Hells Angels

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see Hells Angels (disambiguation).

Hells Angels MC
Abbreviation
FoundedMarch 17, 1948; 77 years ago (1948-03-17)[3][4]
FounderOtto Friedli[4]
Founded atFontana, California, U.S.[5]
TypeOutlaw motorcycle club
HeadquartersOakland, California, U.S.[6]
Region
Worldwide (592 charters in 66 countries)[7]
Membership6,000[8][9]
Key people
Sonny Barger
WebsiteOfficial website Edit this at Wikidata

The Hells Angels Motorcycle Club (HAMC) is an international outlaw motorcycle club whose members typically ride Harley-Davidson motorcycles. In the United States and Canada, the Hells Angels are incorporated as the Hells Angels Motorcycle Corporation. Common nicknames for the club are the "H.A.", "Red & White", and "81".[10] With a membership of over 6,000, and 592 charters in 66 countries, the HAMC is the largest "outlaw" motorcycle club in the world.[8][9][11]

Many Hells Angels members are involved in organized crime, such as drug trafficking, and engage in violent conflict with members of other outlaw motorcycle clubs and organized crime groups. Involvement in organized crime and violence has historically extended to the organization's most senior leadership. Many police and international intelligence agencies, including the United States Department of Justice, the Criminal Intelligence Service Canada, the Australian Federal Police, and Europol, consider the club an organized crime syndicate.[12]

History

The Hells Angels originated on March 17, 1948, in Fontana, California, when several small motorcycle clubs agreed to merge.[13] Otto Friedli, a World War II veteran, is credited with starting the club after breaking from the Pissed Off Bastards motorcycle club over a feud with a rival gang.[14] According to an alternative theory, the Hells Angels were founded on November 15, 1951, in San Bernardino, by Dick White, a member of the Redlands Road Runners.[15][16]

According to its website, the club's name was suggested by Arvid Olsen, an associate of the founders who had served in the "Hell's Angels" squadron of the

303rd Bombardment Group, which was active in the European theater of World War II.[18] It is at least clear that the name was inspired by the tradition from World Wars I and II whereby the Americans gave their squadrons fierce, death-defying titles; an example of this lies in one of the three P-40 squadrons of Flying Tigers fielded in Burma and China, which was dubbed "Hell's Angels".[19] In 1930, the Howard Hughes film Hell's Angels showcased extraordinary and dangerous feats of aviation, and it is believed that World War II groups that used that name based it on the film.[14] According to the Hells Angels' website, they are aware that there is an apostrophe missing in "Hells", but "... it is you who miss it. We don't".[20]

This B-17F, tail number 41–24577, was named Hell's Angels after the 1930 Howard Hughes movie about World War I fighter pilots.[21][22]

Some of the HAMC's early history is not clear, and accounts differ. The club's first official charter was reportedly drawn up in Fontana in 1950.

Ralph "Sonny" Barger, founder of the Oakland charter in 1957, other early charters of the club were founded in Gardena, and elsewhere, with the members usually unaware that there were other clubs. One of the lesser-known clubs was in North Chino/South Pomona in the late 1960s. Barger has been credited with helping to unify these various disparate charters under common club bylaws.[26][27][28]

Other sources claim that the San Francisco Hells Angels were organized in 1953 by Rocky Graves, a Hells Angel member from San Bernardino ("Berdoo"), implying that the "Frisco" Hells Angels were very much aware of their forebears.[29] The "Frisco" Hells Angels were reorganized in 1955 with 13 charter members, Frank Sadilek serving as president, and the smaller, original logo. The Oakland charter, at the time headed by Barger, used a larger version of the "Death's Head" patch nicknamed the "Barger Larger", which was first used in 1959. It later became the club standard.[30] The first charter to open outside California was established in Auckland, New Zealand, in 1961.[14]

The Hells Angels are often depicted in semi-mythical romantic fashion like the 19th-century James–Younger Gang: free-spirited, iconic, bound by brotherhood and loyalty. At other times, such as in the 1966 Roger Corman film The Wild Angels, they are depicted as violent and nihilistic, little more than a violent criminal gang and a scourge on society.[31]

The club became prominent within, and established its notoriety as part of, the 1960s counterculture movement in San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury District, playing a part at many of the movement's seminal events. Members were directly connected to many of the counterculture's primary leaders, such as Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters, Allen Ginsberg, Jerry Garcia and the Grateful Dead, Timothy Leary, The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, Mick Farren, and Tom Wolfe. "Gonzo" journalist Hunter S. Thompson's book about the club launched his career. From 1968 to 1969 the Hells Angels of San Francisco headquarters was at 715 Ashbury (across from the Grateful Dead house at 710 Ashbury).[32][33][34][35][36]

In 1973, members from several branches of the organization protested at an Environmental Protection Agency hearing about a proposed transportation plan that included restrictions on motorcycle use and sales to get California to meet the new Clean Air Act standards.[37]

Insignia

Insignia of the Hells Angels from Karlsruhe charter, with the '1%' patch on the gates

The Hells Angels' official website attributes the official "death's head" insignia design to Frank Sadilek, past president of the San Francisco charter.

552nd Medium Bomber Squadron.[38]

The Hells Angels have a system of patches similar to military medals. The specific meaning of each patch is not publicly known, but the patches identify each biker's specific or significant actions or beliefs.[39] The official colors of the Hells Angels are red lettering displayed on a white background—hence the club's nickname "The Red and White". The patches are worn on leather or denim jackets and vests.

Red and white are also used to display the number 81 on many patches, as in "Support 81", "Route 81". The 8 and 1 stand for the respective positions in the alphabet of H and A.[40] Friends and supporters of the club use these in deference to club rules, which purport to restrict the wearing of Hells Angels imagery to club members. The diamond-shaped one-percenter patch is also used, displaying "1%" in red on a white background with a red merrowed border. The term "one-percenter" is said to be a response to the American Motorcyclist Association (AMA) comment on the Hollister incident to the effect that 99% of motorcyclists were law-abiding citizens and 1% were outlaws. The AMA has no record of such a statement and calls this story apocryphal.[41]

New York Hells Angels patch

Most members wear a rectangular patch (again, white background with red letters and a red merrowed border) identifying their respective charter locations. Another similarly designed patch reads "Hells Angels". When applicable, members of the club wear a patch denoting their position or rank within the organization. The patch is rectangular and, like those described above, displays a white background with red letters and a red merrowed border. Some examples of the titles used are President, Vice President, Secretary, Treasurer, and

Sergeant at Arms
. This patch is usually worn above the charter location patch. Some members also wear an "AFFA" patch, which stands for "Angels Forever; Forever Angels", referring to their lifelong membership in the club (i.e., "once a member, always a member").

An additional patch worn by select club members consists of two Nazi-style SS lightning bolts below the words "Filthy Few". Some law enforcement officials claim that the "Filthy Few" patch is awarded only to those who have committed or are prepared to commit murder on the club's behalf.[42][43] Hells Angels have denied this interpretation, however, comparing it instead to a merit badge awarded to those who are "the first to arrive at a party and the last to leave".[44] According to reports from law enforcement and prosecutors, another patch similar to the "Filthy Few" patch is the "Dequiallo" patch.[45] "Dequiallo" is a reference to El Degüello, a bugle call played by the regimental band of Antonio López de Santa Anna's army at the Battle of the Alamo.[43] This patch allegedly "signifies that the wearer has fought law enforcement on arrest."[46] There is no common convention as to where the patches are placed on members' jackets/vests.

"Angels Forever, Forever Angels" is also the club's traditional motto.[47] Other Hells Angels slogans include "When we do right, nobody remembers. When we do wrong, nobody forgets";[48] "Three can keep a secret if two are dead";[49] and "When in doubt, knock 'em out", which was coined by New York City charter member Vincent "Big Vinny" Girolamo.[50][51]

Intellectual property rights

The Hells Angels

Concorde-New Horizons, which produced the film Nam Angels, and against Media Home Entertainment, which distributed the film on video, over infringements on the club's registered trademarks.[52][53] The suit was settled out of court.[43]

According to The Globe and Mail, the Hells Angels considered seeking an injunction to block the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation from broadcasting the miniseries The Last Chapter, because of how closely the biker gang at the center of the series resembled the Hells Angels.[54]

In March 2007 the Hells Angels filed suit against the

Walt Disney Motion Pictures Group alleging that its film Wild Hogs used both the name and distinctive logo of the HAMC without permission.[55] The suit was eventually voluntarily dismissed[56] after the Angels received assurances from Disney that the references would not appear in the film.[57]

On October 7, 2009, Fritz Clapp, attorney at law for the HAMC, contacted online games community FOCO, demanding the removal of all membership marks and club trademarks from the Los Santos Roleplay Forum, a messageboard for the San Andreas Multiplayer modification for Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas. While members of the community were skeptical at first, Clapp posted a tweet confirming his identity.[58][59]

In October 2010 the Hells Angels filed a lawsuit against

Zappos.com, which stock the jacquard box dress and knuckle duster ring that bear the symbol, which has been used since at least 1948 and is protected by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. A handbag and scarf were also named in the lawsuit.[61] The lawyer representing Hells Angels claimed: "This isn't just about money, it's about membership. If you've got one of these rings on, a member might get really upset that you're an impostor."[62] Saks refused to comment, Zappos had no immediate comment and the company's parent company, PPR, could not be reached for comment.[63] The company settled the case with the Hells Angels after agreeing to remove all of the merchandise featuring the logo from sale on their website, stores and concessions and recalling any goods that had already been sold and destroying them.[64][65][66]

In fall 2012 in the

unfair competition, and dilution in relation to the sale of yo-yos manufactured by Yomega Corporation, a co-defendant, which allegedly bear the "Death Head" logo. In its complaint,[67] Hells Angels asserted that the mark on the yo-yos would likely lead people to mistakenly believe that the toys originate with Hells Angels. Yomega filed counterclaims against Hells Angels for cancellation of the "Death Head" registrations on grounds of alleged fraud in the procurement of the registrations.[68]
The case settled and the lawsuit was dismissed with prejudice.

As of December 2013[update], the Hells Angels sells its branded merchandise at a retail store in Toronto, Ontario.[69]

In 2019, the Hells Angels sued Redbubble in the Federal Court of Australia for infringing on its trademark, launching another suit in 2021 after providing evidence that Redbubble had continued to breach the trademark.[70] The 2019 case concluded with the Hells Angels being awarded $5,000 in damages. In July 2022, in the second ruling against Redbubble, the company was ordered to pay the club more than $78,000.[71]

Membership

Hells Angels
A club member at a biker gathering in Australia, 2008

To become a Hells Angels "prospect", candidates must have a valid driver's license, a motorcycle over 750

Indian, are also permitted.[73]

After a lengthy, phased process, a prospective member is first deemed a "hang-around", indicating that he is invited to some club events or to meet club members at known gathering places.[40] If the "hang-around" is interested, he may be asked to become an "associate", a status that usually lasts a year or two. At the end of that stage, he is reclassified as "prospect", participating in some club activities, but not having voting privileges while he is evaluated for suitability as a full member. The last phase, and highest membership status, is full membership or "full-patch".[74] The term "full-patch" refers to the complete four-piece insignia, including the "Death Head" logo, two rockers (top rocker: "Hells Angels"; bottom rocker: state or territory claimed) and the rectangular "MC" patch below the wing of the Death's Head. Prospects are allowed to wear only a bottom rocker with the state, province or territory name along with the rectangular "MC" patch.

To become a full member, a "prospect" must be unanimously confirmed by the rest of the full club members.[75] Before votes are cast, a "prospect" usually travels to every charter in the sponsoring charter's geographic jurisdiction (state, province, or territory) and introduces himself to every "full-patch" member. This allows each voting member to become familiar with the "prospect" and ask any questions of concern before voting. Some form of formal induction follows, wherein the "prospect" affirms his loyalty to the club and its members. The final logo patch (top "Hells Angels" rocker) is then awarded at the initiation ceremony. The step of attaining full membership can be called "being patched".

Even after a member is patched in, the patches remain the property of HAMC, not the member. On leaving the Hells Angels or being ejected, a member must return his patches to the club.[76] Members must pay dues, and are required to attend mandatory club meetings and motorcycle runs.[50] Charter meetings, known as "church", are typically held at clubhouses or a member's residence. In 1978, members were required to pay $20 per month to the local charter, and $10 per month to the state charter. The money is used by the club to finance motorcycle runs and funerals, and to fund the travel of club officers to state and national meetings. Hells Angels may become exempt from paying dues after a certain period of time as a member of the club.[18]

Racial policies

The club is not officially a racially segregated organization.[77][78] In the U.S., at least one charter allegedly requires that a candidate be a white male,[79] and Sonny Barger said in a 2000 BBC interview, "The club, as a whole, is not racist but we probably have enough racist members that no black guy is going to get in it."[75] At that time the club had no black members.[75]

A few nonwhite members have been noted in the United States. In 1967,

Anchorage charters threatened to have the Vancouver charter expelled from the club when they learned of the situation; the matter was ultimately resolved when the man changed his nationality to "Hawaiian".[83] An unsanctioned Hells Angels charter in Windsor, England was granted official status in 1985 shortly after its only black member, John Mikkelsen, had died in police custody.[84] Another notable is Haitian-born Gregory Woolley, a high-ranking member of the Rockers MC in Montreal who was the protégé[85] and bodyguard of Hells Angel boss Maurice Boucher (who spent five years in a notoriously white-supremacist motorcycle gang, the SS). Woolley became an associate of the Hells Angels Montreal charter[86] in the 1990s and later tried uniting street gangs in Quebec after Boucher was imprisoned.[87]

In another interview with Barger in 2000, he said, "if you're a motorcycle rider and you're white, you want to join the Hells Angels. If you're black, you want to join the

Dragons. That's how it is whether anyone likes it or not. We don't have no blacks and they don't have no whites."[88] When asked whether that could change, Barger replied, "Anything can change. I can't predict the future."[88] Tobie Levingston, who formed the black motorcycle club East Bay Dragons MC, wrote in his book that he and Barger have a long-lasting friendship and that the Hells Angels and Dragons have a mutual friendship and hang out and ride together.[89]

In a 1966

Ebony article about motorcycle rebels in the African-American community, the Chosen Few Motorcycle Club said that they see no racial animosity in the Hells Angels and that when they come into Chosen Few territory they all get together and party.[90] A Hells Angel member interviewed for the magazine insisted there was no racial prejudice in any of their clubs. He said, "we don't have any Negro members", but maintained that no blacks have sought membership.[90] At one point in the 1970s, the Hells Angels sought to consolidate the various motorcycle clubs and offered every member of the Chosen Few a Hells Angels patch, an offer that was declined.[91]

Women

Retired special agent Jay Dobyns explained that within the Hells Angels, there is a hierarchy among women. Older ladies who are wives or girlfriends of members are at the top. Messing with a member's partner leads to violence. Groupies also visit the clubhouse and freely move between members.[92]

Organization

Hells Angels clubhouse in Oakland, California

The Hells Angels became the first notarized and organized outlaw motorcycle club, and the biker clubs formed subsequently have reportedly imitated the Angels' insignias, rules, doctrines and rituals.

sergeant-at-arms and road captain.[18] Charters are composed of between ten and twelve members on average.[93] Each charter has autonomy regarding member discipline and minor policy changes.[50]

In contrast to other prominent motorcycle clubs in the United States, the Hells Angels organization is not headed by a national or international president; it is instead governed by regional officers, who are each chosen to represent a collective of localized charters at monthly regional meetings. Regional officers are divided into two groups: those who attend the West Coast Officers Meeting ("WesCOM") to conduct the policy, actions, and affairs of the Hells Angels' charters in the Western United States, and those who attend the East Coast Officers Meeting ("ECOM") to govern the charters in the Eastern United States.[50] The dividing point of the east and west regions is Omaha, Nebraska.[94] In states with multiple charters, weekly state meetings are also held in addition to charter meetings.[50]

Although the Hells Angels have no official "mother charter ", the club's de facto national headquarters remained in its founding location of

first among equals" because it has the largest membership of any charter the United States and because of Barger's esteem among club members internationally.[83] The Oakland charter is responsible for making major decisions within the club and granting new charters. Any motorcycle club seeking to join to the Hells Angels must apply to the Oakland charter for membership, and the applicant club must be monitored and approved of by the Oakland Hells Angels before being granted membership.[18]

In New York state, the HAMC is incorporated as the Church of Angels, a nonprofit religious organization.[95]

Worldwide charters

The former Hells Angels clubhouse at 77 East 3rd Street in the East Village neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City

The HAMC acknowledges more than 100 charters in over 29 countries. New Zealand had the first charter of the Hells Angels outside the United States; the club founded a charter in

UK Underground festivals, including Phun City in 1970, organized by Mick Farren. They awarded Farren an "approval patch" in 1970 for use on his first solo album Mona, which also featured Steve Peregrin Took (credited as "Shagrat the Vagrant").[100]

In 1977, the Hells Angels arrived in Canada with the

Rock Machine. The war resulted in the bombings of many establishments and murders on both sides. More than 160 people died, over 300 were injured,[102] and over 100 bikers were incarcerated.[103]

Members of the Spanish charter were involved in a killing and tried.[104]

A list of acknowledged charters can be found on the HAMC's official website.[105]

Support clubs

Main article: List of Hells Angels support clubs

Hells Angels chapters often oversee smaller motorcycle clubs within their locality, known as

support clubs or "puppet" clubs.[106][107] These clubs serve as a potential source of recruitment and earnings for the Hells Angels, and, according to law enforcement, carry out crimes on the Hells Angels' behalf in order to shield the Hells Angels from scrutiny.[106][108] The Hells Angels also use support clubs to establish an initial presence in an area before forming a full-fledged charter.[109] Support clubs may be established for the sole purpose of providing assistance to the Hells Angels, or begin as independent clubs before coming under the Hells Angels' control.[109] Such clubs may maintain relations with the Hells Angels for protection or to bolster their reputation.[110] Members of puppet clubs attend Hells Angels events and associate with Hells Angels at gatherings.[108] Puppet club members are also permitted to wear a diamond-shaped "81" patch on their vests, which indicates their adherence to the Hells Angels.[108][111]

The Red Devils Motorcycle Club, a biker group with chapters in nearly 20 countries, is the official and most prominent support club of the Hells Angels.[112][113][114] The Hells Angels have more than two dozen support clubs in Canada.[109] In Norway, the Hells Angels have built up a network of support clubs over which they exert control and hold responsibility for administering three-piece back patches.[111] The Hells Angels have also formed support groups, such as AK81 in Denmark and the Red & White Crew [sv] in Sweden, which consist of young males who do not own motorcycles.[111]

Club mergers

Over the years, the Hells Angels have amalgamated a number of smaller outlaw motorcycle clubs in a process known as a "patch-over".[115]

Hells Angels club mergers
Year Location Original Club/Charter Hells Angels Charter References
1967 United States Animals MC
Gooses MC		 Hells Angels Cleveland [116]
1969 Aliens MC Nomads Hells Angels New York City [117]
Hackers MC Hells Angels Rochester [118]
1973 Germany Bloody Devils MC Hells Angels Hamburg [119]
United States Storm Troopers MC Hells Angels Durham [120]
1975 Grateful Dead MC Hells Angels Bridgeport [121]
1976 Tribulators MC Hells Angels Charleston [120]
1977 Canada Popeye MC Hells Angels North (Montreal) [122]
1978 United States Satan's Slaves MC Hells Angels San Fernando Valley [123]
Tar Heel Stompers MC Hells Angels Charlotte [120]
Netherlands Kreidler Ploeg Oost Hells Angels Amsterdam [124]
1979 United States Original Jokers MC Hells Angels Winston-Salem [120]
1980 Netherlands Mad Dogs Hells Angels Haarlem [124]
Denmark Unionen MC Hells Angels Copenhagen [125]
1982 Spain Hells Angels Spain [126]
1982 United States Grim Reapers MC Minneapolis Hells Angels Minneapolis [127]
Brothers MC Hells Angels Anchorage [128]
1983 Canada Satan's Angels MC Hells Angels Vancouver [129][130]
1984 13th Tribe MC Hells Angels Halifax [131]
Gitans MC Hells Angels Sherbrooke [132]
1985 Denmark Black Sheep MC Hells Angels South (Helsingør)
1990 Germany Phoenix MC Hells Angels Berlin [133]
1991 Canada Satan's Guard MC Hells Angels Trois-Rivières [134]
1992 Norway Rowdies MC Hells Angels Trondheim [135][136]
Denmark Nordstjernen MC Hells Angels Aarhus [137]
1993 Sweden Dirty Dräggels Hells Angels Malmö [138]
1994 United States Hell's Henchmen MC Hells Angels Illinois
Hells Angels Indiana		 [139]
1996 Sweden Rebels MC Hells Angels Helsingborg
Finland Overkill MC Hells Angels Helsinki [140]
Denmark Mental Midgets MC Hells Angels Odense [141][142]
Norway Customizers MC Hells Angels Oslo
The Shabby Ones MC Hells Angels Stavanger [143]
Denmark Avengers MC Hells Angels Aalborg
1997 Sweden Choppers MC Hells Angels Stockholm [144][145][146]
Canada Grim Reapers MC Hells Angels Alberta [147]
United States Dirty Dozen MC Hells Angels Arizona [148]
1998 Canada Rebels MC Hells Angels Saskatoon [147]
1999 Norway Screwdrivers MC Hells Angels Hamar [149][150][151]
Sweden Gamlestadens MC Hells Angels Gothenburg [146]
2000 Canada Los Bravos MC Hells Angels Winnipeg [152]
Last Chance MC
Lobos MC
Para-Dice Riders MC
Satan's Choice MC		 Hells Angels Ontario [153][154]
2001 Denmark Piraterne MC Hells Angels Randers [155]
2002 United States Brothers Fast MC Hells Angels Denver [156]
2004 Canada Bandidos MC Edmonton Hells Angels Red Deer Nomads [157]
2015 United States North Coast MC Hells Angels Akron [158][159]

Criminal activities and incidents

Main article: Hells Angels MC criminal allegations and incidents

Various U.S. law enforcement agencies classify the Hells Angels as one of the "big four" motorcycle gangs, along with the Pagans, the Outlaws, and the Bandidos, and contend that members carry out widespread violent crime and organized crime, including drug dealing, trafficking in stolen goods, extortion, and prostitution operations.[160][161] In Australia, the Hells Angels are included among the "big six", with the Bandidos, the Comanchero, the Finks, the Mongols, and the Rebels.[162][163] All Hells Angels charters are autonomous and operate on their own. As such, some charters refrain from any illegal activity, while others operate as crime syndicates.[164] Members of the organization have continuously asserted that they are only a group of motorcycle enthusiasts who have joined to ride motorcycles together, to organize social events such as group road trips, fundraisers, parties, and motorcycle rallies, and that any crimes are the responsibility of the people who carried them out, not the club as a whole.[165][166]

In May 2019, a court in Utrecht issued a verdict that made the Netherlands the first country to completely ban the Hells Angels. The presiding judge called it "a danger to public order and the rule of law".[167] Other countries such as Germany had banned local charters, but never the entire club.[168][169][170][171] On July 15, 2022, the Supreme Court of the Netherlands reaffirmed the ban, making it permanent.[172]

See also

References

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  2. ^ Hells merchandise barred from Friday 13th Monte Sonnenberg, Simcoe Reformer (May 8, 2019) Archived May 8, 2019, at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ "The Founding of the Hells Angels Motorcycle Club". Hells-Angels.com. Archived from the original on April 16, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
  4. ^ a b "Inside the biker gangs: the truth about guns, drugs and organized crime". The Independent. UK. August 14, 2007. Archived from the original on June 9, 2008. Retrieved August 13, 2010.
  5. ISSN 1445-1190. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on September 6, 2006.
  6. ^ The Hells Angels’ devilish business (Fortune, 1992) Archived March 9, 2021, at the Wayback Machine Andy Serwer, Fortune (December 2, 2012)
  7. ^ Hells Angels MC World Archived October 17, 2022, at the Wayback Machine At the bottom of the homepage under "CHARTERS WORLDWIDE" is a listing of all current info - continents, countries, areas and charters
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  11. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived
    from the original on April 14, 2022. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
  12. ^ Multiple sources:
  13. ISBN 978-1-44345-467-4
  14. ^
    ISSN 0040-781X. Archived from the original
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  18. ^
    ISBN 9780960271801. Archived
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  26. ^ Barker 2007, p. 35.
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  30. ISBN 9781909284067. Archived
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  40. ^ a b Hells Angels movement Archived November 15, 2022, at the Wayback Machine Paul Stokes, The Daily Telegraph (August 14, 2007)
  41. ^ Lindsey, Tom (November 2005). "A Brief History of "Outlaw" Motorcycle Clubs". International Journal of Motorcycle Studies. Archived from the original on December 25, 2010. Retrieved July 23, 2009. The Life story caused something of a tumult around the country (Yates), and some authors have asserted that the AMA subsequently released a press statement disclaiming involvement in the Hollister event, stating that 99% of motorcyclists are good, decent, law-abiding citizens and that the AMA's ranks of motorcycle clubs were not involved in the debacle (e.g., Reynolds, Thompson). However, the American Motorcyclist Association has no record of ever releasing such a statement. Tom Lindsay, the AMA's Public Information Director, states 'We [the American Motorcyclist Association] acknowledge that the term 'one-percenter' has long been (and likely will continue to be) attributed to the American Motorcyclist Association, but we've been unable to attribute its original use to an AMA official or published statement—so it's apocryphal.'
  42. ^ Sher & Marsden 2010, p. 263.
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  44. ISBN 9780340830529. Archived
    from the original on April 12, 2023. Retrieved December 22, 2022. As soon as he had recovered from the injuries sustained in the car-bombing, Cunningham was back on the Angels social circuit, attending rallies, parties and runs, and generally living the hedonistic biker life. Almost immediately the denim cut-off and leather jacket that bore his colours sported a new patch: two Nazi-style SS lightning bolts below the words 'Filthy Few'. According to the biography of legendary Hells Angel Ralph "Sonny" Barger, president of the Oakland charter, the Filthy Few patch is a piece of harmless fun. 'It means that someone is the first to arrive at a party and the last to leave', he says. In reality the patch is only awarded to Angels who have murdered on behalf of the club — usually in the presence of another member for corroboration — or who are prepared to commit a murder at a moment's notice.
  45. ^ The Story Behind The Controversial Hell’s Angels Tammy Ziv, The Herald Weekly (October 4, 2022) Archived November 15, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
  46. ^ "Over view of the Hell's Angel's Motorcycle Club (HAMC) In Canada: Extracted from Expert Evidence In R. v. Bonner and Lindsay". Castanet. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2022.
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  48. ^ Hopper, C. B., & Moore, J. (1990). "Women in outlaw motorcycle gangs". Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 18(4), p. 385.
  49. ^ Hell's Angels: Three Can Keep a Secret If Two Are Dead Archived April 12, 2023, at the Wayback Machine Yves Lavigne (1989)
  50. ^ a b c d e f g Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs Deputy John Williams, Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department (2008) Archived November 28, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
  51. ^ Requiem for a Heavyweight Archived April 30, 2023, at the Wayback Machine Martha Lagace, New York (December 16, 1985)
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  54. ^ Ray Conlogue (March 2, 2002). "Bilingual on bikes". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on November 27, 2020. Retrieved July 18, 2020. If you're a TV show and the Hells Angels are considering a court injunction to stop you from being broadcast, then that's what you'll be famous for.
  55. ^ 'Litigation against movie release' (March 8, 2006) and they rule., HAMC vs Walt Disney Archived November 19, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
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  57. ^ "Companies / Personal Goods – Hells Angels sue luxury fashion house". Financial Times. October 27, 2010. Archived from the original on October 27, 2010. Retrieved February 15, 2011.
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  65. ^ Verena von Pfetten (November 3, 2010). "Alexander McQueen – Hell's Angels – SETTLEMENT". Styleite. Archived from the original on November 6, 2010. Retrieved February 15, 2011.
  66. ^ Cowles, Charlotte (November 3, 2010). "Alexander McQueen Settles With Hells Angels by Agreeing to Destroy Merchandise With Skull Logo – The Cut". New York. Archived from the original on November 6, 2010. Retrieved February 15, 2011.
  67. ^ "Attorney for Plaintiff : HELLS ANGELS MOTORCYCLE CORPORATION" (PDF). Retrieved November 30, 2014.
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    from the original on August 28, 2023. Retrieved December 22, 2022. In 1980 a group of Angels ambushed members of the 'bootleg' Windsor chapter and shot its leader, Richard Sharman, in the head three times. Miraculously, he survived. The attack had come about because, despite dressing themselves in close copies of the official Hells Angels colours, the Windsor chapter had never applied for an official chapter. Started up by local rockers, they were only accepted into the official fold in 1985 shortly after one of the members, John Mikkelsen, died in police custody. The fact that Mikkelsen was black — an official Angels taboo — had played a significant part in club failing to be sanctioned earlier.
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Bibliography

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