Bioadhesive

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Bioadhesives are natural

sugars, or to mean a synthetic material designed to adhere to biological tissue
.

Bioadhesives may consist of a variety of substances, but

biomimicry.[1] Furthermore, thiolation of proteins and carbohydrates enables these polymers (thiomers) to covalently adhere especially to cysteine-rich subdomains of proteins such as keratins or mucus glycoproteins via disulfide bond formation.[2] Thiolated chitosan and thiolated hyaluronic acid are used as bioadhesives in various medicinal products.[3][4]

Bioadhesives in nature

Organisms may secrete bioadhesives for use in attachment, construction and obstruction, as well as in predation and defense. Examples include their use for:

Some bioadhesives are very strong. For example, adult barnacles achieve pull-off forces as high as 2

insects
.

Polyphenolic proteins

The small family of proteins that are sometimes referred to as polyphenolic proteins are produced by some

Dreissena polymorpha), two such proteins, Dpfp-1 and Dpfp-2, localize in the juncture between byssus threads and adhesive plaque.[relevant?][12][relevant?] The presence of these proteins appear, generally, to contribute to stiffening of the materials functioning as bioadhesives.[13][citation needed] The presence of the dihydroxyphenylalanine-moiety arises from action of a tyrosine hydroxylase-type of enzyme;[citation needed] in vitro, it has been shown that the proteins can be cross-linked (polymerized) using a mushroom tyrosinase.[relevant?][14]

Temporary adhesion

Organisms such as

hydrogels
that contribute to temporary adhesion.

Permanent adhesion

Many permanent bioadhesives (e.g., the

cations
may allow higher sticking forces to be achieved.

L-DOPA is a

free radicals, which go on to form covalent bonds.[18]

Applications

Bioadhesives are of commercial interest because they tend to be biocompatible, i.e. useful for biomedical applications involving skin or other body tissue. Some work in wet environments and under water, while others can stick to low surface energy – non-polar surfaces like plastic. In recent years,[when?] the synthetic adhesives industry has been impacted by environmental concerns and health and safety issues relating to hazardous ingredients, volatile organic compound emissions, and difficulties in recycling or re mediating adhesives derived from petrochemical feedstocks. Rising oil prices may also stimulate commercial interest in biological alternatives to synthetic adhesives.

Shellac is an early example of a bioadhesive put to practical use. Additional examples now exist, with others in development:

Several commercial methods of production are being researched:

Mucoadhesion

A more specific term than bioadhesion is mucoadhesion. Most mucosal surfaces such as in the gut or nose are covered by a layer of mucus. Adhesion of a matter to this layer is hence called mucoadhesion.[24] Mucoadhesive agents are usually polymers containing hydrogen bonding groups that can be used in wet formulations or in dry powders for drug delivery purposes. The mechanisms behind mucoadhesion have not yet been fully elucidated, but a generally accepted theory is that close contact must first be established between the mucoadhesive agent and the mucus, followed by interpenetration of the mucoadhesive polymer and the mucin and finishing with the formation of entanglements and chemical bonds between the macromolecules.[25] In the case of a dry polymer powder, the initial adhesion is most likely achieved by water movement from the mucosa into the formulation, which has also been shown to lead to dehydration and strengthening of the mucus layer. The subsequent formation of van der Waals, hydrogen and, in the case of a positively charged polymer, electrostatic bonds between the mucins and the hydrated polymer promotes prolonged adhesion.[citation needed][24]

See also

Mucilage

References

  1. ISBN 978-3-540-31048-8
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  3. PMID 32567846
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  5. S2CID 1507479
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  6. PMID 25694539
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  8. ^ "Klebstoffe: Die Superhaftkraft der Napfschnecke".
  9. PMID 32543352
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  10. ^
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  11. ^
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  12. PMID 8180628
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  14. PMID 11007180
    .
  15. ^ Leonard GH, Bertness MD, Yundo PO. Crab predation, waterborne cues, and inducible defenses in the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis. Ecology. 1999;80(1).
  16. ^ Sever M.J.; Weisser, J.T.; Monahan, J.; Srinivasan, S.; Wilker, J.J. (2004) Metal-mediated cross-linking in the generation of a marine-mussel adhesive. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 43 (4), 448-450
  17. ^ Monahan, J.; Wilker, J.J. (2004) Cross-linking the protein precursor of marine mussel adhesives: bulk measurements and reagents for curing. Langmuir 20 (9), 3724-3729
  18. ^ Deming, T.J. (1999) Mussel byssus and biomolecular materials. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 3 (1), 100-105
  19. ^ Combie, J., Steel, A. and Sweitzer, R. (2004) Adhesive designed by nature (and tested at Redstone Arsenal). Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 5 (4), 258-262. Abstract
  20. ^ USB flyer[permanent dead link]
  21. ^ Schnurrer, J.; Lehr, C.M. (1996) Mucoadhesive properties of the mussel adhesive protein. Int. J. Pharmaceutics 141 (1-2), 251-256
  22. S2CID 251158622
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  23. ^ Huang, K.; Lee, B.P.; Ingram, D.R.; Messersmith, P.B. (2002) Synthesis and characterization of self-assembling block copolymers containing bioadhesive end groups. Biomacromolecules 3 (2), 397-406
  24. ^ a b J.D. Smart. The basics and underlying mechanisms of mucoadhesion. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 57:1556-1568 (2005)
  25. ^ Hägerström, Helene (2003). "Polymer Gels as Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms : Rheological Performance and Physicochemical Interactions at the Gel-Mucus Interface for Formulations Intended for Mucosal Drug Delivery". Diva.

External links

Skin
Organs
Central nervous system
Circulatory,
musculoskeletal
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