaso "Tommy" Gambino[77][78][79]
Consigliere
- 1931–1956: Gaetano "Tom" Dragna
- 1956–1962: Nicolo "Old Man Nick" Licata
- 1962–1975: Thomas "Tommy" Palermo[80]
- 1975–1977: Frank "Bomp" Bompensiero
- 1977–1982: Giacomo "Jack" LoCicero[9]
Notes
- ^ Lockyer, Bill (2003). "ORGANIZED CRIME IN CALIFORNIA" (PDF). CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 29, 2010. Retrieved January 23, 2010.
- ^
- Organized Crime Control Commission First Report California Attorney General Evelle J. Younger (May 1978) Archived March 15, 2023, at the Wayback Machine
- Organized Crime in California 1986 California Attorney General John Van de Kamp (June 1987) Archived June 28, 2023, at the Wayback Machine
- Organized Crime in California 2003
- Not Entrenched Like Eastern Families: The L.A. Mob: Eking Out a Living Working Streets Kim Murphy, Los Angeles Times (June 29, 1987) Archived November 18, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
- Organized Crime Control Commission First Report
- ^ Roots of the Armenian Power Gang Richard Valdemar, policemag.com (March 1, 2011) Archived March 27, 2023, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Les Gangs de Motards Criminalisés: Une expansion internationale Xavier Raufer, Institut de Criminologie de Paris Archived December 20, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Chrystal, Chris (October 22, 1980). "Aladena 'Jimmy the Weasel' Fratianno boasted in a taped..." Los Angeles: UPI. Archived March 1, 2024, at archive.today
- ^ "The Prison Connection". Gate City Publishing. 2005.
- ^ "FIRST REPORT OF THE ORGANIZED CRIME CONTROL COMMISSION" (PDF). Attorney General, State of California. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
- ^ Murphy, Kim (March 30, 1988). "Rise and Fall of 'Mickey Mouse Mafia'". Los Angeles Times.
- ^ a b c d e f Murphy, Kim (June 29, 1987). "Not Entrenched Like Eastern Families – The L.A. Mob: Eking Out a Living Working Streets". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
- ^ ISBN 0-02-864225-2.
- ^ SELWYN RAAB, Special to The New York Times (1990-10-22). "A Battered and Ailing Mafia Is Losing Its Grip on America". The New York Times. New Orleans (La); New York City; New England States (Us); St Louis (Mo); Detroit (Mich); Kansas City (Mo); New Jersey; New York City Metropolitan Area; Milwaukee (Wis); United States; Philadelphia (Pa). Retrieved 2015-02-05.
- ^ a b Lungren 1997, p. 9
- ^ a b c DeVico 2007, p. 153
- ^ Los Angeles Times, Shot Down as He is Driving Archived 2012-10-24 at the Wayback Machine September 26, 1906
- ^ a b Reid, Ed (1969). The Anatomy of Organized Crime in America: The Grim Reapers. Regnery. p. 165. Retrieved November 28, 2009.
- ^ "Repeal Begins Phase". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles. April 29, 1959. p. 16. Retrieved November 30, 2009.
- ^ a b c d e Warner, Richard N. "The First Mafia Boss of Los Angeles? The Mystery of Vito Di Giorgio, 1880–1922." On The Spot Journal (Summer 2008), 46–54.
- ^ "INTERNATIONAL GUNMAN SOUGHT IN MAFIA CASE". Los Angeles Daily News. December 20, 1917.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-385-50970-1.
- ISBN 0-306-81161-8. Retrieved November 28, 2009.
- ^ ISBN 9780738571881.
- ^ a b Rasmussen, Cecilia (September 26, 1999). "Rampart Site Was Noir Landmark". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 6, 2011.
- ISBN 9780966005363.
- ISBN 9780520205192. Retrieved March 22, 2010.
- ^ ISBN 9780671751111.
- ^ Crime & Investigation Network. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
- ^ ISBN 9780306812880.
- ^ ISBN 0-8050-7210-1. Retrieved February 14, 2009. Note: First citation is on page 249, second citation is on page 236.
- ISBN 978-0-472-06127-3.
- ^ Lieberman, Paul (October 26, 2008). "The Mobster Who Died in Pink Pajamas". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 30, 2008.
- ^ Organized Crime: History and Control. California State Peace Officers' Training Series. Vol. 80. Chancellor's Office, California Community Colleges. 1976. p. 118. Retrieved December 9, 2010.
- ^ a b Organized crime in Los Angeles in 1930s. Archived from the original on 2021-12-15. Retrieved March 24, 2010.
- ^ a b Redston, George; Crossen, Kendell F. (1965). "Chapter 3: Oranges and "Juice"". The Conspiracy of Death. Bobbs-Merrill. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
- ISBN 978-0-7864-3516-6.
- ISSN 1528-9729. Retrieved March 24, 2010.
- ^ Tuohy, John William (October 2001). "Bugsy". americanmafia.com. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
- ^ Demaris 1981, p. 39
- Eugene Register-Guard. United Press International. February 13, 1950. p. 15. Retrieved January 27, 2010.
- St. Petersburg Times. p. 6. Retrieved January 27, 2010.[permanent dead link]
- ^ ISBN 0-306-80535-9.
- ^ Lieberman, Paul (October 28, 2008). "The Gangster Squad sets a trap for Mickey Cohen". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on November 9, 2008. Retrieved November 28, 2009.
- ^ a b May, Allan. "Frank Bompensiero – San Diego Hit Man, Boss and FBI Informant". Crime Magazine. Retrieved January 27, 2010.
- ^ Demaris 1981, p. 100
- ^ Demaris 1981, p. 107
- ^ Shearer, Lloyd (June 14, 1959). "He Crippiled the Mafia". The Modesto Bee. pp. 8–9. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
- ^ "America Deports Gambling Figure". Reading Eagle. Associated Press. June 14, 1962. p. 11. Retrieved January 26, 2020.
- ISBN 978-0-19-515377-4. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
- ISBN 978-1-85984-568-4. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
- ISBN 978-0-415-99030-1. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
- ISBN 9780312300944.
- ^ a b DeVico 2007, p. 154
- Daytona Beach Morning Journal. AP. October 22, 1974. p. 5B. Retrieved April 3, 2010.
- ^ Demaris 1981, p. 81
- ^ a b "Alleged L.A. Mafia Chief Goes to Jail". The Spokesman-Review. LAT. July 10, 1969. p. 21. Retrieved April 6, 2010.
- ^ a b Demaris 1981, p. 265
- ^ a b Rose, Robert (January 14, 1975). "Fall Could Pave Way for Chicago Boys". The Miami News. Chicago Daily News Service. p. 8A. Retrieved April 3, 2010.
- ^ Bureau of Narcotics 2009, p. 23
- ISBN 0-8160-5695-1.
- ^ Demaris 1981, p. 284
- ^ a b c d "'Jimmy the Weasel' Fratianno; Mob Figure, Informant". Los Angeles Times. July 1, 1993.
- ^ McGunagle, Fred. "Cleveland's Killer Celebrities, Part 1". Crime Library. truTV. p. 29. Archived from the original on 2009-08-18. Retrieved April 8, 2010.
- ^ a b Chrystal, Chris (January 29, 1981). "Los Angeles Mafia May Have Survived Super Snitch". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. UPI. p. 15A. Retrieved March 31, 2010.
- ^ Smith, John L. (January 20, 2006). "Two more characters from mob's past make final exits". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved January 27, 2010.
- ^ Murphy, Kim (March 30, 1988). "7 Alleged Southland Mafia Figures Enter Guilty Pleas". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 24, 2010.
- ISBN 9780966250893.
- ^ "Hollywoodmafia: November 2007". Hollywoodmafia.blogspot.com. 2004-02-26. Retrieved 2015-02-05.
- ^ Flood, John; McGough, Jim (June 4, 1997). "Murder of Chicago Hood Foretells Power Grab by the Los Angeles Mob". ISPN. Archived from the original on June 13, 2010. Retrieved March 31, 2010.
- ^ Heller, Matthew (May 7, 1998). "L.A. Mob Does Vegas". LA Weekly. Retrieved January 22, 2010.
- ^ Smith, John L. (November 4, 2005). "Mobster's peaceful death ends violent chapter in saga of organized crime". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved January 22, 2010.
- ^ May, Allan. "Greed in the Desert: The Murder of Herbert Blitzstein". Crime Magazine. Retrieved January 27, 2010.
- ^ Organized Crime Loses its Foothold Las Vegas Sun, July 2, 2002. Retrieved December 2, 2009
- ^ Lockyer, Bill. "Organized Crime in California – Annual Report to the State Legislator 2005" (PDF). California Department of Justice. p. 17. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 4, 2010. Retrieved March 31, 2010.
- ^ Lungren 1997, p. 10
- ^ The big interview: Tommy and Jules Gambino Lucy Shaw, The Drinks Business June 14, 2021 Archived February 21, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c d When California Dreaming Becomes Deadly: Was Hamilton (ON) Mob Figure “Made” In L.A. In The Weeks Before He Was Killed? Scott Burnstein, GangsterReport.com February 18, 2022 Archived February 21, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
- ISBN 0-02-633640-5.
- Barron's Magazine. SmartMoney. Archived from the originalon 2009-02-26. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
- ^ de Szigethy, J. R.; Epolito, Lou (August 2005). "Partners In Crime: The Mafia Cops". americanmafia.com. Retrieved March 25, 2010.
- ^ Leigh, Alison (2001-06-28). "Pardon for Felon Considered After Kin Paid Roger Clinton". The New York Times. Retrieved 2015-02-05.
- ^ Demaris 1981, p. 445
References
- Bureau of Narcotics, Sam Giancana, The United States Treasury Department (2009), Mafia: The Government's Secret File on Organized Crime, Skyhorse Publishing Inc., ISBN 9781602396685, retrieved September 24, 2010)
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - Demaris, Ovid (1981), ISBN 0-8129-0955-0
- DeVico, Peter (2007), The Mafia Made Easy: The Anatomy and Culture of La Cosa Nostra, Tate Publishing, pp. 152–154, ISBN 978-1-60247-254-9, retrieved September 11, 2009
- Gaines, Lee. "LA Crime File" Gate City Publishing (2004)
- Lungren, Dan (1997), Organized Crime in California: Annual Report to the California Legislature 1996 (PDF), California, retrieved March 15, 2010
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Warner, Richard N. (2008), The First Mafia Boss of Los Angeles? The Mystery of Vito Di Giorgio, 1880–1922, On the Spot Journal
Further reading
- ISBN 1-59777-615-7
- ISBN 0-615-29879-6
- Smith, John L. The Animal in Hollywood. ISBN 1-56980-126-6
External links
- Los Angeles Descriptions of historical Italian gang leaders of Los Angeles
- Mob Murders in L.A. – Addresses of what the L.A.P.D. said were Mafia killings from 1906 to 1951.
- Cosa Nostra guys Louie Caruso Pete Milano Jimmy Caci Bobby Milano Keely Smith video by Kenny Gallo published on YouTube.
- Will the last guy left in L.A. mob please turn out the lights? – John L. Smith, Las Vegas Review-Journal. November 16, 1997