Bill Ayers

William Charles Ayers (

In 1965, Ayers joined a picket line protesting an Ann Arbor, Michigan pizzeria for refusing to seat African Americans. His first arrest came for a sit-in at a local draft board, resulting in ten days in jail. His first teaching job came shortly afterward at the Children's Community School, a preschool with a very small enrollment operating in a church basement, founded by a group of students in emulation of the Summerhill method of education.^[10]

The school was a part of the nationwide "free school movement". Schools in the movement had no grades or report cards; they aimed to encourage cooperation rather than competition, and pupils addressed teachers by their first names. Within a few months, at age 21, Ayers became director of the school. There also he met Diana Oughton, who would become his girlfriend until her death in 1970 during an accidental bomb explosion in the Weather Underground townhouse.^[8]

Ayers became involved in the

In June 1969, the Weathermen took control of the SDS at its national convention, where Ayers was elected Education Secretary.[9] Later in 1969, Ayers participated in planting a bomb at a statue dedicated to police casualties in the 1886 Haymarket affair confrontation between labor supporters and the Chicago police.^[14] The blast broke almost 100 windows and blew pieces of the statue onto the nearby Kennedy Expressway.^[15] (The statue was rebuilt and unveiled on May 4, 1970, and blown up again by other Weathermen on October 6, 1970.^[15][16] Rebuilding it yet again, the city posted a 24-hour police guard to prevent another blast, and in January 1972 it was moved to Chicago police headquarters).^[17]

Ayers participated in the Days of Rage riot in Chicago in October 1969, and in December was at the "War Council" meeting in Flint, Michigan. Two major decisions came out of the "War Council". The first was to immediately begin a violent, armed struggle (e.g., bombings and armed robberies) against the state without first attempting to organize or mobilize a broad swath of the public. The second was to create underground collectives in major cities throughout the country.^[18] Larry Grathwohl, a Federal Bureau of Investigation informant in the Weathermen group from the fall of 1969 to the spring of 1970, stated that "Ayers, along with Bernardine Dohrn, probably had the most authority within the Weathermen".^[19]

After the

Ayers participated in the bombings of New York City Police Department headquarters in 1970, the United States Capitol building in 1971, and the Pentagon in 1972, as he noted in his 2001 book, Fugitive Days. Ayers writes:

Although the bomb that rocked the Pentagon was itsy-bitsy—weighing close to two pounds—it caused 'tens of thousands of dollars' of damage. The operation cost under $500, and no one was killed or even hurt.^[20]

After the bombing, Ayers became a fugitive. During this time, Ayers and fellow member Bernardine Dohrn married and remained fugitives together, changing identities, jobs and locations.

In 1973, Ayers co-authored the book Prairie Fire with other members of the Weather Underground. The book was dedicated to close to 200 people, including Harriet Tubman, John Brown, "All Who Continue to Fight", and "All Political Prisoners in the U.S."^[21] The book dedication also included Sirhan Sirhan, the convicted assassin of Robert F. Kennedy.^[22]

In 1973, new information came to light about FBI operations targeted against Weather Underground and the New Left, all part of a series of covert and often illegal FBI projects called COINTELPRO.^[23] Due to the illegal tactics of FBI agents involved with the program, including conducting wiretaps and property searches without warrants, government attorneys requested all weapons-related and bomb-related charges be dropped against the Weather Underground, including charges against Ayers.^[24][25]

However, state charges against Dohrn remained. Dohrn was still reluctant to turn herself in to authorities. "He was sweet and patient, as he always is, to let me come to my senses on my own," she later said of Ayers.^[8] She turned herself in to authorities in 1980. She was fined $1,500 and given three years probation.^[26]

In 2001, Ayers published

Much of the controversy about Ayers during the decade since 2000 stems from an interview he gave to Dinitia Smith for The New York Times on the occasion of the memoir's publication on September 11, 2001.^[34] The reporter quoted him as saying "I don't regret setting bombs" and "I feel we didn't do enough", and, when asked if he would "do it all again", as responding "I don't want to discount the possibility."^[30]

Four days later, Ayers protested the interviewer's characterizations in a

"We weren't terrorists," Ayers told an interviewer for the Chicago Tribune in 2001. "The reason we weren't terrorists is because we did not commit random acts of terror against people. Terrorism was what was being practiced in the countryside of Vietnam by the United States."^[8]

In a later letter to the editor in the Chicago Tribune, Ayers wrote, "I condemn all forms of terrorism—individual, group and official". He also condemned the

Ayers was asked in a January 2004 interview, "How do you feel about what you did? Would you do it again under similar circumstances?" He replied:[40] "I've thought about this a lot. Being almost 60, it's impossible to not have lots and lots of regrets about lots and lots of things, but the question of did we do something that was horrendous, awful? [...] I don't think so. I think what we did was to respond to a situation that was unconscionable."

On September 9, 2008, journalist Jake Tapper copied to his ABC News "Political Punch" blog and opined on a four-panel comic strip by Ryan Alexander-Tanner from Bill Ayers's blog.^[41] In the comic strip, the Ayers cartoon character says: "The one thing I don't regret is opposing the war in Vietnam with every ounce of my being... When I say, 'We didn't do enough,' a lot of people rush to think, 'That must mean, "We didn't bomb enough shit." ' But that's not the point at all. It's not a tactical statement, it's an obvious political and ethical statement. In this context, 'we' means 'everyone.'"^[41]

After the 2008 presidential election, Ayers published an op-ed piece in The New York Times giving his assessment of his activism. "The Weather Underground crossed lines of legality, of propriety and perhaps even of common sense. Our effectiveness can be—and still is being—debated," he wrote.^[42] He also reiterated his rebuttal to the description of his actions as terrorism, despite the use of shrapnel devices:

The Weather Underground went on to take responsibility for placing several small bombs in empty offices... We did carry out symbolic acts of extreme vandalism directed at monuments to war and racism, and the attacks on property, never on people, were meant to respect human life and convey outrage and determination to end the Vietnam war. Peaceful protests had failed to stop the war. So we issued a screaming response. But it was not terrorism; we were not engaged in a campaign to kill and injure people indiscriminately, spreading fear and suffering for political ends.^[42]

Ayers is a retired professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Education. His interests include teaching for social justice, urban educational reform, narrative and interpretive research, children in trouble with the law, and related issues.^[4]

He began his career in primary education while an undergraduate, teaching at the Children's Community School (CCS), a project founded by a group of students and based on the Summerhill method of education. After leaving the underground, he earned an M.Ed from

Ayers has edited and written many books and articles on education theory, policy and practice, and has received several honors for his work. His book To Teach: The Journey of A Teacher was named the Kappa Delta Pi Book of the Year in 1993 and subsequently won the Witten award for Distinguished Work in Biography and Autobiography in 1995.[48] On August 5, 2010, Ayers announced his intent to retire from the University of Illinois at Chicago.^[49]

On September 23, 2010, William Ayers was unanimously denied

In June 1974, the Weather Underground released a 151-page volume titled Prairie Fire, which stated: "We are a guerrilla organization [...] We are communist women and men underground in the United States [...]"^[66] The Weatherman leadership, including Ayers, pushed for a radical reformulation of sexual relations under the slogan "Smash Monogamy".^[67][68] Radical bomber and feminist^[69] Jane Alpert criticized the Weatherman group in 1974 for still being dominated by men, including Ayers, and referred to his "callous treatment and abandonment of Diana Oughton before her death, and for his generally fickle and high-handed treatment of women".^[70]

Larry Grathwohl, an undercover FBI agent who infiltrated The Weather Underground, says Ayers told him where to plant bombs. He says Ayers was bent on overthrowing the government. In response to Grathwohl's claims, Ayers stated, "Now that's being blown into dishonest narratives about hurting people, killing people, planning to kill people. That's just not true. We destroyed government property".^[71]

On June 18, 2013, Ayers gave an interview to RealClearPolitics' "Morning Commute" in which he stated that every president in this century should be tried for war crimes, including President Obama for his use of drone attacks, which Ayers considers an act of terror.^[72]

During the 2008 U.S. presidential campaign, a controversy arose about Ayers's contacts with then-candidate Barack Obama, a matter that had been public knowledge in Chicago for years.^[73] After being raised by the American and British press,^[73][74] the connection was picked up by conservative blogs and newspapers in the United States. The matter was raised in a campaign debate by moderator George Stephanopoulos, and later became a point of contention for the John McCain presidential campaign. Investigations by The New York Times, CNN, and other news organizations concluded that Obama did not have a close relationship with Ayers.^{[74][75][76][77]}

In an op-ed piece after the election, Ayers denied any close association with Obama, and criticized the Republican campaign for its use of

Ayers is married to Bernardine Dohrn, a fellow former leader of the Weather Underground. They have two adult children, Zayd and Malik, and shared legal guardianship of

• Education: An American Problem. Bill Ayers, Radical Education Project, 1968, ASIN B0007H31HU
  OCLC 33088998
• Hot town: Summer in the City: I ain't gonna work on Maggie's farm no more, Bill Ayers, Students for a Democratic Society, 1969, ASIN B0007I3CMI
• Prairie Fire: The Politics of Revolutionary Anti-Imperialism, Bernardine Dohrn,
  OCLC 1177495
• The Good Preschool Teacher: Six Teachers Reflect on Their Lives, William Ayers,
  ISBN 978-0-8077-2946-5
• To Teach: The Journey of a Teacher, William Ayers, Teachers College Press, 1993,
  ISBN 978-0-8077-3262-5
• To Become a Teacher: Making a Difference in Children's Lives, William Ayers, Teachers College Press, 1995,
  ISBN 978-0-8077-3455-1
• City Kids, City Teachers: Reports from the Front Row, William Ayers (Editor) and Patricia Ford (Editor),
  ISBN 978-1-56584-328-8
• A Kind and Just Parent, William Ayers,
  ISBN 978-0-8070-4402-5
• A Light in Dark Times: Maxine Greene and the Unfinished Conversation,
  ISBN 978-0-8077-3721-7
• Teaching for Social Justice: A Democracy and Education Reader, William Ayers (Editor), Jean Ann Hunt (Editor), Therese Quinn (Editor), 1998,
  ISBN 978-1-56584-420-9
• Teacher Lore: Learning from Our Own Experience, William H. Schubert (editor) and William C. Ayers (editor), Educator's International Press, 1999,
  ISBN 978-1-891928-03-1
• Teaching from the Inside Out: The Eight-Fold Path to Creative Teaching and Living, Sue Sommers (author), William Ayers (Foreword), Authority Press, 2000,
  ISBN 978-1-929059-02-7
• A Simple Justice: The Challenge of Small Schools, William Ayers, Teachers College Press, 2000,
  ISBN 978-0-8077-3963-1
• Zero Tolerance: Resisting the Drive for Punishment, William Ayers (editor), Rick Ayers (editor), Bernardine Dohrn (editor), Jesse L. Jackson (author), The New Press, 2001,
  ISBN 978-1-56584-666-1
• A School of Our Own: Parents, Power, and Community at the East Harlem Block Schools, Tom Roderick (author), William Ayers (author), Teachers College Press, 2001,
  ISBN 978-0-8077-4157-3
  Only the foreword is written by Ayers.
• Refusing Racism: White Allies and the Struggle for Civil Rights, Cynthia Stokes Brown (author), William Ayers (editor), Therese Quinn (editor), Teachers College Press, 2002,
  ISBN 978-0-8077-4204-4
• On the Side of the Child: Summerhill Revisited, William Ayers, Teachers College Press, 2003,
  ISBN 978-0-8077-4400-0
• ISBN 978-0-14-200255-1
  )
• Teaching the Personal and the Political: Essays on Hope and Justice, William Ayers, Teachers College Press, 2004,
  ISBN 978-0-8077-4461-1
• Teaching Toward Freedom: Moral Commitment and Ethical Action in the Classroom, William Ayers, Beacon Press, 2004,
  ISBN 978-0-8070-3269-5
• ISBN 978-1-58322-726-8
  .
• Handbook of Social Justice in Education, William C. Ayers, Routledge, June 2008,
  ISBN 978-0-8058-5927-0
• City Kids, City Schools: More Reports from the Front Row, Ruby Dee (Foreword), Jeff Chang (Afterword), William Ayers (editor), Billings, Gloria Ladson (editor), Gregory Michie (editor), Pedro Noguera (editor), The New Press, August 2008,
  ISBN 978-1-59558-338-3
• To Teach: the journey, in comics, William Ayers and Ryan Alexander-Tanner, Jonathan Kozol(Foreword), Teachers College Press, 2010,
  ISBN 978-0-8077-5062-9
  This is a graphic novel based on Ayers's To Teach: The Journey of a Teacher. It is not written by him.
• Public Enemy. Confessions of an American Dissident, Bill Ayers, Beacon Press, 2013,
  ISBN 978-0-8070-3276-3
• Demand The Impossible: A Radical Manifesto, William Ayers, Haymarket Books, 2016,
  ISBN 978-1-60846-670-2
• "You Can't Fire the Bad Ones!": And 18 Other Myths about Teachers, Teachers Unions, and Public Education, William Ayers, Crystal Laura, Rick Ayers, Beacon Press, 2018,
  ISBN 978-0-8070-3666-2

References

1. ^ "Weather Underground Organization (Weatherman)" (PDF). FBI. August 20, 1976. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 31, 2008. Retrieved October 18, 2008.
2. ^ The Weathermen's founding manifesto, signed by Ayers and ten others, indicates, "The most important task for us toward making the revolution, and the work our collectives should engage in, is the creation of a mass revolutionary movement...akin to the Red Guard in China, based on the full participation and involvement of masses of people...with a full willingness to participate in the violent and illegal struggle. Ayers, Bill; Mark Rudd; Bernardine Dohrn; Jeff Jones; Terry Robbinson; Gerry Long; Steve Tappis; et al. (1969). You Don't Need a Weatherman to Know Which Way the Wind Blows. Weatherman. p. 28. Retrieved November 19, 2009.
3. ^ "Weather Underground Bombings". Federal Bureau Of Investigation. Retrieved November 30, 2018.
4. ^
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9. ^ ^{a b c} Barber, David, "Fugitive Days; A Memoir - Book Review" Archived October 13, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Journal of Social History, Winter 2002, retrieved June 10, 2008
10. ^ Before "going underground", he published an account of this experience, Education: An American Problem.
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20. ^ Bill Ayers, Fugitive Days, pg. 261
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34. ^ NB that, although the interview was published on 9/11, it was completed prior to that and cannot be properly construed as a reaction to the events of that day.
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41. ^ ^{a b} Alexander-Tanner, Ryan (September 2, 2008). "bill ayers speaks". Ryan Alexander-Tanner's blog. ohyesverynice.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2013. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
    Ayers, Bill (September 2008). "amessagefrombillayersreformat.jpg". Bill Ayers' blog. billayers.wordpress.com. Archived from the original on March 13, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
    Gewargis, Natalie; Tapper, Jake (September 9, 2008). "In a not-remotely-comic strip, Bill Ayers weighs in on what he meant by 'we didn't do enough' to end Vietnam War". Political Punch blog. ABC News. Archived from the original on September 10, 2008. Retrieved September 10, 2008.
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42. ^ ^{a b c} Ayers, William (December 6, 2008). "The Real Bill Ayers". The New York Times. pp. A21. Archived from the original on November 7, 2016. Retrieved February 6, 2017.
43. ^ Pollitt, Katha. "Bill Ayers Whitewashes History, Again" Archived October 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, The Nation magazine (December 8, 2008).
44. ^ Aera.net Archived December 24, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, 2008 AERA Election Results, American Educational Research Association
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47. ^ "Ayers Is No Education 'Reformer'" Archived July 5, 2017, at the Wayback Machine The Wall Street Journal, October 16, 2008
48. ^ "William C. Ayers - 2000". Kappa Delti Pi. Archived from the original on July 26, 2020. Retrieved April 25, 2020.
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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bill Ayers.

• Official website
• Appearances on C-SPAN
• Bill Ayers collected news and commentary at The New York Times