Budd Company
automobile, aviation | |
Founded | 1912 |
---|---|
Defunct | 2014 |
Fate | Bankruptcy |
Successor | Bombardier Transportation |
Headquarters | , United States |
Area served | Worldwide |
Edward G. Budd Manufacturing Company | |
Location | 2450 W. Hunting Park Ave., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States |
---|---|
Coordinates | 40°00′29.6″N 75°10′08.7″W / 40.008222°N 75.169083°W |
Area | 70 acres (28 ha) |
Built | 1917 |
Architect | Giffels & Vallet, Inc.; Albert Kahn & Associates |
Architectural style | 20th Century Industrial |
NRHP reference No. | 07001328[1] |
Added to NRHP | December 27, 2007 |
The Budd Company was a 20th-century metal fabricator, a major supplier of body components to the
Budd was founded in 1912 in Philadelphia by
Budd Company became part of Budd
Automobiles
Edward G. Budd developed the first all-steel automobile bodies. His first major supporters were the Dodge brothers. Following discussions which began in 1913, the brothers purchased from Budd 70,000 all-steel open touring bodies in 1916. They were soon followed by an all-steel Dodge sedan.[5][6]
Budd Company
Following the introduction of the "
Railroads
This section needs additional citations for verification. (April 2016) |
Passenger cars
From the 1930s until 1987, the Budd Company was a leading manufacturer of stainless steel streamlined passenger rolling stock for a number of railroads; many of these were known, at least colloquially, as "silverliners".
Early years
After briefly dabbling with French
In 1949, Budd built ten prototype stainless steel R11 subway cars for the New York Board of Transportation;[10] these were intended for the Second Avenue Subway.[11]
In the late 1940s, the
Budd proposed coaches that were taller than the typical lightweight passenger car while keeping the streamlined car's length of 85 feet but with double the capacity of cars. To address the issue of the conductor collecting tickets without having to climb stairs, the upper level was designed with its center portion open so that the conductor could reach the tickets from upper-level passengers. Rows of individual seats on each side of the car provided the increase in seating capacity.
The unique design of the upper level's open center section led to the cars being called "Gallery" cars. Burlington approved the design and ordered 30 cars. These cars, built as Budd lot 9679–041, were delivered between August 1950 and January 1951 and not only marked a change in how the commuters were handled but were the first cars in commuter service to have air conditioning. The Burlington retrofitted its earlier cars with air conditioning once the new cars entered service.
With the first of the new commuter cars in service on the Burlington, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway also approached Budd to improve their rolling stock. In September 1952, the Santa Fe placed an order for two two-level prototypes, Budd's Lot 9679–129. Carrying the numbers 526 and 527, they were delivered in July 1954, at which time both were placed into service for evaluation.
These prototypes had seating on both levels, stairs on one end to provide access to single-level cars, a stairway at the center of the car for access to toilets on the lower level, and a side door for passenger access. The lower floor also contained various mechanical and pneumatic equipment that otherwise would be mounted below the floors of single-level cars.
With the two Hi-Level prototypes in service proving to not only meet the needs of line but also being popular with passengers, the Santa Fe again approached Budd with the idea of building additional two-level cars.
Budd developed another generation of cars for Santa Fe in five different configurations: step-down coaches like the two prototype cars, convertible coaches which could have one end of the car converted from the high level on both ends to a step-down car as needed, coaches with both ends of the car having the end door at the upper level's height to provide access to adjoining passenger cars, and dining and lounge cars (with kitchens on the lower level) with partially glassed-in roofs similar to the Big Dome lounge cars that were also built by Budd and delivered around the time the prototype Hi-Level cars were built.
The order for additional cars was placed in March 1955 for 10 68-seat step-down coaches (delivered between December 1955 and January 1956 and numbered 528 to 537), 25 72-seat Hi-Level coaches (delivered between January and April 1956 numbered 700 to 724), six 60-seat bar/lounge/news-stand coaches with 26-seat lower-level lounges (delivered between May and June 1956), and six 80-seat dining cars (delivered between June and August 1956 numbered 650 to 655).
With these cars delivered, the Santa Fe re-equipped the
Later years
Budd continued to build gallery passenger cars for
Stainless steel Budd cars originally built for the
Budd-patented processes and designs were also used in
In Japan, the
Budd also issued a licence to Australian manufacturer Commonwealth Engineering in Sydney in the late 1950s and 1989 for a variety of projects including the monocoque self steer V set double-decker interurban electric multiple units considered by many to be one of the world's most advanced double-decker designs. Budd's extensive research into the use of stainless steel carries on today in consulting businesses like Bay Rail.
Rail Diesel Car
In 1949, Budd introduced the
Electric multiple units
In the late 1950s, Budd built the prototype
Budd was contracted in 1966 by the PRR and the U.S. Department of Commerce's Office of High-Speed Ground Transportation (prior to the establishment of USDOT) to build the original Metroliner multiple unit cars for luxury high-speed service on the northeast corridor. The 50 original cars were delivered in 1967–69. An additional 11 coaches were built for SEPTA but were not put into service until 1972 by Amtrak. The Metroliners have been either retired, rebuilt into coaches without the cabs, or de-powered and used as
The Silverliner II had a top speed of 90 mph (140 km/h) but ran at up to 100 mph (160 km/h) when the PRR used them on its Philadelphia-Harrisburg service. The Metroliner EMU cars operated at 110 to 125 mph (201 km/h), but every car was tested to at least 160 mph (260 km/h), although breakdowns in the system led Amtrak to derate them to 90 mph (140 km/h). Since their retirement from regular service, Amtrak has used them as cab-coaches.[12]
Subway cars
In 1960, Budd manufactured the first stainless steel production subway cars for Philadelphia's Market–Frankford Line. 270 M-3 cars were jointly owned by the City of Philadelphia and the Philadelphia Transportation Company, now SEPTA. Some rail enthusiasts nicknamed the cars "Almond Joys" because the four hump-shaped ventilators on the roof evoked the candy bar's shape.
There were 46 single units and 112 "married" pairs. The pairs were a "mixed marriage" because the odd-numbered car came with
These cars were replaced with more modern, air-conditioned M-4 units from 1997 to 1999. Some cars were transferred to the
Industrial historian Jonathan Feldman has concluded that Budd, along with other "old-line" suppliers of subway cars, "lacked advanced systems-integration know-how and the skills required to manage complex electrical systems and electronics. Each of these firms had built railroad and subway cars, but modern subway cars became increasingly complicated. Like aircraft and automobiles, they became platforms for electronics."[14]
Transportation innovations
Aviation
In 1930, the company made its first foray into the
The stainless steel construction process for the BB-1 was patented in 1942.
During World War II, Budd designed and built the RB-1 Conestoga transport airplane for the United States Navy using stainless steel in many places instead of aluminum. Only 25 were built but after the war, 14 found their way to the fledgling Flying Tiger Line.
Automobiles
In 1962, Budd produced an operational
Ironically, Budd tried to sell a similar concept to Ford first. In 1961, Budd combined a 1957 Ford Thunderbird body with a 1961 Ford Falcon chassis to produce a sporty convertible. Ford chose to develop its entry into this segment, the Mustang, on its own Falcon chassis.[citation needed]
In 1965, Budd designed and manufactured a front disc brake system for some Chrysler, Imperial, and full-size Plymouth and Dodge automobiles from 1966 to 1968.
Divisions and subsidiaries
By the end of the 1950s, Budd had the following divisions and subsidiaries:[3]
- Budd Lewyt Electronics, Inc. — special-purpose data processing systems, communications equipment, instrumentation, and environmental control products for electronics.
- Tatnall Measuring Systems Division — physical testing equipment, metal film strain gages, standard and custom load cells, and a unique PhotoStress technique for direct strain measurements.
- Continental-Diamond Fibre Corporation — special high-heat resistant materials for ablation applications, laminated and molded plastics, vulcanized fiber, and bonded mica in the form of sheets, rods, tubes, and tape.
- Defense Division — advanced aerospace and atomic structures, coupling a broad research and engineering capability with extensive prototype and production facilities.
- Nuclear Systems Division — gamma radiography equipment for non-destructive testing of airframes, providing beam, panoramic, and internal exposures in shop and field.
- Electronic Controls Section — monautronic resistance welding controls for the aircraft industry.
Final years of railcar production
This section needs additional citations for verification. (April 2016) |
Budd built two series of "L" cars for the
In 1978, as Budd began to phase out its railcar business to concentrate on the automotive industry, it was acquired by Thyssen AG,[23] becoming its automotive division in Europe (Thyssen Automotive) and North America (Budd Thyssen).[24] The CTA 2600 series cars were finished in 1987 and were the last railcars to be built by Budd/Transit America.
In the mid-1980s, Budd reorganized its rail operations under the name Transit America. Nonetheless, on April 3, 1987, Budd ended all railcar production at its Red Lion plant in Philadelphia and sold its rail designs to Bombardier Transportation. Many of its engineers joined the staff of Louis T. Klauder and Associates, a local railway vehicles and systems engineering consulting firm.
Modern role in auto industry
When Thyssen merged with
Preservation
This section needs additional citations for verification. (June 2022) |
Numerous Budd railcars are preserved either by museums or private owners, many of which run them in charter service. Their quality of construction and elegant design have made them highly prized.[27]
Pennsylvania
The Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania has a number of Budd-built cars in its collection in Strasburg: the 1937 observation car built for the Reading Company "Crusader", a Lehigh Valley Railroad rail diesel car of 1951, and Pennsylvania Railroad 860, a Metroliner snackbar-coach built in 1968.
The
The Reading Blue Mountain and Northern Railroad has three operating RDCs, with road numbers 9166, 9167 and 9168.[29]
New York
A 1949 R11 (8013) and a 1964 R32 pair (3352-53) are in the New York Transit Museum fleet. Another R32 pair (3350-3351) is preserved by Railway Preservation Corp.
Indiana
The Indiana Transportation Museum maintains a fleet of fourteen closed-window Budd coaches built for the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe. Eight units are currently restored and are used in excursion service, including the Indiana State Fair Train. ITMZ also operates the Silver Salon as a head-end power car.
Illinois
The
California
The
Missouri
The National Museum of Transportation in St. Louis now owns former Zephyr diner Silver Spoon as well as the Budd-designed locomotive Silver Charger from the General Pershing Zephyr.
Massachusetts
Bedford Depot, situated at the northwestern end of the Minuteman Bikeway (formerly the Lexington Branch of the Boston & Maine railroad), has a restored Rail Diesel Car (#6211). The Berkshire Scenic Railway Museum in Adams also has a handful of RDCs, most notably the former B&M 6126.
Wisconsin
The Mark Twain Zephyr trainset is preserved at the Wisconsin Great Northern Railroad, undergoing restoration to operating condition.[32]
Portugal
The
Argentina
There are several Budd coaches, combines, and buffet-diner cars running in the Buenos Aires-Mar del Plata corridor. They are run as a luxury service during the summer months. The coaches and combines are in their original condition while the buffet-diner car had to be partially remodeled after a fire. They were originally purchased by the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad but were sold before they could be used. Currently the train runs with one combine, three coaches, and a buffet-diner car, pulled by either an EMD GT22 or an English Electric locomotive.
Wind power
In 1939, the Budd company designed and fabricated the stainless steel skin for the blades of the Smith–Putnam wind turbine, the largest in the world for forty years.
Industrial facilities
Budd operated at multiple sites in the Philadelphia area. It had a brick factory in
See also
References
- ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
- ^ a b Blanchard, Matthew P. (July 22, 2002). "Budd closing chips away at Phila.'s industrial past". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Philadelphia. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
- ^ a b "In the service of flight". Aviation Week & Space Technology. 71 (27): 122. December 15, 1959. Retrieved March 30, 2017.
- ^ "Budd Co. Nears Ch. 11 Exit With Disclosure OK". Law360. US. May 9, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2017.
- ^ a b page 106, George A Oliver, A History of Coachbuilding, Cassell, London, 1962
- G.N. Georgano Cars: Early and Vintage, 1886–1930. (London: Grange-Universal, 1985). Often credited as "first", others such as BSAwere doing the same in this period.
- ^ "Budd Company History". Squarebirds.org. Retrieved July 14, 2013.
- ISBN 0801827434.
- ^ Morgan, D.P. (March 1953). "All About the RDC". Trains & Travel.
- ^ R-11 Datasheet
- ^ The New York Times, March 24, 2007
- ^ "Introduction". Budd-rdc.org. Archived from the original on June 24, 2013. Retrieved July 14, 2013.
- ^ "Budd Company". Mauspfeil.net. Archived from the original on July 14, 2013. Retrieved July 14, 2013.
- ^ "Jonathan Michael Feldman, "From Mass Transit to New Manufacturing," The American Prospect, March 22, 2009". March 23, 2009. Retrieved August 24, 2018.
- ^ "Photograph" (JPG). Airfields-freeman.com. Retrieved June 25, 2015.
- ^ www.waymaking.com https://web.archive.org/web/20090304012934/http://www.waymaking.com/waymarks/WM3851. Archived from the original on March 4, 2009.
{{cite web}}
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(help) - ^ a b Peter M. Bowers (October 1, 1999). "Italian amphib: "Savoia-Marchetti S-56 was tough plane to manage on the water"". General Aviation News. Archived from the original on July 13, 2007. Retrieved December 6, 2007.
- ^ "Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields: Pennsylvania – Northeastern Philadelphia area". Paul Freeman. Retrieved December 7, 2007.
- United States Patent Office. July 18, 1942. Retrieved February 18, 2008.
- ISBN 0-9626959-1-2.
- ISBN 0-7603-2051-9.
- ^ metrolibrarian (April 17, 2008), Metro Rail: The Future is Now 1985, archived from the original on December 13, 2021, retrieved February 4, 2018
- ^ "Internationalization and further vertical diversification – Bonn Republic – ThyssenKrupp AG". Thyssenkrupp.com. September 30, 2013. Archived from the original on June 26, 2015. Retrieved June 25, 2015.
- ^ "History of The Budd Company – FundingUniverse". Fundinguniverse.com. Retrieved June 25, 2015.
- ^ "ThyssenKrupp Budd to sell North American automotive body operations | Uncategorized content from". Americanmachinist.com. October 23, 2006. Archived from the original on April 1, 2012. Retrieved June 25, 2015.
- ^ Winegarner, Beth (April 2, 2014). "Bankrupt Budd Co. Says $390M Deal Protects 10K Retirees". Law360. US. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
- ^ "who used Budd bodies?". jalopyjournal.com. Retrieved July 14, 2013.
- ^ Bellefonte Historical Railroad Society. "Rolling Stock". Archived from the original on May 21, 2014. Retrieved October 9, 2013.
- ^ "Our Trains".
- ^ "IRM Roster of Equipment". IRM Roster of Equipment. Illinois Railway Museum. Retrieved July 12, 2022.
- ^ "Pioneer Zephyr". museum of science+industry chicago. Retrieved July 12, 2022.
- ^ "Mark Twain Zephyr". Mark Twain Zephyr.com. Retrieved July 12, 2022.
- "A Museum Quality Car for a Subway Yet Unbuilt" The New York Times, March 24, 2007
External links
- Budd Company Historical files Archived June 3, 2018, at the Wayback Machine at Hagley Museum and Library
- Mike Karwowski collection of Budd Company photographs Archived January 10, 2016, at the Wayback Machine at Hagley Museum and Library