Campylobacteriosis
Campylobacteriosis | |
---|---|
Other names | Campylobacter food poisoning – campylobacter enteritis Supportive care, Antibiotics (select cases) |
Prognosis | Usually self-limited |
Deaths | Infrequent |
Campylobacteriosis is among the most common
syndrome, and usually cramps, fever and pain.Symptoms and signs
The
There are other diseases showing similar symptoms. For instance, abdominal pain and tenderness may be very localized, mimicking
Complications
Complications include
Some individuals (1–2 in 100,000 cases) develop Guillain–Barré syndrome, in which the nerves that join the spinal cord and brain to the rest of the body are damaged, sometimes permanently. This occurs only with infection of C. jejuni and C. upsaliensis.[3]
Other factors
In patients with
Cause
Campylobacteriosis is caused by Campylobacter bacteria (curved or spiral, motile, non–spore-forming,
One effect of campylobacteriosis is tissue injury in the
C. jejuni can also cause a latent autoimmune effect on the nerves of the legs, which is usually seen several weeks after a surgical procedure of the abdomen. The effect is known as an acute idiopathic demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP), i.e. Guillain–Barré syndrome, in which one sees symptoms of ascending paralysis, dysaesthesias usually below the waist, and, in the later stages, respiratory failure.[citation needed]
Some strains of C jejuni produce a
Transmission
The common
Animals farmed for meat are the main source of campylobacteriosis. A study published in PLoS Genetics (26 September 2008) by researchers from Lancashire, England, and Chicago, Illinois, found that 97 percent of campylobacteriosis cases sampled in Lancashire were caused by bacteria typically found in chicken and livestock. In 57 percent of cases, the bacteria could be traced to chicken, and in 35 percent to cattle. Wild animal and environmental sources were accountable for just three percent of disease.[5][6]
The infectious dose is 1000–10,000 bacteria (although ten to five hundred bacteria can be enough to infect humans). Campylobacter species are sensitive to hydrochloric acid in the stomach, and acid reduction treatment can reduce the amount of inoculum needed to cause disease.[citation needed]
Exposure to bacteria is often more common during travelling, and therefore campylobacteriosis is a common form of travelers' diarrhea.[citation needed]
Diagnosis
Campylobacter organisms can be detected by performing a
Prevention
- Pasteurization of milk and chlorination of drinking water destroys the organisms.
- Treatment with antibiotics can reduce fecal excretion.
- Infected health care workers should not provide direct patient care.
- Separate cutting boards should be used for foods of animal origin and other foods. After preparing raw food of animal origin, all cutting boards and countertops should be carefully cleaned with soap and hot water.
- Contact with pet saliva and feces should be avoided.
The World Health Organization recommends the following:[7]
- Food should be properly cooked and hot when served.
- Consume only pasteurized or boiled milk and milk products, never raw milk products.
- Make sure that ice is from safe water.
- If you are not sure of the safety of drinking water, boil it, or disinfect it with chemical disinfectant.
- Wash hands thoroughly and frequently with soap, especially after using the toilet and after contact with pets and farm animals.
- Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly, especially if they are to be eaten raw. Peel fruits and vegetables whenever possible.
- Food handlers, professionals and at home, should observe hygienic rules during food preparation.
- Professional food handlers should immediately report to their employer any fever, diarrhea, vomiting or visible infected skin lesions.
Treatment
The infection is usually self-limiting, and in most cases, symptomatic treatment by liquid and electrolyte replacement is enough in human infections.[8]
Antibiotics
Antibiotic treatment only has a marginal effect on the duration of symptoms, and its use is not recommended except in high-risk patients with clinical complications.[9]
Antimotility agents, such as loperamide, can lead to prolonged illness or intestinal perforation in any invasive diarrhea, and should be avoided. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and ampicillin are ineffective against Campylobacter.[citation needed]
In animals
In the past, poultry infections were often treated by mass administration of
Prognosis
Campylobacteriosis is usually self-limited without any mortality (assuming proper hydration is maintained). However, there are several possible complications.[citation needed]
Epidemiology
Campylobacter is one of the most common causes of human bacterial gastroenteritis.[13] For instance, an estimated 2 million cases of Campylobacter enteritis occur annually in the U.S., accounting for 5–7% of cases of gastroenteritis. Furthermore, in the United Kingdom during 2000, Campylobacter jejuni was involved in 77.3% in all cases of laboratory confirmed foodborne illness.[14] About 15 of every 100,000 people are diagnosed with campylobacteriosis every year, and with many cases going unreported, up to 0.5% of the general population may unknowingly harbor Campylobacter in their gut.[citation needed]
Unfortunately, the true incidence of campylobacteriosis is unknown in most countries, especially developing countries. The reasons are among others underreporting, difficulties with diagnosis and differences in reporting systems in different countries.[15]
A large animal reservoir is present as well, with up to 100% of poultry, including chickens, turkeys, and waterfowl, having asymptomatic infections in their intestinal tracts. Infected chicken feces may contain up to 109 bacteria per 25 grams, and due to the animals' close proximity, the bacteria are rapidly spread to other chickens. This vastly exceeds the infectious dose of 1000–10,000 bacteria for humans.[citation needed]
In January 2013, the
Outbreak
In August–September 2016, 5,200 people fell ill with campylobacteriosis in Hastings, New Zealand after the local water supply in Havelock North tested positive for the pathogen Campylobacter jejuni.[17][18] Four deaths were suspected to be due to the outbreak.[19] It is suspected that after heavy rain fell on 5–6 August, water contamination from flooding caused the outbreak, although this is the subject of a government Inquiry.[20] It is the largest outbreak of waterborne disease ever to occur in New Zealand. All schools in Havelock North closed for two weeks, with the Hastings District Council advising an urgent notice to boil water for at least one minute before consumption. This notice was lifted on 3 September, with the outbreak officially under control.[citation needed]
According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, a multistate outbreak of human Campylobacter infection has been reported since 11 September 2017. In all, 55 cases were reported from 12 states (Florida, Kansas, Maryland, Missouri, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Utah, Wisconsin and Wyoming). Epidemiological and laboratory evidence indicated that puppies sold through Petland stores were a likely source of this outbreak. Out of 55 cases reported, 50 were either employees of Petland or had recently purchased a puppy at Petland, or visited there before illness began. Five people out of 55 cases reported were exposed to puppies from various sources.[21]
Campylobacter can spread through contact with dog feces. It usually does not spread from one person to another. However, activities such as changing an infected person's diapers or sexual contact with an infected person can lead to infection. Regardless of where they are from, any puppies and dogs may carry Campylobacter germs.[21]
References
- ^ "Campylobacter infection: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 20 July 2019.
- ^ cdc.gov Centers for disease Control and Prevention
- ^ Medical microbiology, Murray, P.R. and others. 2002 Mosby St. Louis[page needed]
- PMID 10639348.
- ^ Animals Farmed for Meat Are the Number 1 Source of Food Poisoning Bug Newswise, Retrieved on September 23, 2008.
- PMID 18818764.
- ^ "Campylobacter". Health Topics A TO Z. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
- ^ "Diagnosis and Treatment". The CDC. 23 December 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
- PMID 17278062.
- PMID 18308515.
- PMID 11920303.
- PMID 32874298.
- ^ "Gastritis". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
- ^ "Food Standards Agency". food.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 4 December 2003. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
- PMID 29663680.
- ^ "FSA warns that chicken bacteria could be next meat scandal". 5 April 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2018 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
- ^ "Something in the water – How the Havelock gastro outbreak began". The New Zealand Herald. 19 August 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
- ^ "A cautionary tale of untreated groundwater, Campylobacter, and New Zealand's largest drinking water outbreak". Water Quality and Health Council. 21 October 2016. Archived from the original on 7 February 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
- ^ Mitchell, Charlie (13 March 2020). "Schools, hospital among providers of drinking water that's not demonstrably safe". Stuff. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
- Department of Internal Affairs (New Zealand). Retrieved 1 April 2018.
- ^ a b "Multistate Outbreak of Multidrug-Resistant Campylobacter Infections Linked to Contact with Pet Store Puppies". US Centers for Disease Control. 3 October 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
External links
- Campylobacter jejuni genomes and related information at PATRIC, a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by NIAID